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AbuElfadl A, Boughdady M, Meshali M. New Peceol™/Span™ 60 Niosomes Coated with Chitosan for Candesartan Cilexetil: Perspective Increase in Absolute Bioavailability in Rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5581-5601. [PMID: 34429601 PMCID: PMC8378936 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s324171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Candesartan cilexetil (CC), a prodrug of candesartan (CDT), is a class II BCS drug that suffers from poor oral bioavailability because of low aqueous solubility, P-gp efflux and first-pass metabolism. The absolute bioavailability reported for CC was only 15% and the methods to increase it remain elusive, thus the aim of our work was to prepare new CC-loaded niosomes encompassing, for the first time, glycerol monooleate GMO (Peceol™), as P-gp efflux inhibitor and promoter of lymphatic transport with Span™ 60 as bioenhancer. The prepared niosomes were further coated with chitosan for augmenting the CC oral absorption. METHODS The niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method through quality by design approach, using two levels of each of three critical process parameters (CPPs), namely, XA (the molar ratio of surfactant mixture to cholesterol) at a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1; XB (the molar ratio of Span™ 60 to Peceol™) at a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1; and XC (the drug amount) at 15 mg or 30 mg. The investigated critical quality attributes (CQAs) were entrapment efficiency percent, particle size, and polydispersity index. The optimized uncoated and chitosan coated formulations were subjected to DSC and stability study. In vitro drug release, biocompatibility with Caco-2 cells and lastly the absolute bioavailability evaluation in rats were assessed. RESULTS The physical properties of the optimized and stable niosomes were satisfactory. The ingredients were compatible with each other and biocompatible with Caco-2 cells. The synergistic combination of Peceol™ and Span™ 60 probably surmounted the P-gp efflux with an increase in oral absolute bioavailability of niosomes to five times that of CC suspension. CONCLUSION The new niosomal formulations of CC containing Peceol™ with Span™ 60 and cholesterol either uncoated or coated with chitosan were a successful paradigm in achieving high oral absolute bioavailability and increased Caco-2 cells biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya AbuElfadl
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mariza Boughdady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahasen Meshali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Figueroa-Campos A, Sánchez-Dengra B, Merino V, Dahan A, González-Álvarez I, García-Arieta A, González-Álvarez M, Bermejo M. Candesartan Cilexetil In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation: Predictive Dissolution as a Development Tool. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E633. [PMID: 32640620 PMCID: PMC7408357 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this investigation was to develop an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for immediate release candesartan cilexetil formulations by designing an in vitro dissolution test to be used as development tool. The IVIVC could be used to reduce failures in future bioequivalence studies. Data from two bioequivalence studies were scaled and combined to obtain the dataset for the IVIVC. Two-step and one-step approaches were used to develop the IVIVC. Experimental solubility and permeability data confirmed candesartan cilexetil. Biopharmaceutic Classification System (BCS) class II candesartan average plasma profiles were deconvoluted by the Loo-Riegelman method to obtain the oral fractions absorbed. Fractions dissolved were obtained in several conditions in USP II and IV apparatus and the results were compared calculating the f2 similarity factor. Levy plot was constructed to estimate the time scaling factor and to make both processes, dissolution and absorption, superimposable. The in vitro dissolution experiment that reflected more accurately the in vivo behavior of the products of candesartan cilexetil employed the USP IV apparatus and a three-step pH buffer change, from 1.2 to 4.5 and 6.8, with 0.2% of Tween 20. This new model was able to predict the in vivo differences in dissolution and it could be used as a risk-analysis tool for formulation selection in future bioequivalence trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Figueroa-Campos
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrés Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bárbara Sánchez-Dengra
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
| | - Virginia Merino
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrés Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Isabel González-Álvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
| | - Alfredo García-Arieta
- Service of Pharmacokinetics and Generic Medicines, Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Evaluation, Department of Human Use Medicines, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Care Products, 28022 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta González-Álvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
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Architecture based selectivity of Amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) for drug delivery. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Buda V, Baul B, Andor M, Man DE, Ledeţi A, Vlase G, Vlase T, Danciu C, Matusz P, Peter F, Ledeţi I. Solid State Stability and Kinetics of Degradation for Candesartan-Pure Compound and Pharmaceutical Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020086. [PMID: 31972960 PMCID: PMC7076474 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the impact of an excipient in a pharmaceutical formulation containing candesartan cilexetil over the decomposition of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and to comparatively investigate the kinetics of degradation during thermolysis in an oxidative atmosphere under controlled thermal stress. To achieve this, the samples were chosen as follows: pure candesartan cilexetil and a commercial tablet of 32 mg strength. As a first investigational tool, Universal attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (UATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was chosen in order to confirm the purity and identity of the samples, as well as to check if any interactions took place in the tablet between candesartan cilexetil and excipients under ambient conditions. Later on, samples were investigated by thermal analysis, and the elucidation of the decomposition mechanism was achieved solely after performing an in-depth kinetic study, namely the use of the modified non-parametric kinetics (NPK) method, since other kinetic methods (American Society for Testing and Materials—ASTM E698, Friedman and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa) led to inadvertencies. The NPK method suggested that candesartan cilexetil and the tablet were degraded by the contribution of two steps, the main being represented by chemical degradation and the secondary being a physical transformation. The excipients chosen in the formulation seemed to have a stabilizing effect on the decomposition of the candesartan cilexetil that was incorporated into the tablet, relative to pure active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), since the apparent activation energy for the decomposition of the tablet was 192.5 kJ/mol, in comparison to 154.5 kJ/mol for the pure API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Buda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Bianca Baul
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timișoara, Vasile Parvan Street 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania (F.P.)
| | - Minodora Andor
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (D.E.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Dana Emilia Man
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (D.E.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Adriana Ledeţi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (I.L.); Tel.: +40-256-204-476 (A.L. & I.L.)
| | - Gabriela Vlase
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timişoara, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Titus Vlase
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timişoara, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (G.V.); (T.V.)
| | - Corina Danciu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Petru Matusz
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.A.); (D.E.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Francisc Peter
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timișoara, Vasile Parvan Street 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania (F.P.)
| | - Ionuţ Ledeţi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timișoara, Vasile Parvan Street 6, 300223 Timisoara, Romania (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (I.L.); Tel.: +40-256-204-476 (A.L. & I.L.)
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Amer AM, Allam AN, Abdallah OY. Preparation, characterization and ex vivo- in vivo assessment of candesartan cilexetil nanocrystals via solid dispersion technique using an alkaline esterase activator carrier. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1140-1148. [PMID: 30912678 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1600533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to improve candesartan cilexetil (CC) efficacy by formulating nanocrystals via solid dispersion (SD) technique using tromethamine (Tris). SD was prepared by solvent evaporation at different drug carrier ratios, evaluated for particle size, vitro dissolution studies, TEM, FTIR, and X-ray powder diffraction. Ex vivo, in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters were conducted on selected formulae compared to drug suspension and marketed product. Size analysis demonstrated formation of particles in the nanorange lower than 300 nm. A burst drug release followed by an improved dissolution was observed indicating instant formation of nanocrystals along with amorphization as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. FTIR studies suggested the absence of chemical interaction between Tris and CC. TEM revealed formation of irregular oval nanoparticles. SD-1:5 has higher apparent permeability coefficient compared to CC suspension. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic results proved the ability of the formed nanoparticles to enhance the efficacy of CC compared to drug suspension and marketed product. In conclusion, using of Tris as alkaline esterase activator carrier could be a promising tool to bypass the controversial effect of esterase enzymes that may be a source for inter-individual variations affecting ester prodrug candidates' efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Amer
- a Pharonia Pharmaceutical Industries , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Ahmed N Allam
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt.,c Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice , Oman College of Health Sciences , Muscat , Oman
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
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de Campos DP, Silva-Barcellos NM, Lima RR, Savedra RML, Siqueira MF, Yoshida MI, da Nova Mussel W, de Souza J. Polymorphic and Quantum Chemistry Characterization of Candesartan Cilexetil: Importance for the Correct Drug Classification According to Biopharmaceutics Classification System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3019-3028. [PMID: 30062540 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recommended method for the biopharmaceutical evaluation of drug solubility is the shake flask; however, there are discrepancies reported about the solubility of certain compounds measured with this method, one of them is candesartan cilexetil. The present work aimed to elucidate the solubility of candesartan cilexetil by associating others assays such as stability determination, polymorphic characterization and in silico calculations of intrinsic solubility, ionized species, and electronic structures using quantum chemistry descriptors (frontier molecular orbitals and Fukui functions). For the complete biopharmaceutical classification, we also reviewed the permeability data available. The polymorphic form used was previously identified as the form I of candesartan cilexetil. The solubility was evaluated in biorelevant media in the pH range of 1.2-6.8 at 37.0°C according to the stability previously assessed. The solubility of candesartan cilexetil is pH dependent and the dose/solubility ratios obtained demonstrated the low solubility of the prodrug. The in silico calculations supported the found results and evidenced the main groups involved in the solvation, benzimidazole, and tetrazol-biphenyl. The human absolute bioavailability reported demonstrates that candesartan cilexetil has low permeability and when associated with the low solubility allows to classify it as class 4 of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System.
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