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Yuan M, Wang W, Hawes I, Han J, Yao Z, Bertaina A. Advancements in γδT cell engineering: paving the way for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360237. [PMID: 38576617 PMCID: PMC10991697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Comprising only 1-10% of the circulating T cell population, γδT cells play a pivotal role in cancer immunotherapy due to their unique amalgamation of innate and adaptive immune features. These cells can secrete cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and can directly eliminate tumor cells through mechanisms like Fas/FasL and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Unlike conventional αβT cells, γδT cells can target a wide variety of cancer cells independently of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Their ability of recognizing antigens in a non-MHC restricted manner makes them an ideal candidate for allogeneic immunotherapy. Additionally, γδT cells exhibit specific tissue tropism, and rapid responsiveness upon reaching cellular targets, indicating a high level of cellular precision and adaptability. Despite these capabilities, the therapeutic potential of γδT cells has been hindered by some limitations, including their restricted abundance, unsatisfactory expansion, limited persistence, and complex biology and plasticity. To address these issues, gene-engineering strategies like the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy, T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer, and the combination with γδT cell engagers are being explored. This review will outline the progress in various engineering strategies, discuss their implications and challenges that lie ahead, and the future directions for engineered γδT cells in both monotherapy and combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenjun Wang
- *Correspondence: Wenjun Wang, ; Alice Bertaina,
| | | | | | | | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Cao TQ, Wainwright DA, Lee-Chang C, Miska J, Sonabend AM, Heimberger AB, Lukas RV. Next Steps for Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4023. [PMID: 36011015 PMCID: PMC9406905 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcomes for glioblastoma (GBM) patients undergoing standard of care treatment remain poor. Here we discuss the portfolio of previously investigated immunotherapies for glioblastoma, including vaccine therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, as well as novel emerging therapeutic approaches. In addition, we explore the factors that potentially influence response to immunotherapy, which should be considered in future research aimed at improving immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Q. Cao
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Adam M. Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Wang G, Wang W. Advanced Cell Therapies for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904133. [PMID: 36052072 PMCID: PMC9425637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sheer ubiquity of Gioblastoma (GBM) cases would lead you to believe that there should have been many opportunities for the discovery of treatments to successfully render it into remission. Unfortunately, its persistent commonality is due in large part to the fact that it is the most treatment-resistant tumors in adults. That completely changes the treatment plan of attack. Long established and accepted treatment therapies such as surgical resection, radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy, (and any combination thereof) have only confirmed that the disease lives up to its treatment-resistant reputation. To add to the seemingly insurmountable task of finding a cure, GBM has also proven to be a very stubborn and formidable opponent to newer immunotherapies. Across the board, regardless of the therapy combination, the five-year survival rate of GBM patients is still very poor at a heartbreaking 5.6%. Obviously, the present situation cannot be tolerated or deemed acceptable. The grave situation calls for researchers to be more innovative and find more efficient strategies to discover new and successful strategies to treat GBM. Inspired by researchers worldwide attempting to control GBM, we provide in this review a comprehensive overview of the many diverse cell therapies currently being used to treat GBM. An overview of the treatments include: CAR T cells, CAR NK cells, gamma-delta T cells, NKT cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, as well stem cell-based strategies. To give you the complete picture, we will discuss the efficacy, safety, and developmental stages, the mechanisms of action and the challenges of each of these therapies and detail their potential to be the next-generation immunotherapeutic to eliminate this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Wang
- BlueRock Therapeutics, Department of Process Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Guangwen Wang,
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Metagenomi Inc., Department of Cell Therapy, Emeryville, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Guangwen Wang,
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Baskaran AB, Kumthekar P, Heimberger AB, Lukas RV. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2021 Annual Meeting updates on primary brain tumors and CNS metastatic tumors. Future Oncol 2021; 17:4425-4429. [PMID: 34672682 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, select key studies presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2021 annual meeting are reviewed. Two major phase III randomized controlled trials were presented at the meeting: GEINO 1401 and EORTC 1709/CCTG CE.8. Both are reviewed in this report. Moreover, important phase II trials, including Alliance A0716701, and key phase I trials are included. All trials presented cover important advances in the understanding of primary brain tumor management. In addition, case series papers, trials in progress and select work on exploratory CSF biomarkers are reviewed. Altogether, research presented at ASCO 2021 highlights important advances in neuro-oncologic topics that may inform future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archit B Baskaran
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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