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Liu Y, Hu P, Xu L, Zhang X, Li Z, Li Y, Qiu H. Current Progress on Predictive Biomarkers for Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Gastric Cancer: How to Maximize the Immunotherapeutic Benefit? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082273. [PMID: 37190201 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death globally. Delayed diagnosis and pronounced histological and molecular variations increase the complexity and challenge of treatment. Pharmacotherapy, which for a long time was systemic chemotherapy based on 5-fluorouracil, is the mainstay of management for advanced gastric cancer. Trastuzumab and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have altered the therapeutic landscape, contributing to noticeably prolonged survivorship in patients with metastatic gastric cancer. However, research has revealed that immunotherapy is only beneficial to some individuals. Biomarkers, such as programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), microsatellite instability (MSI), and tumor mutational load (TMB), have been shown to correlate with immune efficacy in numerous studies and are increasingly employed for the selection of patients most likely to respond to immunotherapy. Gut microorganisms, genetic mutations like POLE/POLD1 and NOTCH4, tumor lymphoid infiltrating cells (TILs), and other novel biomarkers have the potential to develop into new predictors. Prospective immunotherapy for gastric cancer should be guided by a biomarker-driven precision management paradigm, and multidimensional or dynamic marker testing could be the way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pengbo Hu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Mukherji R, Yin C, Hameed R, Alqahtani AZ, Kulasekaran M, He AR, Weinberg BA, Marshall JL, Hartley ML, Noel MS. The current state of molecular profiling in gastrointestinal malignancies. Biol Direct 2022; 17:15. [PMID: 35668531 PMCID: PMC9172079 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-022-00322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a review of the current state of molecular profiling in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and what to expect from this evolving field in the future. Individualized medicine is moving from broad panel testing of numerous genes or gene products in tumor biopsy samples, identifying biomarkers of prognosis and treatment response, to relatively noninvasive liquid biopsy assays, building on what we have learned in our tumor analysis and growing into its own evolving predictive and prognostic subspecialty. Hence, the field of GI precision oncology is exploding, and this review endeavors to summarize where we are now in preparation for the journey ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Mukherji
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Chao Yin
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Rumaisa Hameed
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Ali Z Alqahtani
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Monika Kulasekaran
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Aiwu R He
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Benjamin A Weinberg
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - John L Marshall
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Marion L Hartley
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Marcus S Noel
- The Ruesch Center for the Cure of GI Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA. .,MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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