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Alsagheir AI, AlMutair A, Bakhamis S, Aletani L, Alhumaidi S, Bin Abbas B. Isolated Pancreatic Agenesis Secondary to PTF1A Gene Mutation: A Case Series and Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e47202. [PMID: 37854477 PMCID: PMC10580879 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare form of monogenic diabetes which is diagnosed in the first six months of life. It is often related to genetic mutations; hence, genetic testing is warranted. Here, we present six cases of pancreatic agenesis resulting in neonatal diabetes with PTF1A gene mutation. Methodology This retrospective case series study included six pediatric cases of neonatal diabetes mellitus who are currently following at pediatric endocrinology clinics at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results The study reported six patients with a mean age of eight years who presented with pancreatic agenesis resulting in neonatal diabetes with PTF1A gene mutation. In four patients, there was no evidence of cerebellar agenesis. Conclusions Neonatal diabetes is a challenging disease that must be diagnosed early to prevent subsequent metabolic complications. Genetic testing is recommended in neonates who present with prolonged duration of hyperglycemia. Insulin replacement is the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf I Alsagheir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Angham AlMutair
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdullah Specialist Children's Hospital, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Sarah Bakhamis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Lujain Aletani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Shahad Alhumaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, King Khalid University Medical City, Abha, SAU
| | - Bassam Bin Abbas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, SAU
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Miguel-Escalada I, Maestro MÁ, Balboa D, Elek A, Bernal A, Bernardo E, Grau V, García-Hurtado J, Sebé-Pedrós A, Ferrer J. Pancreas agenesis mutations disrupt a lead enhancer controlling a developmental enhancer cluster. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1922-1936.e9. [PMID: 35998583 PMCID: PMC9426562 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variants in cis-acting enhancers are important for polygenic disease, but their role in Mendelian disease is poorly understood. Redundancy between enhancers that regulate the same gene is thought to mitigate the pathogenic impact of enhancer mutations. Recent findings, however, have shown that loss-of-function mutations in a single enhancer near PTF1A cause pancreas agenesis and neonatal diabetes. Using mouse and human genetic models, we show that this enhancer activates an entire PTF1A enhancer cluster in early pancreatic multipotent progenitors. This leading role, therefore, precludes functional redundancy. We further demonstrate that transient expression of PTF1A in multipotent progenitors sets in motion an epigenetic cascade that is required for duct and endocrine differentiation. These findings shed insights into the genome regulatory mechanisms that drive pancreas differentiation. Furthermore, they reveal an enhancer that acts as a regulatory master key and is thus vulnerable to pathogenic loss-of-function mutations. The pancreas agenesis enhancer (EnhP) activates PTF1A in early pancreatic progenitors EnhP also activates other progenitor PTF1A enhancers This master key function explains why EnhP is vulnerable to loss-of-function mutations Transient PTF1A expression in progenitors controls pancreas growth and endocrinogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Miguel-Escalada
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Maestro
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Diego Balboa
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Anamaria Elek
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Aina Bernal
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Edgar Bernardo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Vanessa Grau
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Javier García-Hurtado
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Arnau Sebé-Pedrós
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Genetics and Genomics Section, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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Bordeira-Carriço R, Teixeira J, Duque M, Galhardo M, Ribeiro D, Acemel RD, Firbas PN, Tena JJ, Eufrásio A, Marques J, Ferreira FJ, Freitas T, Carneiro F, Goméz-Skarmeta JL, Bessa J. Multidimensional chromatin profiling of zebrafish pancreas to uncover and investigate disease-relevant enhancers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1945. [PMID: 35410466 PMCID: PMC9001708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is a central organ for human diseases. Most alleles uncovered by genome-wide association studies of pancreatic dysfunction traits overlap with non-coding sequences of DNA. Many contain epigenetic marks of cis-regulatory elements active in pancreatic cells, suggesting that alterations in these sequences contribute to pancreatic diseases. Animal models greatly help to understand the role of non-coding alterations in disease. However, interspecies identification of equivalent cis-regulatory elements faces fundamental challenges, including lack of sequence conservation. Here we combine epigenetic assays with reporter assays in zebrafish and human pancreatic cells to identify interspecies functionally equivalent cis-regulatory elements, regardless of sequence conservation. Among other potential disease-relevant enhancers, we identify a zebrafish ptf1a distal-enhancer whose deletion causes pancreatic agenesis, a phenotype previously found to be induced by mutations in a distal-enhancer of PTF1A in humans, further supporting the causality of this condition in vivo. This approach helps to uncover interspecies functionally equivalent cis-regulatory elements and their potential role in human disease. Alterations in cis-regulatory elements (CREs) can contribute to pancreatic diseases. Here the authors combine chromatin profiling and interaction points with in vivo reporter assays in zebrafish to uncover functionally equivalent human CREs, helping to predict disease-relevant enhancers.
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Barbetti F, Rapini N, Schiaffini R, Bizzarri C, Cianfarani S. The application of precision medicine in monogenic diabetes. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:111-129. [PMID: 35230204 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2035216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monogenic diabetes, a form of diabetes mellitus, is caused by a mutation in a single gene and may account for 1-2% of all clinical forms of diabetes. To date, more than 40 loci have been associated with either isolated or syndromic monogenic diabetes. AREAS COVERED While the request of a genetic test is mandatory for cases with diabetes onset in the first 6 months of life, a decision may be difficult for childhood or adolescent diabetes. In an effort to assist the clinician in this task, we have grouped monogenic diabetes genes according to the age of onset (or incidental discovery) of hyperglycemia and described the additional clinical features found in syndromic diabetes. The therapeutic options available are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Technical improvements in DNA sequencing allow for rapid, simultaneous analysis of all genes involved in monogenic diabetes, progressively shrinking the area of unsolved cases. However, the complexity of the analysis of genetic data requires close cooperation between the geneticist and the diabetologist, who should play a proactive role by providing a detailed clinical phenotype that might match a specific disease gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Barbetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Diabetology and Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Novella Rapini
- Diabetology and Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Schiaffini
- Diabetology and Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Bizzarri
- Diabetology and Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Women's and Children Health, Karolisnska Institute and University Hospital, Sweden
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Hammoud B, Greeley SAW. Growth and development in monogenic forms of neonatal diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:65-77. [PMID: 34864759 PMCID: PMC11056188 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare disorder in which 80-85% of infants diagnosed under 6 months of age will be found to have an underlying monogenic cause. This review will summarize what is known about growth and neurodevelopmental difficulties among individuals with various forms of NDM. RECENT FINDINGS Patients with NDM often have intrauterine growth restriction and/or low birth weight because of insulin deficiency in utero and the severity and likelihood of ongoing growth concerns after birth depends on the specific cause. A growing list of rare recessive causes of NDM are associated with neurodevelopmental and/or growth problems that can either be related to direct gene effects on brain development, or may be related to a variety of co-morbidities. The most common form of NDM results in spectrum of neurological disability due to expression of mutated KATP channels throughout the brain. SUMMARY Monogenic causes of neonatal diabetes are characterized by variable degree of restriction of growth in utero because of deficiency of insulin that depends on the specific gene cause. Many forms also include a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disability because of mutation-related effects on brain development. Longer term study is needed to clarify longitudinal effects on growth into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Hammoud
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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De Franco E. Neonatal diabetes caused by disrupted pancreatic and β-cell development. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14728. [PMID: 34665882 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes is diagnosed before the age of 6 months and is usually caused by single-gene mutations. More than 30 genetic causes of neonatal diabetes have been described to date, resulting in severely reduced β-cell number or function. Seven of these genes are known to cause neonatal diabetes through disrupted development of the whole pancreas, resulting in diabetes and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Pathogenic variants in five transcription factors essential for β-cell development cause neonatal diabetes without other pancreatic phenotypes. However, additional extra-pancreatic features are common. This review will focus on the genes causing neonatal diabetes through disrupted β-cell development, discussing what is currently known about the genetic and phenotypic features of these genetic conditions, and what discoveries may come in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Duque M, Amorim JP, Bessa J. Ptf1a function and transcriptional cis-regulation, a cornerstone in vertebrate pancreas development. FEBS J 2021; 289:5121-5136. [PMID: 34125483 PMCID: PMC9545688 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate pancreas organogenesis is a stepwise process regulated by a complex network of signaling and transcriptional events, progressively steering the early endoderm toward pancreatic fate. Many crucial players of this process have been identified, including signaling pathways, cis‐regulatory elements, and transcription factors (TFs). Pancreas‐associated transcription factor 1a (PTF1A) is one such TF, crucial for pancreas development. PTF1A mutations result in dramatic pancreatic phenotypes associated with severe complications, such as neonatal diabetes and impaired food digestion due to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Here, we present a brief overview of vertebrate pancreas development, centered on Ptf1a function and transcriptional regulation, covering similarities and divergences in three broadly studied organisms: human, mouse and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Duque
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Doctoral program in Molecular and Cell Biology (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Amorim
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Doctoral program in Molecular and Cell Biology (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - José Bessa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Sanchez Caballero L, Gorgogietas V, Arroyo MN, Igoillo-Esteve M. Molecular mechanisms of β-cell dysfunction and death in monogenic forms of diabetes. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2021; 359:139-256. [PMID: 33832649 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monogenetic forms of diabetes represent 1%-5% of all diabetes cases and are caused by mutations in a single gene. These mutations, that affect genes involved in pancreatic β-cell development, function and survival, or insulin regulation, may be dominant or recessive, inherited or de novo. Most patients with monogenic diabetes are very commonly misdiagnosed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The severity of their symptoms depends on the nature of the mutation, the function of the affected gene and, in some cases, the influence of additional genetic or environmental factors that modulate severity and penetrance. In some patients, diabetes is accompanied by other syndromic features such as deafness, blindness, microcephaly, liver and intestinal defects, among others. The age of diabetes onset may also vary from neonatal until early adulthood manifestations. Since the different mutations result in diverse clinical presentations, patients usually need different treatments that range from just diet and exercise, to the requirement of exogenous insulin or other hypoglycemic drugs, e.g., sulfonylureas or glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs to control their glycemia. As a consequence, awareness and correct diagnosis are crucial for the proper management and treatment of monogenic diabetes patients. In this chapter, we describe mutations causing different monogenic forms of diabetes associated with inadequate pancreas development or impaired β-cell function and survival, and discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in β-cell demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanchez Caballero
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Vyron Gorgogietas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Maria Nicol Arroyo
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/
| | - Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research (UCDR), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. http://www.ucdr.be/.
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