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Kareff SA, Trabolsi A, Krause HB, Samec T, Elliott A, Rodriguez E, Olazagasti C, Watson DC, Bustos MA, Hoon DSB, Graff SL, Antonarakis ES, Goel S, Sledge G, Lopes G. The Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Immunologic Landscape of HRAS Mutations in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1572. [PMID: 38672653 PMCID: PMC11049662 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tipifarnib is the only targeted therapy breakthrough for HRAS-mutant (HRASmt) recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The molecular profiles of HRASmt cancers are difficult to explore given the low frequency of HRASmt. This study aims to understand the molecular co-alterations, immune profiles, and clinical outcomes of 524 HRASmt solid tumors including urothelial carcinoma (UC), breast cancer (BC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, and HNSCC. HRASmt was most common in UC (3.0%), followed by HNSCC (2.82%), melanoma (1.05%), BC (0.45%), and NSCLC (0.44%). HRASmt was absent in Her2+ BC regardless of hormone receptor status. HRASmt was more frequently associated with squamous compared to non-squamous NSCLC (60% vs. 40% in HRASwt, p = 0.002). The tumor microenvironment (TME) of HRASmt demonstrated increased M1 macrophages in triple-negative BC (TNBC), HNSCC, squamous NSCLC, and UC; increased M2 macrophages in TNBC; and increased CD8+ T-cells in HNSCC (all p < 0.05). Finally, HRASmt was associated with shorter overall survival in HNSCC (HR: 1.564, CI: 1.16-2.11, p = 0.003) but not in the other cancer types examined. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the unique molecular profiles of HRASmt tumors that may help to identify new targets and guide future clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Kareff
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL 33136, USA (A.T.)
| | - Asaad Trabolsi
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL 33136, USA (A.T.)
| | | | - Timothy Samec
- Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA; (H.B.K.)
| | | | - Estelamari Rodriguez
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.R.)
| | - Coral Olazagasti
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.R.)
| | - Dionysios C. Watson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.R.)
| | - Matias A. Bustos
- Division of Translational Molecular Medicine, St. Johns’ Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; (M.A.B.); (D.S.B.H.)
| | - Dave S. B. Hoon
- Division of Translational Molecular Medicine, St. Johns’ Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; (M.A.B.); (D.S.B.H.)
| | - Stephanie L. Graff
- Department of Medicine, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - George Sledge
- Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA; (H.B.K.)
| | - Gilberto Lopes
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (E.R.)
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Baranyi M, Molnár E, Hegedűs L, Gábriel Z, Petényi FG, Bordás F, Léner V, Ranđelović I, Cserepes M, Tóvári J, Hegedűs B, Tímár J. Farnesyl-transferase inhibitors show synergistic anticancer effects in combination with novel KRAS-G12C inhibitors. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1059-1072. [PMID: 38278976 PMCID: PMC10951297 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of mutant KRAS challenged cancer research for decades. Recently, allele-specific inhibitors were approved for the treatment of KRAS-G12C mutant lung cancer. However, de novo and acquired resistance limit their efficacy and several combinations are in clinical development. Our study shows the potential of combining G12C inhibitors with farnesyl-transferase inhibitors. METHODS Combinations of clinically approved farnesyl-transferase inhibitors and KRAS G12C inhibitors are tested on human lung, colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in vitro in 2D, 3D and subcutaneous xenograft models of lung adenocarcinoma. Treatment effects on migration, proliferation, apoptosis, farnesylation and RAS signaling were measured by histopathological analyses, videomicroscopy, cell cycle analyses, immunoblot, immunofluorescence and RAS pulldown. RESULTS Combination of tipifarnib with sotorasib shows synergistic inhibitory effects on lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro in 2D and 3D. Mechanistically, we present antiproliferative effect of the combination and interference with compensatory HRAS activation and RHEB and lamin farnesylation. Enhanced efficacy of sotorasib in combination with tipifarnib is recapitulated in the subcutaneous xenograft model of lung adenocarcinoma. Finally, combination of additional KRAS G1C and farnesyl-transferase inhibitors also shows synergism in lung, colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinoma cellular models. DISCUSSION Our findings warrant the clinical exploration of KRAS-G12C inhibitors in combination with farnesyl-transferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Baranyi
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1091, Budapest, Hungary
- KINETO Lab Ltd, H-1037, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Molnár
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1091, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luca Hegedűs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45239, Essen, Germany
| | - Zsófia Gábriel
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1091, Budapest, Hungary
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Gréta Petényi
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1091, Budapest, Hungary
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Bordás
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1091, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ivan Ranđelović
- KINETO Lab Ltd, H-1037, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Cserepes
- KINETO Lab Ltd, H-1037, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Hegedűs
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1091, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45239, Essen, Germany.
| | - József Tímár
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1091, Budapest, Hungary
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Devi P, Dwivedi R, Sankar R, Jain A, Gupta S, Gupta S. Unraveling the Genetic Web: H-Ras Expression and Mutation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:21. [PMID: 38502412 PMCID: PMC10951159 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a commonly occurring malignancy with complex genetic alterations contributing to its development. The H-Ras, a proto-oncogene, becomes an oncogene when mutated and has been implicated in various cancers. This systematic review aims to research to what extent H-Ras expression and mutation contribute to the development and progression of OSCC, and how does this molecular alteration impacts the clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with OSCC. METHODS A thorough electronic scientific literature search was carried out in PUBMED, SCOPUS, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR databases from 2007 to 2021. The search strategy yielded 120 articles. Following aggregation and filtering all results through our inclusion and exclusion criteria total 9 articles were included in our literature review. It has also been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023485202). RESULTS It was found that mutations in the Ras gene commonly reported in hotspots at codons 12, 13, and 61 resulting in the activation of downstream signaling pathways causing abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. This systematic review has shown an increased prevalence of H-Ras mutation in well-differentiated OSCC and also the prevalence of H-Ras mutation in individuals engaging in multiple risk behaviors, particularly chewing tobacco, demonstrated a significant association with a higher prevalence of H-Ras positivity. CONCLUSION This review sheds light on the prevalence of H-Ras mutations, their association with clinical characteristics, and their potential implications for OSCC prognosis. It also enhances our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that underlie OSCC and paves the way for further research into targeted treatments based on H-Ras alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Devi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruby Dwivedi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Roshna Sankar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Jagadeeshan S, Suryamohan K, Shin N, Mathukkada S, Boyko A, Melikhova D, Tsareva A, Yunusova L, Pravdivtseva E, Stupichev D, Shaposhnikov K, Peterson A, Bednyagin L, Shugaev-Mendosa E, Kessler L, Burrows F, Ho AL, Agrawal N, Pearson AT, Izumchenko E, Cole G, Elkabets M, Rosenberg AJ. Evolutionary dynamics of tipifarnib in HRAS mutated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2024; 149:106688. [PMID: 38219706 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy worldwide, with a significant proportion of patients developing recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) disease. Despite recent advances in therapy, the prognosis for patients with advanced HNSCC remains poor. Here, we present the case of a patient with recurrent metastatic HNSCC harboring an HRAS G12S mutation who achieved a durable response to treatment with tipifarnib, a selective inhibitor of farnesyltransferase. The patient was a 48-year-old woman who had previously received multiple lines of therapy with no significant clinical response. However, treatment with tipifarnib resulted in a durable partial response that lasted 8 months. Serial genomic and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated upregulation of YAP1 and AXL in metastatic lesions compared with the primary tumor, the evolution of the tumor microenvironment from an immune-enriched to a fibrotic subtype with increased angiogenesis, and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in tipifarnib treatment. Lastly, in HRAS-mutated PDXs and in the syngeneic HRAS model, we demonstrated that tipifarnib efficacy is limited by activation of the AKT pathway, and dual treatment with tipifarnib and the PI3K inhibitor, BYL719, resulted in enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Our case study highlights the potential of targeting HRAS mutations with tipifarnib in R/M HNSCC and identifies potential mechanisms of acquired resistance to tipifarnib, along with immuno-, chemo-, and radiation therapy. Preclinical results provide a firm foundation for further investigation of drug combinations of HRAS-and PI3K -targeting therapeutics in R/M HRAS-driven HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Jagadeeshan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Nara Shin
- BostonGene Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Sooraj Mathukkada
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan L Ho
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grayson Cole
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Ari J Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Sambath J, Noronha V, Manda SS, Mishra R, Chandrani P, Patil V, Menon N, Chougule A, Ramachandran V, Limaye S, Kuriakose MA, Banavali SD, Kumar P, Prabhash K. Whole exome sequencing uncovers HRAS mutations as potential mediators of resistance to metronomic chemotherapy. Gene 2024; 893:147952. [PMID: 37918550 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this pilot study is to identify the genetic factors that contribute to the response of metronomic chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients using whole-exome sequencing (WES). This study would facilitate the identification of predictive biomarkers, which would enable personalized treatment strategies and improve treatment outcomes for patients with HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have selected patients with recurrent head and neck cancer who underwent metronomic chemotherapy. Sequential tumor biopsies were collected from the patients at different stages of treatment to capture the genomic alterations and tumor evolution during metronomic chemotherapy and sequenced using WES. RESULTS We identified several known HNSCC hallmark genes reported in COSMIC, including KMT2B, NOTCH1, FAT1, TP53, HRAS, CASP8, and CDKN2A. Copy number alteration analysis revealed amplifications and deletions in several oncogenic and tumor suppressor genes. COSMIC Mutational Signature 15 associated with defective DNA mismatch repair was enriched in 73% of HNSCC samples. Further, the comparison of genomic alterations between responders and non-responders identified HRAS gene uniquely mutated in non-responders that could potentially contribute to resistance against metronomic chemotherapy. DISCUSSION Our findings corroborate the molecular heterogeneity of recurrent HNSCC tumors and establish an association between HRAS mutations and resistance to metronomic chemotherapy, suggesting HRAS as a potential therapeutic target. Combining HRAS inhibitors with metronomic regimens could improve treatment sensitivity in HRAS-mutated HNSCC patients. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the genomic mechanisms underlying the response to metronomic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sambath
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | | | - Srikanth S Manda
- Karkinos Foundation, Mumbai, India; Karkinos Healthcare Pvt Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sewanti Limaye
- Division of Medical and Precision Oncology, Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Moni A Kuriakose
- Karkinos Foundation, Mumbai, India; Karkinos Healthcare Pvt Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | | | - Prashant Kumar
- Karkinos Foundation, Mumbai, India; Karkinos Healthcare Pvt Ltd., Mumbai, India.
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Hirose K, Shibahara T, Teramoto A, Usami Y, Ono S, Iwamoto Y, Murakami S, Oya K, Uzawa N, Motooka D, Hori Y, Morii E, Toyosawa S. Clear Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Maxillary Gingiva Associated with PIK3CA and HRAS Mutations: Report of a Case and Literature Review. Head Neck Pathol 2023; 17:1026-1033. [PMID: 37735286 PMCID: PMC10739645 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-023-01580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common oral malignancy, and somatic mutations in some driver genes have been implicated in SCC development. Clear cell SCC (CCSCC) is a rare histological variant of SCC, and various clear cell neoplasms must be considered in the differential diagnosis of CCSCC in the oral cavity. Based on a limited number of CCSCC cases reported in the oral cavity, CCSCC is considered an aggressive variant of SCC with a poor prognosis; however, its genetic characteristics remain unknown. METHODS A maxillary gingival tumor in an 89-year-old female was described and investigated using immunohistochemical staining, special staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) with a custom panel of driver genes, including those associated with SCC and clear cell neoplasm development. RESULTS Histopathological examination revealed a proliferation of atypical epithelial cells with abundant clear cytoplasm and enlarged and centrally placed round nuclei. The tumor was exophytic with deep, penetrating proliferation. The atypical clear cells were continuous with the conventional SCC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the clear cells were positive for CK AE1/AE3 and CK5/6 and nuclear-positive for p63. In contrast, the clear cells were negative for αSMA, S100, HMB45, Melan-A, CD10, and p16. p53 immunoreactivity exhibited a wild-type expression pattern. Additionally, the clear cells were positive for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and negative for diastase-PAS, mucicarmine, and Alcian blue. Based on these results, the diagnosis of CCSCC was confirmed. Molecular analysis of the clear cells identified PIK3CA p.E542K (c.1624G>A) and HRAS p.G12A (c.35 G>C) somatic mutations classified as oncogenic. No pathogenic variants were identified in TP53, EWSR1, AKT1, PTEN, BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, RASA1, or MAML2. CONCLUSIONS We report a case of CCSCC of the oral cavity with PIK3CA and HRAS mutations. The identification of PIK3CA and/or HRAS mutations is rare in SCC; however, both mutations are important potential targets for antitumor therapy. A detailed analysis of gene mutations in CCSCC may lead to a better understanding of its biological behavior and an improved prognosis, as well as a differential diagnosis from other clear cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Hirose
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takumi Shibahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akari Teramoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sawako Ono
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuri Iwamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shumei Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaori Oya
- Clinical Laboratory, Osaka University Dental Hospital, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hori
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Central Laboratory and Surgical Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Wang J, Al-Majid D, Brenner JC, Smith JD. Mutant HRas Signaling and Rationale for Use of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Target Oncol 2023; 18:643-655. [PMID: 37665491 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-00993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are often associated with poor outcomes, due at least in part to the limited number of treatment options available for those patients who develop recurrent and/or metastatic disease (R/M HNSCC). Even with the recent validation and approval of immunotherapies in the first-line setting for these patients, the need for the development of new and alternative precision medicine strategies with survival benefit is clear. Oncogenic alterations in the HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma virus) proto-oncogene are seen in approximately 4-8% of R/M HNSCC tumors. Recently, several preclinical and clinical advancements have been made in the implementation of small-molecule inhibitors that block post-translational farnesylation of HRas, thereby abrogating its downstream oncogenic activity. In this review, we focus on the biology of wild-type and mutant HRas signaling in HNSCC, and rationale for use and outcomes of farnesyltransferase inhibitors in patients with HRAS-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dana Al-Majid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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8
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Muthusamy M, Ramani P, Arumugam P. Effect of Harvey Rat Sarcoma Virus Mutation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Influence on Different Populations: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e45505. [PMID: 37868370 PMCID: PMC10584992 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The information for protein synthesis is given by the genes. These proteins are responsible for controlling functions like cell growth, differentiation, cell maturation, and cell death. In the case of genetic mutations, the protein functions get disturbed leading to a drastic shift in the normal physiological functions of cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation, making the normal cell cancerous. The Harvey rat sarcoma virus (HRAS) gene is an oncogene that belongs to the rat sarcoma virus (RAS) family. HRAS gene provides the instructions for making the HRAS protein that plays an important role in regulating cell division and when the HRAS gene gets mutated it gets involved in initiating cancer. HRAS mutation has been frequently noted in head and neck cancers; however, the mechanism of HRAS mutation involved in the initiation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) still remains unexplored. An elaborate systematic literature search was done in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. It was found that the Ras-dependent mutations affect the involved upstream and downstream components of the Ras-Raf-MAPK (rat sarcoma virus-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma-mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway deregulating the signal leading to tumorigenesis. The Ras mutation can affect the Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway at different stages. The disease caused is based on the frequency of the HRAS mutation and it can lead to diverse cellular outcomes as it is mainly associated with cell division, differentiation, growth, survival, and the cell cycle. The crosstalk between the signaling pathways is controlled by the signaling molecules resulting in the creation of molecular networks. The balance of these molecular networks is very important to determine the cellular outcome. This systematic review inspects the molecular network of HRAS and its vital role in carcinogenesis. It is aimed at exploring and summarizing the contributions of the HRAS mutation involved in the pathogenesis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Paramasivam Arumugam
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, IND
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