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Gao S, Huang Q, Wei S, Lv Y, Xie Y, Hao Y. Prognostic nomogram based on pre-treatment HALP score for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2024; 79:100371. [PMID: 38735175 PMCID: PMC11101934 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the correlation of pre-treatment Hemoglobin-Albumin-Lymphocyte-Platelet (HALP) score with the prognosis of patients with advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) undergoing first-line conventional platinum-based chemotherapy. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, 203 patients with advanced NSCLC were recruited from January 2017 to December 2021. The cut-off value for the HALP score was determined by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The baseline characteristics and blood parameters were recorded, and the Log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier curves were applied for the survival analysis. In the univariate and multivariate analyses, the Cox regression analysis was carried out. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were determined by the Concordance index (C-index) and calibration curve and compared with a single HALP score by ROC curve analysis. RESULTS The optimal cut-off value for the HALP score was 28.02. The lower HALP score was closely associated with poorer Progression-Free Survival (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS). The male gender and other pathological types were associated with shorter OS. Disease progression and low HALP were correlated with shorter OS and PFS. In addition, nomograms were established based on HALP scores, gender, pathology type and efficacy rating, and used to predict OS. The C-index for OS prediction was 0.7036 (95% CI 0.643 to 0.7643), which was significantly higher than the C-index of HALP at 6-, 12-, and 24-months. CONCLUSION The HALP score is associated with the prognosis of advanced NSCLC patients receiving conventional platinum-based chemotherapy, and the nomogram established based on the HALP score has a better predictive capability for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Medical Oncology Division 1, Clinical Oncology Center, People' s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Oncology and Chemotherapy, Yulin Red Cross Hospital, Yulin, Guangxi, China
| | - Suosu Wei
- Department of Scientific Cooperation of Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanru Lv
- Department of Scientific Cooperation of Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanyan Xie
- Medical Oncology Division 1, Clinical Oncology Center, People' s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanrong Hao
- Medical Oncology Division 1, Clinical Oncology Center, People' s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Aguilar A, Mas L, Enríquez D, Vallejos C, Gutarra R, Flores CJ. Impact of Targeted Therapy on the Survival of Patients With Advanced-Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in Oncosalud - AUNA. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748211068637. [PMID: 35030060 PMCID: PMC8777330 DOI: 10.1177/10732748211068637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is still a prevalent and fatal neoplasm in developing countries.
In the last decades, chemotherapy (CHT) maintenance occupied an important
role in the treatment, as well as targeted therapies. We aimed to evaluate
the survival impact of targeted therapy in advanced lung cancer at a private
Peruvian institution (Oncosalud - AUNA). Methods We reviewed retrospectively medical records of patients with advanced-stage
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLS) (clinical stage III-IV) who received CHT
and maintenance treatment with target therapy (TT) or CHT. The impact was
assessed by progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) using
the Kaplan–Meier method, and comparisons of survival curves were performed
using log-rank or Breslow test and Cox model. Results The median age of the patients was 65 years. Clinical characteristics, as
well as the treatment type, showed no significant difference between the two
groups. The maintenance schedule in those receiving CHT was generally
pemetrexed (70%) and in those receiving TT was erlotinib (60.7%). In
patients receiving TT, the median PFS was 13 months compared to 7 months in
those receiving CHT; likewise, the median OS was 45 and 17 months,
respectively. The PFS and OS curves showed significant differences
(P < .05), achieving a better survival in subjects
treated with TT. Conclusion Progression-Free Survival and OS were superior in patients who received
targeted therapy than those treated only with CHT, the 2 years rate of PFS
and OS was nearly double to those who received only CHT-based
treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Aguilar
- Dirección Científica y Académica, 233933Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Mas
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, 233933Oncosalud, AUNA, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel Enríquez
- Dirección Científica y Académica, 233933Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Vallejos
- Departamento de Oncología Médica, 233933Oncosalud, AUNA, Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa Gutarra
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, 431934Universidad de San Martin de Porres, La Molina, Peru
| | - Claudio J Flores
- Dirección Científica y Académica, 233933Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima, Peru
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Ganti AK, Lin CW, Yang E, Wong WB, Ogale S. Real-world adherence and persistence with anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors in nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2021; 28:305-314. [PMID: 34913728 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2021.21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Several anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of metastatic ALK-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Effective disease management requires an understanding of how these treatments are used in clinical practice, since low treatment adherence and/or early discontinuation have been associated with poor patient outcomes. Owing to the recency of approvals, real-world data on the use of ALK inhibitors in patients with ALKpositive NSCLC are currently limited; this represents a notable gap in our understanding of ALK treatment use. OBJECTIVE: To assess real-world adherence and persistence with ALK inhibitors in patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. METHODS: This retrospective observational study used US commercial claims for patients aged at least 18 years with lung cancer receiving ALK inhibitors (alectinib, brigatinib, ceritinib, crizotinib) between July 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018. Patients' first and any subsequent ALK inhibitor uses were categorized into ALK inhibitor-naive and ALK inhibitor-pretreated cohorts, respectively. Adherence was measured by medication possession ratio and persistence by time from treatment initiation to discontinuation (earliest of a treatment switch or greater than a 60-day gap). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics. Cohort comparisons were made using chi-square tests and t-tests. Persistence and time to next ALK inhibitor were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods and the log-rank test. Poisson and Cox regression models of adherence and persistence, respectively, were applied to compare ALK inhibitors. RESULTS: We identified 1,482 patients treated with alectinib (n = 445) or crizotinib (n = 1,037) in the ALK inhibitor-naive cohort; 604, 142, and 134 patients received alectinib, brigatinib, or ceritinib in the ALK inhibitor-pretreated cohort. Adherence during the treatment period (95%-97%) and the proportion of patients with a medication possession ratio of at least 0.8 (92%-95%) were similar for all ALK inhibitors. In the ALK inhibitor-naive cohort, median time to treatment discontinuation with alectinib and crizotinib was 27.1 and 8.8 months, respectively; patients receiving alectinib were 46% less likely to discontinue than patients receiving crizotinib (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] [95% CI]: 0.54 [0.44-0.65]; P < 0.0001). In the ALK inhibitor-pretreated cohort, the discontinuation risk for alectinib was 64% lower than for ceritinib (aHR [95% CI]: 0.36 [0.27-0.49]; P < 0.0001) and 34% lower than for brigatinib (aHR [95% CI]: 0.66 [0.42-1.02]; P = 0.062). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the first to address a current research gap by assessing real-world adherence and persistence with ALK inhibitors among patients with ALK-positive NSCLC in real-world clinical practice. Alectinib was associated with longer real-world persistence than other ALK inhibitors, despite similar adherence. Further research with more patients and longer follow-up is needed to link persistence to real-world clinical outcomes. DISCLOSURES: This study was funded by Genentech Inc. Ganti has received research support from Takeda and has provided consulting services to Genentech Inc., AstraZeneca, Flagship Biosciences, Cardinal Health, BioGene, Mirati Therapeutics, Blueprint Medicines, and G1 Therapeutics. Lin, Wong, and Ogale are employees of Genentech Inc. and may own stock in F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Yang was employed by Genentech Inc. at the time of this study. Part of the study findings were presented as a poster at the NCCN 2020 Virtual Annual Conference, April 9, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apar Kishor Ganti
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | | | - Erru Yang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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Tarigopula A, Ramasubban G, Chandrashekar V, Govindasami P, Chandran C. EGFR mutations and ROS1 and ALK rearrangements in a large series of non-small cell lung cancer in South India. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 3:e1288. [PMID: 32881404 PMCID: PMC7941574 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Driver mutations are seen in 80% of lung adenocarcinomas, and they influence prognosis and choice of therapy. AIM Aim of this study was to analyse the frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, ALK and ROS1 rearrangements and their association with age and gender in non-small cell lung cancer reported from a tertiary care center in South India. METHODS Tumors from patients with non-small cell carcinoma of lung were evaluated for EGFR mutations, ALK and ROS1 rearrangements and their association with age and gender were studied. RESULTS Two thirds of non-small cell carcinomas had driver mutations or rearrangements. EGFR mutation was common and seen in 34.1%, whereas ALK rearrangement was seen in 11.1% and ROS1 rearrangement in 2% patients. Among EGFR mutations, most common were Exon 19 deletion and L858R seen in 21.3% and 11% of patients, respectively. Adenocarcinoma was the histologic diagnosis in 81% to 85% of patients with exon 19 deletion and L858R mutation, respectively. EGFR mutation frequency in patients less than 36 years was 13.6%, whereas in older patients, it varied from 34% to 36%. Exon 19 deletion was seen in 29.8% females and 17.2% of males. CONCLUSION EGFR mutations are more common than ALK and ROS1 rearrangements. They are more common in females. Patients less than 36 years have reduced frequency of EGFR mutations. Exon 19 deletion and L858R are most common and are more prevalent in lung adenocarcinomas. Rare EGFR mutations are seen in patients aged more than 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Tarigopula
- Centralised Molecular Diagnostics, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Chitra Chandran
- Centralised Molecular Diagnostics, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
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International Strategy for Sustainable Growth in Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12030867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although it is generally agreed that the pharmaceutical industry is in a state of rapid internationalization, there is no clear comprehensive explanation of the current state and effectiveness of an international strategy. There are many studies about internationalization but they neither focus on the pharmaceutical industry nor evaluate the effectiveness of an international strategy with a control. Therefore, we investigate the current state of internationalization with a sample of the 30 multinational pharmaceutical companies, as well as the effectiveness of an international strategy by comparing two international strategies. In this study, we define an international strategy as a strategy that controls the geographic distribution of sales across regions to maximize total sales. The results show that 33% of the companies are still home-region-oriented, and we did not find any evidence of the effectiveness of an international strategy that pursues a balanced geographic distribution across regions in terms of total sales and adjusted total sales. The results provide the practical implication that pharmaceutical companies should weigh up the specific markets to secure higher sales through the advantage of adapting to customers’ needs. This paper contributes to the research on sustainable growth by empirically providing results of comparisons of different international strategies in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Davies J, Martinec M, Coudert M, Delmar P, Crane G. Real-world anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement testing patterns, treatment sequences, and survival of ALK inhibitor-treated patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2019; 35:535-542. [PMID: 30296185 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2018.1533458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) treatment landscape is crowded following recent ALK inhibitor approvals, and updated information on real-world treatment patterns in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) with ALK rearrangement (ALK+) is needed. METHODS This retrospective US cohort study used Flatiron Health's longitudinal electronic health record (EHR)-derived database. Patients (≥ 18 years old) diagnosed with stage IIIB/IV aNSCLC, with documented ALK rearrangement and ≥2 visits after January 1, 2011 were followed until February 28, 2016. Patients enrolled on a clinical trial or exposed to ALK inhibitors other than crizotinib or ceritinib were excluded. Treatment patterns, time and type of biomarker testing, and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS Median age (n = 300) was 62.5 years; 55% female; 48% non-smokers; 8.7% central nervous system (CNS) metastases at diagnosis. Overall, 73% and 86% received their first ALK biomarker test before/at diagnosis, or before/during first-line treatment, respectively. In total, 90.0%, 78.1%, and 74.7% received first-, second-, and third-line therapy, respectively. Most patients received ALK-targeted treatment; 62% received crizotinib, of which 21% reported a dose reduction. Progression was the most common reason for crizotinib (78%) and ceritinib (41%) discontinuation. Median OS was 29.4 months (95% CI =24.7-39.6) overall; 27.1 months (95% CI =22.0-35.0) in patients with CNS metastases, and 36.9 months (95% CI =25.1-not reached) without. CONCLUSIONS Despite widespread crizotinib use in patients with ALK+ aNSCLC, a high proportion of patients progressed. Ongoing analyses of EHR-derived cohorts are valuable in assessing real-world testing rates and therapeutic use of ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Coudert
- c F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Boulogne-Billancourt Cedex , France
| | - Paul Delmar
- b F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Ltd , Basel , Switzerland
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Abstract
With the advent of targeted therapies, there has been a revolution in the treatment of cancer across multiple histologies. Immune checkpoint blockade has made it possible to take advantage of receptor-ligand interactions between immune and tumor cells in a wide spectrum of malignancies. Toxicity in healthy tissue, however, can limit our use of these agents. Immune checkpoint blockade has been approved in advanced melanoma, renal cell cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, relapsed refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma, and urothelial cancer. Though FDA-approved indications for use of some of these novel agents depend on current protein-based programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) assays, detection methods come with several caveats. Additional predictive tools must be interrogated to discern responders from non-responders. Some of these include measurement of microsatellite instability, PD-L1 amplification, cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) infiltrate density, and tumor mutational burden. This review serves to synthesize biomarker detection at the DNA, RNA, and protein level to more accurately forecast benefit from these novel agents.
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8
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Burkard ME, Deming DA, Parsons BM, Kenny PA, Schuh MR, Leal T, Uboha N, Lang JM, Thompson MA, Warren R, Bauman J, Mably MS, Laffin J, Paschal CR, Lager AM, Lee K, Matkowskyj KA, Buehler DG, Rehrauer WM, Kolesar J. Implementation and Clinical Utility of an Integrated Academic-Community Regional Molecular Tumor Board. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1600022. [PMID: 32913980 DOI: 10.1200/po.16.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Precision oncology develops and implements evidence-based personalized therapies that are based on specific genetic targets within each tumor. However, a major challenge that remains is the provision of a standardized, up-to-date, and evidenced-based precision medicine initiative across a geographic region. Materials and Methods We developed a statewide molecular tumor board that integrates academic and community oncology practices. The Precision Medicine Molecular Tumor Board (PMMTB) has three components: a biweekly Web-based teleconference tumor board meeting provided as a free clinical service, an observational research registry, and a monthly journal club to establish and revise evidence-based guidelines for off-label therapies. The PMMTB allows for flexible and rapid implementation of treatment, uniformity in practice, and the ability to track outcomes. Results We describe the implementation of the PMMTB and its first year of activity. Seventy-seven patient cases were presented, 48 were enrolled in a registry, and 38 had recommendations and clinical follow-up. The 38 subjects had diverse solid tumors (lung, 45%; GI, 21%; breast, 13%; other, 21%). Of these subjects, targeted therapy was recommended for 32 (84%). Clinical trials were identified for 24 subjects (63%), and nontrial targeted medicines for 16 (42%). Nine subjects (28%) received recommended therapy with a response rate of 17% (one of six) and a clinical benefit rate (partial response + stable disease) of 38% (three of eight). Although clinical trials often were identified, patients rarely enrolled. Conclusion The PMMTB provides a model for a regional molecular tumor board with clinical utility. This work highlights the need for outcome registries and improved access to clinical trials to pragmatically implement precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Burkard
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Dustin A Deming
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Benjamin M Parsons
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Paraic A Kenny
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Marissa R Schuh
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Ticiana Leal
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Nataliya Uboha
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Joshua M Lang
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Michael A Thompson
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Ruth Warren
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Jordan Bauman
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Mary S Mably
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Jennifer Laffin
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Catherine R Paschal
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Angela M Lager
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Kristy Lee
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Darya G Buehler
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - William M Rehrauer
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
| | - Jill Kolesar
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , University of Wisconsin-Madison; , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; , UW Health; , William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison; and , Gundersen Health System, La Crosse; , Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee; and , Green Bay Oncology, Green Bay, WI
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Abstract
Despite great progress in research and treatment options, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Oncogenic driver mutations in protein-encoding genes were defined and allow for personalized therapies based on genetic diagnoses. Nonetheless, diagnosis of lung cancer mostly occurs at late stages, and chronic treatment is followed by a fast onset of chemoresistance. Hence, there is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers and alternative treatment options. With the era of whole genome and transcriptome sequencing technologies, long noncoding RNAs emerged as a novel class of versatile, functional RNA molecules. Although for most of them the mechanism of action remains to be defined, accumulating evidence confirms their involvement in various aspects of lung tumorigenesis. They are functional on the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional level and are regulators of pathophysiological key pathways including cell growth, apoptosis, and metastasis. Long noncoding RNAs are gaining increasing attention as potential biomarkers and a novel class of druggable molecules. It has become clear that we are only beginning to understand the complexity of tumorigenic processes. The clinical integration of long noncoding RNAs in terms of prognostic and predictive biomarker signatures and additional cancer targets could provide a chance to increase the therapeutic benefit. Here, we review the current knowledge about the expression, regulation, biological function, and clinical relevance of long noncoding RNAs in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roth
- Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 (B150), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 (B150), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kazandjian D, Blumenthal GM, Luo L, He K, Fran I, Lemery S, Pazdur R. Benefit-Risk Summary of Crizotinib for the Treatment of Patients With ROS1 Alteration-Positive, Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2016; 21:974-80. [PMID: 27328934 PMCID: PMC4978556 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The FDA has expanded the crizotinib metastatic non-small cell lung cancer indication to include treatment of patients whose tumors harbor a ROS1 rearrangement. The approval was based on a clinically meaningful, durable objective response rate (66%) in a multicenter, single-arm clinical trial. Patients received crizotinib 250 mg twice daily; the median duration of exposure and of response was 34.4 and 18.3 months, respectively. On March 11, 2016, after an expedited 5-month review, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration expanded the crizotinib metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) indication to include the treatment of patients whose tumors harbor a ROS1 rearrangement. The approval was based on a clinically meaningful, durable objective response rate (ORR) in a multicenter, single-arm clinical trial (ROS1 cohort of Trial PROFILE 1001) in patients with ROS1-positive mNSCLC. The trial enrolled 50 patients (age range: 25–77 years) whose tumors were prospectively determined to have a ROS1 gene rearrangement by break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (96%) or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (4%) clinical trial assays. Crizotinib demonstrated an ORR of 66% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 51%–79%) with a median duration of response of 18.3 months by independent radiology review and 72% (95% CI: 58%–84%) by investigator review. Patients received crizotinib 250 mg twice daily and had a median duration of exposure of 34.4 months. The toxicity profile in ROS1-positive patients was generally consistent with the randomized safety data in the U.S. Product Insert from two ALK-positive mNSCLC trials. The most common (≥25%) adverse reactions and laboratory test abnormalities included vision disorders, elevation of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, nausea, hypophosphatemia, diarrhea, edema, vomiting, constipation, neutropenia, and fatigue. There were no treatment-related deaths. A favorable benefit-to-risk evaluation led to the traditional approval of crizotinib for this new supplemental indication. Implications for Practice: Given the results from the ROS1 cohort of the clinical trial PROFILE 1001, crizotinib represents a new treatment option and the first approved therapy for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose tumors are ROS1 positive. Crizotinib demonstrated efficacy irrespective of prior treatment status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickran Kazandjian
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gideon M Blumenthal
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lola Luo
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kun He
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ingrid Fran
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Lemery
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Pazdur
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products and Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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11
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Sacco PC, Sgambato A, Casaluce F, Maione P, Rossi A, Palazzolo G, Napolitano A, Gridelli C. Agents in the preclinical development stage for non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:1361-6. [PMID: 26485341 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1092875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in identifying distinct molecular subtypes with driver oncogenes and advances in developing targeted treatments such as epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors, current therapeutic approaches for tumors with no driver mutation have achieved a plateau of effectiveness. Thus, the overall outlook of lung cancer survival for most patients remains dismal. Moreover, the inevitable acquisition of resistance to targeted therapies has prompted significant efforts to develop second-generation inhibitors. In recent years, several agents for targeted therapy of lung cancers are rapidly migrating from bench to bedside and multiple small molecule inhibitors with activity against distinct receptors, genes or molecular pathways have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Assunta Sgambato
- b ² Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Casaluce
- b ² Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Maione
- a ¹ Division of Medical Oncology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- a ¹ Division of Medical Oncology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Alba Napolitano
- d 4 Division of Pharmacy, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - Cesare Gridelli
- a ¹ Division of Medical Oncology, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
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12
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Califano R, Abidin A, Tariq NUA, Economopoulou P, Metro G, Mountzios G. Beyond EGFR and ALK inhibition: Unravelling and exploiting novel genetic alterations in advanced non small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:401-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Santos C, Sanz-Pamplona R, Nadal E, Grasselli J, Pernas S, Dienstmann R, Moreno V, Tabernero J, Salazar R. Intrinsic cancer subtypes--next steps into personalized medicine. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:3-16. [PMID: 25586691 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances have significantly improved our understanding of tumor biology by means of high-throughput mutation and transcriptome analyses. The application of genomics has revealed the mutational landscape and the specific deregulated pathways in different tumor types. At a transcriptional level, multiple gene expression signatures have been developed to identify biologically distinct subgroups of tumors. By supervised analysis, several prognostic signatures have been generated, some of them being commercially available. However, an unsupervised approach is required to discover a priori unknown molecular subtypes, the so-called intrinsic subtypes. Moreover, an integrative analysis of the molecular events associated with tumor biology has been translated into a better tumor classification. This molecular characterization confers new opportunities for therapeutic strategies in the management of cancer patients. However, the applicability of these new molecular classifications is limited because of several issues such as technological validation and cost. Further comparison with well-established clinical and pathological features is expected to accelerate clinical translation. In this review, we will focus on the data reported on molecular classification in the most common tumor types such as breast, colorectal and lung carcinoma, with special emphasis on recent data regarding tumor intrinsic subtypes. Likewise, we will review the potential applicability of these new classifications in the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Santos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Chiappori AA, Kolevska T, Spigel DR, Hager S, Rarick M, Gadgeel S, Blais N, Von Pawel J, Hart L, Reck M, Bassett E, Burington B, Schiller JH. A randomized phase II study of the telomerase inhibitor imetelstat as maintenance therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2014; 26:354-62. [PMID: 25467017 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuation or 'switch' maintenance therapy is commonly used in patients with advancd non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we evaluated the efficacy of the telomerase inhibitor, imetelstat, as switch maintenance therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS The primary end point of this open-label, randomized phase II study was progression-free survival (PFS). Patients with non-progressive, advanced NSCLC after platinum-based doublet (first-line) chemotherapy (with or without bevacizumab), any histology, with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1 were eligible. Randomization was 2 : 1 in favor of imetelstat, administered at 9.4 mg/kg on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle, or observation. Telomere length (TL) biomarker exploratory analysis was carried out in tumor tissue by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and telomerase fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS Of 116 patients enrolled, 114 were evaluable. Grade 3/4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were more frequent with imetelstat. Median PFS was 2.8 and 2.6 months for imetelstat-treated versus control [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.844; 95% CI 0.54-1.31; P = 0.446]. Median survival time favored imetelstat (14.3 versus 11.5 months), although not significantly (HR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.41-1.12; P = 0.129). Exploratory analysis demonstrated a trend toward longer median PFS (HR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.14-1.3; P = 0.124) and overall survival (OS; HR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.11-1.46; P = 0.155) in imetelstat-treated patients with short TL, but no improvement in median PFS and OS in patients with long TL (HR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.39-1.88; and HR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.2-1.28; P = 0.145). CONCLUSIONS Maintenance imetelstat failed to improve PFS in advanced NSCLC patients responding to first-line therapy. There was a trend toward a improvement in median PFS and OS in patients with short TL. Short TL as a predictive biomarker will require further investigation for the clinical development of imetelstat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Chiappori
- Thoracic Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa
| | - T Kolevska
- Department of Oncology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Vallejo
| | - D R Spigel
- Research Consortium, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville
| | - S Hager
- Thoracic Department, Cancer Care Associates of Fresno Medical Group, Fresno
| | - M Rarick
- Oncology Hematology Department, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland
| | - S Gadgeel
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, USA
| | - N Blais
- CHUM-Hopital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Von Pawel
- Department of Oncology, Asklepios Fachkliniken Muenchen-Gauting, Gauting, Bayern, Germany
| | - L Hart
- Sarah Cannon Florida Cancer Specialists, Bonita Springs, USA
| | - M Reck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - E Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics, Geron Corporation, Menlo Park
| | - B Burington
- Department of Biostatistics, Geron Corporation, Menlo Park
| | - J H Schiller
- Department of Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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15
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Azzoli CG, Engelman J, Fidias P, Gainor JF, Heist RS, Lamont EB, Lennes IT, Rosovsky RP, Sequist LV, Shaw AT, Temel JS. Genotyping lung cancer is an investment in the future. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3576-7. [PMID: 25199750 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.56.6430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Panos Fidias
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Inga T Lennes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
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16
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Jia Y, Ali SM, Saad S, Chan CA, Miller VA, Halmos B. Successful treatment of a patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma harboring synchronous EGFR L858R and ERBB2 extracellular domain S310F mutations with the pan-HER inhibitor afatinib. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:970-4. [PMID: 24835218 PMCID: PMC4119081 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a young, never-smoker woman with Li-Fraumeni syndrome and advanced lung adenocarcinoma refractory to multiple lines of conventional chemotherapy and negative for actionable alterations by routine testing. Comprehensive genomic profiling by clinical-grade next generation sequencing was performed on 3320 exons of 184 cancer-related genes and 37 introns of 14 genes frequently rearranged in cancer. The tumor was found to harbor both EGFR L858R and ERBB2 S310F alterations and also tested positive for a known TP53 germline mutation. The presence of the EGFR mutation was further validated by direct sequencing. Based on these results, a dual EGFR/ERBB2 inhibitor, afatinib, was chosen for treatment. The patient achieved a rapid, complete, and durable response to afatinib monotherapy, both clinically and radiographically. The treatment was very well tolerated. This unique case raises practical questions as to the challenges of molecular testing and highlights the potential association of p53 mutations with concurrent EGFR and ERBB2 aberrations. As this case powerfully illustrates, the combination of broad genomic profiling and targeted therapy guided by mutational analysis offers the possibility of precision management of refractory advanced adenocarcinoma in the background of neoplastic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Jia
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc.; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Shumaila Saad
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Courtney A Chan
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | | | - Balazs Halmos
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY USA
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17
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Prognostic significance of genotype and number of metastatic sites in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2014; 15:441-7. [PMID: 25044104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNM stage remains the most important prognostic factor in clinical practice. The 7th edition lung cancer staging system has not considered some important prognostic factors, such as the number of metastatic organ sites and the molecular biologic characterization. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using driver gene alternation and tumor burden, advanced NSCLC cases were divided into 3 groups: M1-I group, epidermal growth factor (EGFR)-positive and/or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive; MI-II, wild-type EGFR and ALK with intrathoracic metastasis or 1 distant metastatic organ with ≤ 3 metastasis lesions; and MI-III, wild-type EGFR and ALK with 1 distant metastatic organ with > 3 metastasis lesions or multiple metastatic organs. Overall survival was comparable between the 7th edition staging system and our category of M descriptors. RESULTS A total of 627 patients with stage IV NSCLC newly diagnosed at Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute between January 2009 and July 2012 were enrolled in the present study. The median overall survival (OS) was 22.2 (95% CI, 19.590-24.810), 15.5 (95% CI, 13.176-17.824), and 10.0 (95% CI, 8.033-11.967) months for M1-I, M1-II, and M1-III, respectively (P < .001). According to the 7th edition of the TNM staging system, the median OS of the M1a and M1b groups was 22.8 (95% CI, 19.484-26.116) and 13.7 (95% CI, 11.793-15.607) months, respectively (P < .001). The maximum of the absolute values of the M1 category for our study and the 7th TNM staging system was 5.881 and 5.089, respectively. CONCLUSION Advanced NSCLC could potentially be further divided into 3 subgroups according to the genotype and number of metastatic organ sites and metastasis lesions.
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18
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Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of the complex biology of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), particularly activation of oncogenes by mutation, translocation and amplification, have provided new treatment targets for this disease, and allowed the identification of subsets of NSCLC tumors, mostly with adenocarcinoma histology, having unique molecular profiles that can predict response to targeted therapy. The identification of specific genetic and molecular targetable abnormalities using tumor tissue and cytology specimens followed by the administration of a specific inhibitor to the target, are the basis of personalized lung cancer treatment. In this new paradigm, the role of a precise pathology diagnosis of lung cancer and the proper handling of tissue and cytology samples for molecular testing is becoming increasingly important. These changes have posed multiple new challenges for pathologists to adequately integrate routine histopathology analysis and molecular testing into the clinical pathology practice for tumor diagnosis and subsequent selection of the most appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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19
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ALK inhibitors and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:499-508. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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20
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Steffen JA. Diffusion of molecular diagnostic lung cancer tests: a survey of german oncologists. J Pers Med 2014; 4:102-14. [PMID: 25562146 PMCID: PMC4251403 DOI: 10.3390/jpm4010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at examining the diffusion of diagnostic lung cancer tests in Germany. It was motivated by the high potential of detecting and targeting oncogenic drivers. Recognizing that the diffusion of diagnostic tests is a conditio sine qua non for the success of personalized lung cancer therapies, this study analyzed the diffusion of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tests in Germany. Qualitative and quantitative research strategies were combined in a mixed-method design. A literature review and subsequent Key Opinion Leader interviews identified a set of qualitative factors driving the diffusion process, which were then translated into an online survey. The survey was conducted among a sample of 961 oncologists (11.34% response rate). The responses were analyzed in a multiple linear regression which identified six statistically significant factors driving the diffusion of molecular diagnostic lung cancer tests: reimbursement, attitude towards R&D, information self-assessment, perceived attitudes of colleagues, age and test-pathway strategies. Besides the important role of adequate reimbursement and relevant guidelines, the results of this study suggest that an increasing usage of test-pathway strategies, especially in an office-based setting, can increase the diffusion of molecular diagnostic lung cancer tests in the future.
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21
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Meador CB, Micheel CM, Levy MA, Lovly CM, Horn L, Warner JL, Johnson DB, Zhao Z, Anderson IA, Sosman JA, Vnencak-Jones CL, Dahlman KB, Pao W. Beyond histology: translating tumor genotypes into clinically effective targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2264-75. [PMID: 24599935 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased understanding of intertumoral heterogeneity at the genomic level has led to significant advancements in the treatment of solid tumors. Functional genomic alterations conferring sensitivity to targeted therapies can take many forms, and appropriate methods and tools are needed to detect these alterations. This review provides an update on genetic variability among solid tumors of similar histologic classification, using non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma as examples. We also discuss relevant technological platforms for discovery and diagnosis of clinically actionable variants and highlight the implications of specific genomic alterations for response to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Meador
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Cancer Biology, Medicine, Biomedical Informatics, and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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22
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Pillai RN, Ramalingam SS. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:557-64. [PMID: 24516099 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic and therapeutic landscape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has changed dramatically in the past 50 years since the Surgeon General's report on smoking and lung cancer. Early detection is now a reality for lung cancer. The use of low-dose computed tomography scans for early detection decreases mortality and is beginning to be used in routine clinical practice. Technological advances such as positron emission tomography and endobronchial ultrasound have improved the accuracy of NSCLC staging. The cure rate for early-stage NSCLC has improved as a result of multimodality treatment approaches. The role of systemic therapy has also expanded to earlier stages of the disease. In recent years, the initial steps toward personalized medicine by utilization of targeted treatments based on tumor genotype have been undertaken. Emerging technological advances and greater insights into tumor biology are poised to greatly reduce the burden of lung cancer in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathi N Pillai
- Corresponding Author: Suresh S. Ramalingam, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Room C-3090, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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23
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Pecuchet N, Bigot F, Henni M, Fabre E. [Therapeutic impact of molecular diagnosis in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: targeted therapies in 2013]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2014; 70:38-46. [PMID: 24566025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the molecular characterization of metastatic unresectable lung cancers have markedly improved the management of patients. Today, molecular tests should be performed routinely in all patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer, and in case of squamous cell carcinoma occurring in a non-smoker. In the presence of EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement, specific inhibitors have shown superior efficacy to chemotherapy in first-line treatment for anti-EGFR (erlotinib and gefitinib) and in second-line treatment for anti-ALK (crizotinib). We will report the most recent clinical trials that aimed to identify effective therapeutic alternatives in case of acquired resistance to first-generation inhibitors (erlotinib, gefitnib, crizotinib), which inevitably occur in a median of 11-13 months at the first line setting and 7 months at the second line setting. Finally, we will describe more recently known molecular alterations such as ROS1 or RET rearrangements and HER2, BRAF, PIK3CA, DDR2 mutations. Some of these alterations are already elegible for dedicated targeted therapies within clinical trials or temporary use authorization (ATU).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pecuchet
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20-30, rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris cedex 15, France; Unité Inserm U775 : bases moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques, centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - F Bigot
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20-30, rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - M Henni
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20-30, rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - E Fabre
- Service d'oncologie médicale, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20-30, rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris cedex 15, France; Unité Inserm U775 : bases moléculaires de la réponse aux xénobiotiques, centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
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24
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Patel JD, Krilov L, Adams S, Aghajanian C, Basch E, Brose MS, Carroll WL, de Lima M, Gilbert MR, Kris MG, Marshall JL, Masters GA, O'Day SJ, Polite B, Schwartz GK, Sharma S, Thompson I, Vogelzang NJ, Roth BJ. Clinical Cancer Advances 2013: Annual Report on Progress Against Cancer From the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:129-60. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.53.7076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A MESSAGE FROM ASCO'S PRESIDENTSince its founding in 1964, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has been committed to improving cancer outcomes through research and the delivery of quality care. Research is the bedrock of discovering better treatments—providing hope to the millions of individuals who face a cancer diagnosis each year.The studies featured in “Clinical Cancer Advances 2013: Annual Report on Progress Against Cancer From the American Society of Clinical Oncology” represent the invaluable contributions of thousands of patients who participate in clinical trials and the scientists who conduct basic and clinical research. The insights described in this report, such as how cancers hide from the immune system and why cancers may become resistant to targeted drugs, enable us to envision a future in which cancer will be even more controllable and preventable.The scientific process is thoughtful, deliberate, and sometimes slow, but each advance, while helping patients, now also points toward new research questions and unexplored opportunities. Both dramatic and subtle breakthroughs occur so that progress against cancer typically builds over many years. Success requires vision, persistence, and a long-term commitment to supporting cancer research and training.Our nation's longstanding investment in federally funded cancer research has contributed significantly to a growing array of effective new treatments and a much deeper understanding of the drivers of cancer. But despite this progress, our position as a world leader in advancing medical knowledge and our ability to attract the most promising and talented investigators are now threatened by an acute problem: Federal funding for cancer research has steadily eroded over the past decade, and only 15% of the ever-shrinking budget is actually spent on clinical trials. This dismal reality threatens the pace of progress against cancer and undermines our ability to address the continuing needs of our patients.Despite this extremely challenging economic environment, we continue to make progress. Maintaining and accelerating that progress require that we keep our eyes on the future and pursue a path that builds on the stunning successes of the past. We must continue to show our policymakers the successes in cancer survival and quality of life (QOL) they have enabled, emphasizing the need to sustain our national investment in the remarkably productive US cancer research enterprise.We must also look to innovative methods for transforming how we care for—and learn from—patients with cancer. Consider, for example, that fewer than 5% of adult patients with cancer currently participate in clinical trials. What if we were able to draw lessons from the other 95%? This possibility led ASCO this year to launch CancerLinQ, a groundbreaking health information technology initiative that will provide physicians with access to vast quantities of clinical data about real-world patients and help achieve higher quality, higher value cancer care.As you read the following pages, I hope our collective progress against cancer over the past year inspires you. More importantly, I hope the pride you feel motivates you to help us accelerate the pace of scientific advancement.Clifford A. Hudis, MD, FACPPresidentAmerican Society of Clinical Oncology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti D. Patel
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Lada Krilov
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Ethan Basch
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Marcia S. Brose
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - William L. Carroll
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Marcos de Lima
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Mark R. Gilbert
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Mark G. Kris
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - John L. Marshall
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Gregory A. Masters
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Steven J. O'Day
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Blasé Polite
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Gary K. Schwartz
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Ian Thompson
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Nicholas J. Vogelzang
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
| | - Bruce J. Roth
- Jyoti D. Patel, Northwestern University; Blasé Polite, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lada Krilov, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Sylvia Adams and William L. Carroll, New York University Cancer Institute; Carol Aghajanian, Mark G. Kris, and Gary K. Schwartz, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Ethan Basch, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Marcia S. Brose, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer
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25
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Shames DS, Wistuba II. The evolving genomic classification of lung cancer. J Pathol 2014; 232:121-33. [PMID: 24114583 PMCID: PMC4285848 DOI: 10.1002/path.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
EGFR gene mutations and ALK gene fusions are well-characterized molecular targets in NSCLC. Activating alterations in a variety of potential oncogenic driver genes have also been identified in NSCLC, including ROS1, RET, MET, HER2, and BRAF. Together with EGFR and ALK, these mutations account for ∼20% of NSCLCs. The identification of these oncogenic drivers has led to the design of rationally targeted therapies that have produced superior clinical outcomes in tumours harbouring these mutations. Many patients, however, have de novo or acquired resistance to these therapies. In addition, most NSCLCs are genetically complex tumours harbouring multiple potential activating events. For these patients, disease subsets are likely to be defined by combination strategies involving a number of targeted agents. These targets include FGFR1, PTEN, MET, MEK, PD-1/PD-L1, and NaPi2b. In light of the myriad new biomarkers and targeted agents, multiplex testing strategies will be invaluable in identifying the appropriate patients for each therapy and enabling targeted agents to be channelled to the patients most likely to gain benefit. The challenge now is how best to interpret the results of these genomic tests, in the context of other clinical data, to optimize treatment choices in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USA
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26
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Liu SV, Subramaniam D, Cyriac GC, Abdul-Khalek FJ, Giaccone G. Emerging protein kinase inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2013; 19:51-65. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.873403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Villaruz LC, Socinski MA. Temsirolimus therapy in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring an FBXW7 mutation. Lung Cancer 2013; 83:300-1. [PMID: 24360397 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of an FBXW7 mutation in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung, whose tumor had previously been shown to be EGFR and ALK wild type and who had previously progressed on multiple lines of systemic therapy. She experienced both clinical and radiographic benefit from treatment with the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza C Villaruz
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, Lung and Thoracic Malignancies Program, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States.
| | - Mark A Socinski
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology, Lung and Thoracic Malignancies Program, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States
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28
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Remon J, Molina-Montes E, Majem M, Lianes P, Isla D, Garrido P, Felip E, Viñolas N, de Castro J, Artal A, Sánchez MJ. Lung cancer in women: an overview with special focus on Spanish women. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:517-28. [PMID: 24277573 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer incidence is decreasing worldwide among men but rising among women due to recent changes in smoking patterns in both sexes. In Europe, the smoking epidemic has evolved different rates and times, and policy responses to it, vary substantially between countries. Differences in smoking prevalence are much more evident among European women reflecting the heterogeneity in cancer incidence rates. Other factors rather than smoking and linked to sex may increase women's susceptibility to lung cancer, such as genetic predisposition, exposure to sex hormones and molecular features, all of them linked to epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of lung cancer in women. However, biological bases of sex-specific differences are controversial and need further evaluation. This review focuses on the epidemiology and outcome concerning non-small cell lung cancer in women, with emphasis given to the Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Remon
- Hospital de Mataró, Carretera de la cirera s/n, 08304, Mataró, Spain,
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29
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Practical tips and tricks with recently approved molecular targeted agents in non-small-cell lung cancer. EJC Suppl 2013. [PMID: 26217155 PMCID: PMC4041556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2013.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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