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Inoo H, Sakanaka K, Fujii K, Ishida Y, Mizowaki T. Association of volumetric-modulated arc therapy with radiation pneumonitis in thoracic esophageal cancer. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2022; 63:646-656. [PMID: 35589100 PMCID: PMC9303599 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The lung volume receiving low-dose irradiation has been reported to increase in volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) compared with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for thoracic esophageal cancer, which raises concerns regarding radiation pneumonitis (RP) risk. This single institutional retrospective cohort study aimed to explore whether VMAT for thoracic esophageal cancer was associated with RP. Our study included 161 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer, of whom 142 were definitively treated with 3DCRT and 39 were treated with VMAT between 2008 and 2018. Radiotherapy details, dose-volume metrics, reported RP risk factors and RP incidence were collected. The RP risk factors were assessed via multivariate analysis. Dose-volume analysis showed that VMAT delivered more conformal dose distributions to the target volume (P < 0.001) and reduced V30 Gy of heart (57% vs 41%, P < 0.001) but increased V5 Gy (54% vs 41%, P < 0.001) and V20 Gy (20% vs 17%, P = 0.01) of lungs compared with 3DCRT. However, the 1-year incidence rates of RP did not differ between the two techniques (11.3% in 3DCRT vs 7.7% in VMAT, P = 0.53). The multivariate analysis suggested that the presence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) (P = 0.01) and V20 Gy of lungs ≥20% (P = 0.008) were associated with RP. Conclusively, VMAT increased the lung volume receiving low to middle doses irradiation, although this might not be associated with RP. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of using VMAT for delivering conformal dose distributions on RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Sakanaka
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan, Phone: +81-75-751-3762, Fax: +81-75-771-9749,
| | - Kota Fujii
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishida
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizowaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Mei LX, Mo JX, Chen Y, Dai L, Wang YY, Chen MW. Esophagectomy versus definitive chemoradiotherapy as initial treatment for clinical stage I esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus 2022; 35:6329176. [PMID: 34318324 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophagectomy and definitive chemoradiotherapy are commonly used in the treatment of stage I esophageal cancer (EC). The present study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of esophagectomy and definitive chemoradiotherapy as the initial treatment for clinical stage I EC. METHODS This study was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020197203). Relevant studies were identified through PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from database inception to June 30, 2020. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was employed to compare overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI was employed to compare treatment-related death, complications, and tumor recurrence. RESULTS A total of 13 non-randomized controlled studies involving 3,346 patients were included. Compared with definitive chemoradiotherapy, esophagectomy showed an improved OS (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55-0.86; P < 0.001), PFS (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.33-0.67; P < 0.001), and a lower risk of tumor recurrence (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.30-0.61; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.75-1.65; P = 0.60) and treatment-related death (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.31-4.30; P = 0.84) between the two treatments. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence shows esophagectomy has superior survival benefits as the initial treatment for clinical stage I EC. It is still the preferred choice for patients with clinical stage I EC. However, future high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to validate this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xiang Mei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun-Xian Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Dai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yong-Yong Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ming-Wu Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Long-term outcomes of an esophagus-preserving chemoradiotherapy strategy for patients with endoscopically unresectable stage I thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2021; 30:88-94. [PMID: 34430719 PMCID: PMC8367761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopically unresectable stage I esophageal cancer is usually treated by surgery. Operable stage I esophageal carcinomas were treated with our multimodal approach. Based on interim appraisal, most patients were treated with chemoradiotherapy. Although local recurrences were common, half of them were rescued without surgery. We observed favorable long-term survival and esophagus preservation rates.
Background and purpose To assess the long-term outcomes of a multimodal approach for maximum esophagus preservation in operable patients with endoscopically unresectable stage I thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Materials and methods The medical records of patients with stage I thoracic ESCC treated with our protocol between 1992 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Our protocol consisted of neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy, followed by either additional definitive chemoradiotherapy for good responders (CRT group) or surgery for moderate or poor responders (CRT-S group) after an interim appraisal. Results A total of 51 patients were analysed. The median age of the patients was 67 years. The median follow-up period was 124.8 months. After the interim assessment, 49 and 2 cases were assigned to the CRT and CRT-S groups, respectively. In the intent-to-treat analyses, overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), cumulative incidence for death from esophageal cancer, and that for loss of esophageal function were 78.9%, 53.5%, 10.5%, and 20.4% at 5 years, and 55.2%, 27.8%, 18.2%, and 22.9% at 10 years, respectively. Grade 3 late toxicities occurred with the following incidences: esophageal stenosis in 1 case, esophageal ulcer in 1 case, and pericardial effusion in 2 cases. No grade 4 or higher toxicities were observed. Conclusion Long-term survival and esophagus preservation outcomes were favorable, with acceptable toxicities. Our results suggest that CCRT is an alternative treatment for majority of operable patients with endoscopically unresectable stage I thoracic ESCC in combination with salvage therapy.
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Katsumata K, Enomoto M, Ishizaki T, Fujita S, Kanemitsu Y, Ito M, Shiomi A, Komori K, Ohue M, Ota M, Akazai Y, Shiozawa M, Yamaguchi T, Bando H, Sekimoto M, Kobatake T, Machida R, Akasu T, Moriya Y. Risk factors for surgical site infection and association of surgical site infection with survival of lower rectal cancer patients without clinical lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis (clinical Stage II/III): Analysis of data from JCOG0212. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:459-466. [PMID: 34406563 PMCID: PMC8510931 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) and the association of that with recurrence in JCOG0212. The results for secondary endpoints showed that compared with the mesorectal excision (ME) alone group, ME with lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) group showed significantly longer operative time and significantly higher blood loss. These results suggested that LLND was a risk factor for SSI. All 701 patients registered in JCOG0212 were analyzed in this study. Wound infection was defined as incisional/deep SSI, and pelvic abscess and anastomotic leakage were defined as organ/space SSI. The risk factors for the incidence of SSI and the effect of SSI on relapse-free survival (RFS) were investigated. Multivariable odds ratio of Grade 2 or higher all SSI was 0.58 [95% Confidence interval: 0.36–0.93] for female (vs. male) and that of Grade 2 or higher incisional/deep SSI was 2.24 [1.03–4.86] for blood infusion. For RFS, patients with Grade 3 or higher all SSI showed poor prognosis (multivariable hazard ratio: 1.66 [1.03–2.68]). LLND is not significant factor for the incidence of all SSI. Male sex might be a risk factor of Grade 2 or higher SSI, and blood transfusion is a possible risk factor of Grade 2 or higher incisional/deep SSI. Grade 3 or higher all SSI might be a significant worse prognostic factor for lower rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Katsumata
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-Shinjyuku Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Masanobu Enomoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-Shinjyuku Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ishizaki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishi-Shinjyuku Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shin Fujita
- Department of Surgery, Tochigi Cancer Center, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yukihide Kanemitsu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akio Shiomi
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Komori
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ota
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Akazai
- Department of Surgery, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Shiozawa
- Department of Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Bando
- Department of Surgery, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitugu Sekimoto
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Ryunosuke Machida
- JCOG Data Center and Operations Office, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Akasu
- Department of Surgery, The Imperial Household Agency Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Moriya
- Department of Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Hsu PK, Chien LI, Huang CS, Yeh YC, Huang PI, Chen MH, Chen SY, Yen CC, Hsu HS. Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Patients with Esophageal Cancer: An Analysis of a Multidisciplinary Tumor Board Database. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 29:572-585. [PMID: 34387767 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidisciplinary management strategies are standard in esophageal cancer. Based on a multidisciplinary tumor board (MTB) database in a high-volume center, we aimed to evaluate real-world treatment patterns and patient outcomes in patients with esophageal cancer. In addition, we determined the impact of MTB discussions on patient prognosis. METHODS Patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer between 2010 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The pattern of treatment modalities and overall survival (OS) of patients with limited, locally advanced, and advanced/metastatic disease were reported. RESULTS Data from 1132 patients, including 247 patients with limited esophageal cancer, 606 patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, and 279 patients with advanced/metastatic esophageal cancer were included. Upfront surgery was the most common (56.3%) treatment modality for patients with limited esophageal cancer, while treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer included upfront surgery (19.1%), neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (44.9%), and definitive chemoradiotherapy (36.0%); however, 27.9% of patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy did not receive planned esophagectomy. Definitive chemoradiotherapy was mainly used for patients with locally advanced and advanced/metastatic disease, but had an incompletion rate of 22.0% and 33.7%, respectively. Regarding survival, the 5-year OS rates were 56.4%, 26.3%, and 5.1% in patients with limited, locally advanced, and advanced/metastatic disease, respectively. Additionally, patients whose clinical management was discussed in the MTB had a significantly better 5-year OS rate than the other patients (27.3% vs. 20.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We report the real-world data of treatment patterns and patient outcomes in patients with esophageal cancer with respect to multidisciplinary management, and demonstrate the positive impact of MTB discussions on patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kuei Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-I Chien
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Yeh
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-I Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Chuan Yen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Shui Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kanie Y, Okamura A, Asari T, Ishiyama A, Yoshio T, Tsuchida T, Chin K, Watanabe M. ASO Author Reflections: Esophagectomy or Chemoradiotherapy, That is the Question: Additional Treatment Following Noncurative Endoscopic Resection for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:8436-8437. [PMID: 34115253 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Kanie
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takao Asari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Ishiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoshio
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuchida
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisho Chin
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Kanie Y, Okamura A, Asari T, Maruyama S, Sakamoto K, Fujiwara D, Kanamori J, Imamura Y, Ishiyama A, Yoshio T, Tsuchida T, Chin K, Watanabe M. Additional Treatment Following Noncurative Endoscopic Resection for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comparison of Outcomes between Esophagectomy and Chemoradiotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:8428-8435. [PMID: 34085140 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic resection (ER) has been widely implemented for cT1N0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Additional therapy, including esophagectomy and chemoradiotherapy (CRT), is sometimes required after noncurative ER. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 108 patients who received any additional treatment following noncurative ER (positive vertical margins, lymphovascular invasion, or invasion depth of submucosa or more), and compared the short- and long-term outcomes between the two treatment modalities. RESULTS Of 108 patients, 56 underwent esophagectomy (E group), and 52 received CRT (CRT group). A positive vertical margin was observed in 17 (14.8%) patients and high risks of occult lymph node metastasis were observed in 91 (85.2%) patients, as well as lymphovascular invasion in 35 (32.4%) patients, invasion depth of the submucosa or more in 27 (25.0%) patients, and both in 29 (26.9%) patients. The E group patients were significantly younger (p = 0.046) and tended to present with larger tumors than those in the CRT group (p = 0.057). Lymphatic invasion was more frequent in the E group (p = 0.019), and, furthermore, one treatment-related death was observed in the E group. There were no significant differences between the groups in overall and disease-specific survival (p = 0.406 and 0.151, respectively), however, recurrence was only observed in the CRT group. CONCLUSION Both esophagectomy and CRT are safe and effective as additional treatments after noncurative ER in patients with ESCC. Esophagectomy is oncologically safe, whereas a risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality remains. Although the adverse events are acceptable, CRT has a certain degree of risk of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Kanie
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takao Asari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Maruyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kanamori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Ishiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoshio
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuchida
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisho Chin
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Kotani S, Shibagaki K, Yuki T, Aimi M, Mikami H, Izumi D, Yamashita N, Takahashi Y, Fukuba N, Ishimura N, Ishihara S. A multicenter retrospective study of the esophageal triamcinolone acetonide-filling method in patients with extensive esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:647-655. [PMID: 33856943 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1910998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for extensive esophageal cancer is sometimes associated with post-ESD stenosis, despite preventative steroid therapy. In this retrospective multicenter analysis, we evaluated the factors associated with therapy resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 73 patients with 75 extensive esophageal cancers treated with ESD. Stenosis prevention was performed using two esophageal triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-fillings, and repeated if stenosis was found on follow-up. Therapy-resistance factors associated with incidence of severe stenosis requiring endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) were evaluated, including age, gender, previous treatment history, tumor location, morphology, resection size, histologic type, invasion depth, and horizontal resection grade (HR-grade 1, ≥ 9/12 and <10/12 of the circumference; grade 2, ≥ 10/12 and <11/12; grade 3, ≥ 11/12 but not circumferential; and grade 4, entirely circumferential). RESULTS Severe stenosis occurred in 17.3%(13/75) of cases, with a median of two EBDs (range, 1-6 times). Severe stenosis was significantly associated with HR-grade elevation and previous treatment history (p < .05); multivariate analysis showed both as independent therapy-resistance factors (p < .05). Patients without previous treatment history demonstrated severe stenosis at 12.9%(9/70): 0%(0/26) HR-grade 1, 18.8%(3/16) grade 2, 17.6%(3/17) grade 3, and 27.3%(3/11) grade 4, showing a risk of HR-grade 2 or more resection but an acceptable stenosis prevention even after entirely circumferential resection. Conversely, patients with previous treatment history demonstrated severe stenosis at a high frequency of 80%(4/5). CONCLUSIONS Esophageal TA-filling is a promising stenosis-preventive steroid therapy, even in entirely circumferential ESD cases. However, HR-grade 2 or more elevation and previous treatment history were independently associated with therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kotani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Shibagaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Matsue Red Cross Hospital, Matsue, Japan
| | - Masahito Aimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tottori Municipal Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hironobu Mikami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Noritsugu Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Fukuba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Izumo City General Medical Center, Izumo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shunji Ishihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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Haneda R, Booka E, Ishii K, Kikuchi H, Hiramatsu Y, Kamiya K, Ogawa H, Yasui H, Takeuchi H, Tsubosa Y. Evaluation of Definitive Chemoradiotherapy Versus Radical Esophagectomy in Clinical T1bN0M0 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. World J Surg 2021; 45:1835-1844. [PMID: 33620541 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-021-06016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard treatment for patients with clinical T1bN0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is radical esophagectomy. Definitive chemoradiotherapy is regarded as a treatment option, and recently, good clinical outcomes of this treatment have been reported. This study compared prognosis after definitive chemoradiotherapy with radical esophagectomy. METHODS From January 2011 to December 2019, 68 consecutive patients who were diagnosed clinical T1bN0M0 squamous cell carcinoma were enrolled and investigated retrospectively. Patients were classified into two groups whether treated by surgery or definitive chemoradiotherapy. Survival outcomes were compared, and subsequent therapies after recurrence were also investigated. RESULTS Among 68 patients, 39 patients underwent surgery and 29 patients received definitive chemoradiotherapy. No significant difference was noted in overall survival between the two groups. However, the rate of 5-year recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in definitive chemoradiotherapy group than that of surgery group (91.1 vs. 62.7%, hazard ratio 3.976, 95% confidence interval 1.076-14.696, p = 0.039). Patients who had local recurrence after definitive chemoradiotherapy received endoscopic submucosal dissection or photodynamic therapy as salvage therapies, which resulted in no disease progression and a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Definitive chemoradiotherapy may become a promising alternative therapy comparable with radical esophagectomy in patients with clinical T1bN0M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Early detection of recurrence by frequent follow-up after definitive chemoradiotherapy is important to control disease within local recurrence, and salvage therapy for local lesions could contribute to long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Haneda
- Division of Esophageal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Eisuke Booka
- Division of Esophageal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
| | - Kenjiro Ishii
- Division of Esophageal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kinji Kamiya
- Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ogawa
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yasui
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsubosa
- Division of Esophageal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
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Multimodality approaches to control esophageal cancer: development of chemoradiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Esophagus 2021; 18:25-32. [PMID: 32964312 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-020-00782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer has a poor prognosis despite the fact that surgical techniques have been advanced and optimized, and systemic multimodality approaches have progressed recently. Adding chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy to the basic surgical approach have been shown to have therapeutic benefit for esophageal cancer. This review describes the latest development of chemoradiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, which have contributed to the reduction in esophageal cancer growth and improved the survival of patients. Chemoradiation is a treatment option for resectable esophageal cancer to preserve the esophagus for patients who cannot tolerate surgery. Moreover, a combination of chemoradiotherapy and salvage surgery could extend the survival of patients. The effects of a triplet chemotherapy regimen are currently being verified in some Phase III studies for unresectable advanced/recurrent esophageal cancer. In addition, with the great promise of immune checkpoint inhibitors, strategies that incorporate the use of immunotherapy may shift from the metastatic setting to the neoadjuvant/adjuvant setting as a result of clinical trials. More precise comprehension of the molecular biology of esophageal cancer is expected to further control disease progression using multimodality treatments in the future.
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11
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Deng W, Jethwa KR, Gonuguntla K, Liao Z, Yoon HH, Murphy MB, Haddock MG, Hallemeier CL, Lin SH. Multi-institutional Evaluation of Curative Intent Chemoradiotherapy for Patients With Clinical T1N0 Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Adv Radiat Oncol 2020; 5:951-958. [PMID: 33083658 PMCID: PMC7557140 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for patients with clinical T1N0M0 esophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods and Materials This was a retrospective study of patients with clinical T1N0 adenocarcinoma of the esophagus treated with curative-intent CRT between 2004 and 2017 at 2 tertiary care centers. Patients received CRT instead of esophagectomy owing to medical comorbidities or patient preference. Toxicities were evaluated according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall, progression-free, and disease-specific survivals. Results Twenty-eight patients were included for analysis. Median age was 76 years (range 55-90). The majority of patients were male (93%) and had a history of Barrett’s esophagus (71%). Tumor characteristics included distal esophagus location (93%), clinical stage T1b (86%), and median length of 2 cm (range, 1-9). Prior endoscopic resection was performed in 57%. The median follow-up was 44 months (range, 4-146). The acute grade 3 adverse events were observed in 7 patients (25%). One patient died of complications potentially related to chemoradiation. Eight patients (29%) had disease progression at a median of 7.6 months after CRT. First site of progression was local only (14%), local and regional (11%), or distant (4%). Salvage locally directed treatment was performed in 3 of 4 patients with local-only recurrence. The 3-year overall survival, progression-free, and disease-specific rates were 78%, 62%, and 81%, respectively. Conclusion CRT is a safe and effective curative treatment strategy for select patients with clinical T1N0M0 esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Krishan R Jethwa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Zhongxing Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Harry H Yoon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mariela Blum Murphy
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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12
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Harada K, Rogers JE, Iwatsuki M, Yamashita K, Baba H, Ajani JA. Recent advances in treating oesophageal cancer. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 33042518 PMCID: PMC7531047 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22926.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive malignancy with an increasing incidence and a poor prognosis. EC is histologically divided into two major categories: adenocarcinoma (EAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). EAC and ESCC are molecularly different and therefore treatments should reflect the respective histological subtype. Combined modality therapy is needed for localized EC. When EC is advanced (stage 4), systemic therapy is the mainstay treatment for palliation. For localized EC, several strategies are considered standard, and more trials are necessary to determine a unified and more effective approach. The management for advanced EC is slowly evolving as immunotherapy is showing some promise for ESCC, but more data from ongoing studies are anticipated. Treatment advances will be based on high-definition genomic investigation of individual tumors. Herein, we review the contemporary trends in diagnosing and treating EAC and ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jane E Rogers
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical Program, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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13
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Bhatt A, Kamath S, Murthy SC, Raja S. Multidisciplinary Evaluation and Management of Early Stage Esophageal Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2020; 29:613-630. [PMID: 32883462 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early esophageal cancer involves the mucosal and submucosal layers of the esophagus. Early esophageal cancer is a heterogeneous group, and achieving optimal outcomes requires a multidisciplinary approach to align patients to their optimal treatment. Although organ-sparing endoscopic resection has become the preferred management option for superficial esophageal cancer, it is not adequate in all tumors, such as high-risk lesions with poorly differentiated pathology, lymphovascular invasion, or deep submucosal invasion. In such high-risk lesions, surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation may be required. In this article, we present our multidisciplinary approach to early esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bhatt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, A31 desk, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
| | - Suneel Kamath
- Taussig Cancer Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sudish C Murthy
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, J4-1, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Siva Raja
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, J4-1, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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14
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Ishihara R, Arima M, Iizuka T, Oyama T, Katada C, Kato M, Goda K, Goto O, Tanaka K, Yano T, Yoshinaga S, Muto M, Kawakubo H, Fujishiro M, Yoshida M, Fujimoto K, Tajiri H, Inoue H. Endoscopic submucosal dissection/endoscopic mucosal resection guidelines for esophageal cancer. Dig Endosc 2020; 32:452-493. [PMID: 32072683 DOI: 10.1111/den.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society has developed endoscopic submucosal dissection/endoscopic mucosal resection guidelines. These guidelines present recommendations in response to 18 clinical questions concerning the preoperative diagnosis, indications, resection methods, curability assessment, and surveillance of patients undergoing endoscopic resection for esophageal cancers based on a systematic review of the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Ishihara
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwako Arima
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Iizuka
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Oyama
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Motohiko Kato
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Goda
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Goto
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Tanaka
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yano
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Muto
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hisao Tajiri
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Inoue
- Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Watanabe M, Otake R, Kozuki R, Toihata T, Takahashi K, Okamura A, Imamura Y. Recent progress in multidisciplinary treatment for patients with esophageal cancer. Surg Today 2020; 50:12-20. [PMID: 31535225 PMCID: PMC6952324 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-019-01878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive gastrointestinal cancers. This review focuses on eight topics within the multidisciplinary approach for esophageal cancer. As esophagectomy is highly invasive and likely to impair quality of life, the development of less invasive strategies is expected. Endoscopic resection (ER) of early esophageal cancer is a less invasive treatment for early esophageal cancer. A recent phase II trial revealed that combined ER and chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is efficacious as an esophagus-preserving treatment for cT1bN0 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Esophagectomy and definitive CRT are equally effective for patients with clinical stage I SCC in terms of long-term outcome. For locally advanced resectable cancers, multidisciplinary treatment strategies have been established through several clinical trials of neoadjuvant or perioperative treatment. Minimally invasive esophagectomy may improve the outcomes of patients and CRT is a curative-intent alternative to esophagectomy. CRT with 50.4 Gy radiotherapy combined with salvage surgery is a promising option to preserve the esophagus. Induction chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy may improve the outcomes of patients with locally advanced unresectable tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective for esophageal cancer, and their introduction to clinical practice is awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Reiko Otake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kozuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Tasuku Toihata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Keita Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
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