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Sun Y, Zhang C, Fang Q, Zhang W, Liu W. Abnormal signal pathways and tumor heterogeneity in osteosarcoma. J Transl Med 2023; 21:99. [PMID: 36759884 PMCID: PMC9912612 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent and aggressive primary malignant sarcoma among adolescents and chemotherapy has not substantially progressed for decades. New insights into OS development and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. METHODS We analyzed integrated single-cell transcriptomes, bulk RNA-seq, and microarray data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. We also used Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and Gene set variation analysis (GSVA), along with Simple ClinVar and Enrichr web servers. RESULTS The findings of integrated single-cell analysis showed that OS arises from imperfect osteogenesis during development. Novel abnormalities comprised deficient TGFβ and P53 signal pathways, and cell cycle pathway activation, and a potentially new driver mutation in the interferon induced transmembrane protein 5 (IFITM5) that might function as a pathogenic factor in OS. Osteosarcoma is characterized by oncocyte heterogeneity, especially in immunogenic and adipocyte-like subtypes that respectively promote and hamper OS treatment. Etoposide is a promising chemotherapeutic that provides palliation by affecting the subtype of OS and correcting the abnormal pathways. CONCLUSION Various abnormal signal pathways play indispensable roles in OS development. We explored the heterogeneity and underlying mechanisms of OS and generated findings that will assist with OS assessment and selecting optimal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Sun
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People’s Republic of China ,grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chunming Zhang
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiongxuan Fang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- grid.452422.70000 0004 0604 7301Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Parrish KE, Tortolani DR, Poss MA, Huang A, Wan H, Purandare AV, Donnell AF, Kempson J, Hou X, Pawluczyk J, Yip S, Luk E, Raghavan N, Swanson J, Smalley J, Murtaza A, Yang Z, Augustine-Rauch K, Lombardo LJ, Borzilleri R. Long-Acting Tumor-Activated Prodrug of a TGFβR Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15787-15798. [PMID: 34704759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of TGFβ signaling in concert with a checkpoint blockade has been shown to provide improved and durable antitumor immune response in mouse models. However, on-target adverse cardiovascular effects have limited the clinical use of TGFβ receptor (TGFβR) inhibitors in cancer therapy. To restrict the activity of TGFβR inhibitors to tumor tissues and thereby widen the therapeutic index, a series of tumor-activated prodrugs of a selective small molecule TGFβR1 inhibitor 1 were prepared by appending 1 to a serine protease substrate and a half-life extension fatty acid carbon chain. The prodrugs were shown to be selectively metabolized in tumor tissues relative to the heart and blood and demonstrated a prolonged favorable increase in the tumor-to-heart ratio of the active drug in tissue distribution studies. Once-weekly administration of the most tissue-selective compound 10 provided anti-tumor efficacy comparable to the parent compound and reduced systemic exposure of the active drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Karen E Parrish
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David R Tortolani
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Michael A Poss
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Audris Huang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Honghe Wan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ashok V Purandare
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andrew F Donnell
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hou
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Emily Luk
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nimmi Raghavan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jesse Swanson
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James Smalley
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Anwar Murtaza
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Karen Augustine-Rauch
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Louis J Lombardo
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Rak GD, White MR, Augustine-Rauch K, Newsome C, Graziano MJ, Schulze GE. Intermittent dosing of the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 inhibitor, BMS-986260, mitigates class-based cardiovascular toxicity in dogs but not rats. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:931-946. [PMID: 32061184 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFβRI) have a history of significant class-based toxicities (eg, cardiac valvulopathy) in preclinical species that have limited their development as new medicines. Nevertheless, some TGFβRI inhibitors have entered into clinical trials using intermittent-dosing schedules and exposure limits in an attempt to avoid these toxicities. This report describes the toxicity profile of the small-molecule TGFβRI inhibitor, BMS-986260, in rats and dogs. Daily oral dosing for 10 days resulted in valvulopathy and/or aortic pathology at systemic exposures that would have been targeted clinically, preventing further development with this dosing schedule. These toxicities were not observed in either species in 1-month studies using the same doses on an intermittent-dosing schedule of 3 days on and 4 days off (QDx3 once weekly). Subsequently, 3-month studies were conducted (QDx3 once weekly), and while there were no cardiovascular findings in dogs, valvulopathy and mortality occurred early in rats. The only difference compared to the 1-month study was that the rats in the 3-month study were 2 weeks younger at the start of dosing. Therefore, a follow-up 1-month study was conducted to evaluate whether the age of rats influences sensitivity to target-mediated toxicity. Using the same dosing schedule and similar doses as in the 3-month study, there was no difference in the toxicity of BMS-986260 in young (8 weeks) or adult (8 months) rats. In summary, an intermittent-dosing schedule mitigated target-based cardiovascular toxicity in dogs but did not prevent valvulopathy in rats, and thus the development of BMS-986260 was terminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Rak
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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4
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Lamora A, Talbot J, Mullard M, Brounais-Le Royer B, Redini F, Verrecchia F. TGF-β Signaling in Bone Remodeling and Osteosarcoma Progression. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E96. [PMID: 27827889 PMCID: PMC5126793 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are the most prevalent malignant primary bone tumors in children. Despite intensive efforts to improve both chemotherapeutics and surgical management, 40% of all osteosarcoma patients succumb to the disease. Specifically, the clinical outcome for metastatic osteosarcoma remains poor; less than 30% of patients who present metastases will survive five years after initial diagnosis. Treating metastatic osteosarcoma thus remains a challenge. One of the main characteristics of osteosarcomas is their ability to deregulate bone remodelling. The invasion of bone tissue by tumor cells indeed affects the balance between bone resorption and bone formation. This deregulation induces the release of cytokines or growth factors initially trapped in the bone matrix, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which in turn promote tumor progression. Over the past years, there has been considerable interest in the TGF-β pathway within the cancer research community. This review discusses the involvement of the TGF-β signalling pathway in osteosarcoma development and in their metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lamora
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2012, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France.
- INSERM Liliane Bettencourt School, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Julie Talbot
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2012, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Mathilde Mullard
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2012, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Benedicte Brounais-Le Royer
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2012, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Françoise Redini
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2012, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Franck Verrecchia
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2012, Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France.
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den Hollander MW, Bensch F, Glaudemans AW, Oude Munnink TH, Enting RH, den Dunnen WF, Heesters MA, Kruyt FA, Lub-de Hooge MN, Cees de Groot J, Pearlberg J, Gietema JA, de Vries EG, Walenkamp AM. TGF-β Antibody Uptake in Recurrent High-Grade Glioma Imaged with 89Zr-Fresolimumab PET. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1310-4. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.154401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Platten M, Ochs K, Lemke D, Opitz C, Wick W. Microenvironmental clues for glioma immunotherapy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:440. [PMID: 24604058 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas have been viewed for decades as inaccessible for a meaningful antitumor immune response as they grow in a sanctuary site protected from infiltrating immune cells. Moreover, the glioma microenvironment constitutes a hostile environment for an efficient antitumor immune response as glioma-derived factors such as transforming growth factor β and catabolites of the essential amino acid tryptophan paralyze T-cell function. There is growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that a meaningful antitumor immunity exists in glioma patients and that it can be activated by vaccination strategies. As a consequence, the concept of glioma immunotherapy appears to be experiencing a renaissance with the first phase 3 randomized immunotherapy trials entering the clinical arena. On the basis of encouraging results from other tumor entities using immunostimulatory approaches by blocking endogenous T-cell suppressive pathways mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 or programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 with humanized antibodies, there is now a realistic and promising option to combine active immunotherapy with agents blocking the immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with gliomas to allow a peripheral antitumor immune response induced by vaccination to become effective. Here we review the current clinical and preclinical evidence of antimicroenvironment immunotherapeutic strategies in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Platten
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Units, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany,
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7
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Jin CH, Krishnaiah M, Sreenu D, Subrahmanyam VB, Rao KS, Lee HJ, Park SJ, Park HJ, Lee K, Sheen YY, Kim DK. Discovery of N-((4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-2-fluoroaniline (EW-7197): a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor kinase as cancer immunotherapeutic/antifibrotic agent. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4213-38. [PMID: 24786585 DOI: 10.1021/jm500115w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-substituted-4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)imidazoles was synthesized and evaluated to optimize a prototype inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor kinase (ALK5), 6. Combination of replacement of a quinoxalin-6-yl moiety of 6 with a [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl moiety, insertion of a methyleneamino linker, and a o-F substituent in the phenyl ring markedly increased ALK5 inhibitory activity, kinase selectivity, and oral bioavailability. The 12b (EW-7197) inhibited ALK5 with IC50 value of 0.013 μM in a kinase assay and with IC50 values of 0.0165 and 0.0121 μM in HaCaT (3TP-luc) stable cells and 4T1 (3TP-luc) stable cells, respectively, in a luciferase assay. Selectivity profiling of 12b using a panel of 320 protein kinases revealed that it is a highly selective ALK5/ALK4 inhibitor. Pharmacokinetic study with 12b·HCl in rats showed an oral bioavailability of 51% with high systemic exposure (AUC) of 1426 ng × h/mL and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1620 ng/mL. Rational optimization of 6 has led to the identification of a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ALK5 inhibitor 12b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hua Jin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University , 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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8
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway has a pivotal role in tumor suppression and yet, paradoxically, in tumor promotion. Functional context dependent insights into the TGF-β pathway are crucial in developing TGF-β-based therapeutics for cancer. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the molecular mechanism of the TGF-β pathway and describes the different ways of tumor suppression by TGF-β. It is then explained how tumors can evade these effects and how TGF-β contributes to further growing and spreading of some of the tumors. In the last part of the review, the data on targeting TGF-β pathway for cancer treatment is assessed. This review focuses on anti-TGF-β based treatment and other options targeting activated pathways in tumors where the TGF-β tumor suppressor pathway is lost. Pre-clinical as well up to date results of the most recent clinical trials are given. EXPERT OPINION Targeting the TGF-β pathway can be a promising direction in cancer treatment. However, several challenges still exist, the most important are differentiating between the carcinogenic effects of TGF-β and its other physiological roles, and delineating the tumor suppressive versus the tumor promoting roles of TGF-β in each specific tumor. Future studies are needed in order to find safer and more effective TGF-β-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior H Katz
- Visiting Scientist, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Assistant Professor (Research), The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Dr. Lopa Mishra’s Lab, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiun-Sheng Chen
- Research Assistant II, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Dr. Lopa Mishra’s Lab, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nina M Muñoz
- Research Scientist, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Dr. Lopa Mishra’s Lab, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Avijit Majumdar
- Postdoctoral Fellow, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Dr.Lopa Mishra’s Lab, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Instructor, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Del and Dennis McCarthy Distinguished Professor and Chair, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Houston, TX, USA, Tel: +1 713 794 3221; Fax: +1 713 745 1886
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Fields SZ, Parshad S, Anne M, Raftopoulos H, Alexander MJ, Sherman ML, Laadem A, Sung V, Terpos E. Activin receptor antagonists for cancer-related anemia and bone disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:87-101. [PMID: 23127248 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.738666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antagonists of activin receptor signaling may be beneficial for cancer-related anemia and bone disease caused by malignancies such as multiple myeloma and solid tumors. AREAS COVERED We review evidence of dysregulated signaling by activin receptor pathways in anemia, myeloma-associated osteolysis, and metastatic bone disease, as well as potential involvement in carcinogenesis. We then review properties of activin receptor antagonists in clinical development. EXPERT OPINION Sotatercept is a novel receptor fusion protein that functions as a soluble trap to sequester ligands of activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA). Preclinically, the murine version of sotatercept increased red blood cells (RBC) in a model of chemotherapy-induced anemia, inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, and exerted anabolic effects on bone in diverse models of multiple myeloma. Clinically, sotatercept increases RBC markedly in healthy volunteers and patients with multiple myeloma. With a rapid onset of action differing from erythropoietin, sotatercept is in clinical development as a potential first-in-class therapeutic for cancer-related anemia, including those characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis as in myelodysplastic syndromes. Anabolic bone activity in early clinical studies and potential antitumor effects make sotatercept a promising therapeutic candidate for multiple myeloma and malignant bone diseases. Antitumor activity has been observed preclinically with small-molecule inhibitors of transforming growth factor-β receptor type I (ALK5) that also antagonize the closely related activin receptors ALK4 and ALK7. LY-2157299, the first such inhibitor to enter clinical studies, has shown an acceptable safety profile so far in patients with advanced cancer. Together, these data identify activin receptor antagonists as attractive therapeutic candidates for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Z Fields
- Monter Cancer Center, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Lake Success, NY, USA
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10
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Abstract
Many drugs that target transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling have been developed, some of which have reached Phase III clinical trials for a number of disease applications. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate the utility of these agents in fibrosis and oncology, particularly in augmentation of existing cancer therapies, such as radiation and chemotherapy, as well as in tumour vaccines. There are also reports of specialized applications, such as the reduction of vascular symptoms of Marfan syndrome. Here, we consider why the TGFβ signalling pathway is a drug target, the potential clinical applications of TGFβ inhibition, the issues arising with anti-TGFβ therapy and how these might be tackled using personalized approaches to dosing, monitoring of biomarkers as well as brief and/or localized drug-dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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11
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Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression and activation mechanisms as potential targets for anti-tumor therapy and tumor imaging. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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USP15 stabilizes TGF-β receptor I and promotes oncogenesis through the activation of TGF-β signaling in glioblastoma. Nat Med 2012; 18:429-35. [PMID: 22344298 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In advanced cancer, including glioblastoma, the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway acts as an oncogenic factor and is considered to be a therapeutic target. Using a functional RNAi screen, we identified the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin-specific peptidase 15 (USP15) as a key component of the TGF-β signaling pathway. USP15 binds to the SMAD7-SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (SMURF2) complex and deubiquitinates and stabilizes type I TGF-β receptor (TβR-I), leading to an enhanced TGF-β signal. High expression of USP15 correlates with high TGF-β activity, and the USP15 gene is found amplified in glioblastoma, breast and ovarian cancer. USP15 amplification confers poor prognosis in individuals with glioblastoma. Downregulation or inhibition of USP15 in a patient-derived orthotopic mouse model of glioblastoma decreases TGF-β activity. Moreover, depletion of USP15 decreases the oncogenic capacity of patient-derived glioma-initiating cells due to the repression of TGF-β signaling. Our results show that USP15 regulates the TGF-β pathway and is a key factor in glioblastoma pathogenesis.
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