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Functions of the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone on Key Developmental Features Revealed in a Series of Zebrafish Dyshormonogenesis Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081984. [PMID: 34440752 PMCID: PMC8391828 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis regulates many critical features in vertebrates. Utilizing TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, thyroid-stimulating hormone subunit beta a (tshba), thyroglobulin (tg), and solute carrier family 16 member 2 (slc16a2) mutant zebrafish lines were generated. Among the three mutants, the earliest time point for the significantly altered T3 contents was observed in tshba mutants, which resulted in the most severe defects, including typical defects such as the retardation of inflated anterior swimming bladder (aSB), proper formation of fin ray and posterior squamation (SP), the larval-to-juvenile transition (LTJT) process, juvenile growth retardation, and mating failure. In tg mutants, which are actually compensated with an alternative splicing form, growth retardation was observed in the juvenile stage without LTJT and reproductive defects. The evident goiter phenotype was only observed in tg- and slc16a2 mutants, but not in tshba mutants. Other than goiters being observed, no other significant developmental defects were found in the slc16a2 mutants. Regarding the reproductive defects observed in tshba mutants, the defective formation of the secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) was observed, while no obvious alterations during gonad development were found. Based on our analyses, zebrafish at the 6–12 mm standard length or 16–35 days post-fertilization (dpf) should be considered to be in their LTJT phase. Using a series of zebrafish dyshormonogenesis models, this study demonstrated that the TSH function is critical for the proper promotion of zebrafish LTJT and SSC formation. In addition, the elevation of TSH levels appears to be essential for goiter appearance in zebrafish.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for skeletal development and are important regulators of bone maintenance in adults. Childhood hypothyroidism causes delayed skeletal development, retarded linear growth and impaired bone mineral accrual. Epiphyseal dysgenesis is evidenced by classic features of stippled epiphyses on X-ray. In severe cases, post-natal growth arrest results in a complex skeletal dysplasia. Thyroid hormone replacement stimulates catch-up growth and bone maturation, but recovery may be incomplete dependent on the duration and severity of hypothyroidism prior to treatment. A severe phenotype characteristic of hypothyroidism occurs in children with resistance to thyroid hormone due to mutations affecting THRA encoding thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα). Discovery of this rare condition recapitulated animal studies demonstrating that TRα mediates thyroid hormone action in the skeleton. In adults, thyrotoxicosis is well known to cause severe osteoporosis and fracture, but cases are rare because of prompt diagnosis and treatment. Recent data, however, indicate that subclinical hyperthyroidism is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fracture. Population studies have also shown that variation in thyroid status within the reference range in post-menopausal women is associated with altered BMD and fracture risk. Thus, thyroid status at the upper end of the euthyroid reference range is associated with low BMD and increased risk of osteoporotic fragility fracture. Overall, extensive data demonstrate that euthyroid status is required for normal post-natal growth and bone mineral accrual, and is fundamental for maintenance of adult bone structure and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, 10N5 Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - J. H. D. Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, 10N6 Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0NN UK
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Holzer G, Morishita Y, Fini JB, Lorin T, Gillet B, Hughes S, Tohmé M, Deléage G, Demeneix B, Arvan P, Laudet V. Thyroglobulin Represents a Novel Molecular Architecture of Vertebrates. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16553-66. [PMID: 27311711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones modulate not only multiple functions in vertebrates (energy metabolism, central nervous system function, seasonal changes in physiology, and behavior) but also in some non-vertebrates where they control critical post-embryonic developmental transitions such as metamorphosis. Despite their obvious biological importance, the thyroid hormone precursor protein, thyroglobulin (Tg), has been experimentally investigated only in mammals. This may bias our view of how thyroid hormones are produced in other organisms. In this study we searched genomic databases and found Tg orthologs in all vertebrates including the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). We cloned a full-size Tg coding sequence from western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comparisons between the representative mammal, amphibian, teleost fish, and basal vertebrate indicate that all of the different domains of Tg, as well as Tg regional structure, are conserved throughout the vertebrates. Indeed, in Xenopus, zebrafish, and lamprey Tgs, key residues, including the hormonogenic tyrosines and the disulfide bond-forming cysteines critical for Tg function, are well conserved despite overall divergence of amino acid sequences. We uncovered upstream sequences that include start codons of zebrafish and Xenopus Tgs and experimentally proved that these are full-length secreted proteins, which are specifically recognized by antibodies against rat Tg. By contrast, we have not been able to find any orthologs of Tg among non-vertebrate species. Thus, Tg appears to be a novel protein elaborated as a single event at the base of vertebrates and virtually unchanged thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Holzer
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris cedex 05, France, and
| | - Thibault Lorin
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sandrine Hughes
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie Tohmé
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gilbert Deléage
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris cedex 05, France, and
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
| | - Vincent Laudet
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France,
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Abstract
The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone turnover and maintenance. Thyrotoxicosis is an established cause of secondary osteoporosis, and abnormal thyroid hormone signaling has recently been identified as a novel risk factor for osteoarthritis. Skeletal phenotypes in genetically modified mice have faithfully reproduced genetic disorders in humans, revealing the complex physiological relationship between centrally regulated thyroid status and the peripheral actions of thyroid hormones. Studies in mutant mice also established the paradigm that T3 exerts anabolic actions during growth and catabolic effects on adult bone. Thus, the skeleton represents an ideal physiological system in which to characterize thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action during development and adulthood and in response to injury. Future analysis of T3 action in individual skeletal cell lineages will provide new insights into cell-specific molecular mechanisms and may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Cruz Grecco Teixeira MB, Martins GM, Miranda-Rodrigues M, De Araújo IF, Oliveira R, Brum PC, Azevedo Gouveia CH. Lack of α2C-Adrenoceptor Results in Contrasting Phenotypes of Long Bones and Vertebra and Prevents the Thyrotoxicosis-Induced Osteopenia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146795. [PMID: 26815679 PMCID: PMC4729682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of studies have demonstrated that activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) causes osteopenia via β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) signaling. However, in a recent study, we found an unexpected and generalized phenotype of high bone mass in female mice with chronic sympathetic hyperactivity, due to double gene inactivation of adrenoceptors that negatively regulate norepinephrine release, α2A-and α2C-AR (α2A/2C-AR-/-). These findings suggest that β2-AR is not the single adrenoceptor involved in bone turnover regulation and show that α2-AR signaling may also mediate the SNS actions in the skeleton. In addition, we found that α2A/2C-AR-/- animals are resistant to the thyrotoxicosis-induced osteopenia, suggesting that thyroid hormone (TH), when in supraphysiological levels, interacts with the SNS to control bone mass and structure, and that this interaction may also involve α2-AR signaling. In the present study, to further investigate these hypotheses and to discriminate the roles of α2-AR subtypes, we have evaluated the bone phenotype of mice with the single gene inactivation of α2C-AR subtype, which mRNA expression was previously shown to be down regulated by triiodothyronine (T3). A cohort of 30 day-old female α2CAR-/- mice and their wild-type (WT) controls were treated with a supraphysiological dose of T3 for 30 or 90 days, which induced a thyrotoxic state in both mouse lineages. The micro-computed tomographic (μCT) analysis showed that α2C-AR-/- mice present lower trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and number (Tb.N), and increased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) in the femur compared with WT mice; which was accompanied by decreased bone strength (determined by the three-point bending test) in the femur and tibia. The opposite was observed in the vertebra, where α2C-AR-/- mice show increased BV/TV, Tb.N and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and decreased Tb.Sp, compared with WT animals. In spite of the contrasting bone phenotypes of the femur and L5, thyrotoxicosis negatively regulated most of the micro architectural features of the trabecular bone in both skeletal sites of WT, but not of α2C-AR-/- mice. T3 treatment also decreased biomechanical properties (maximum load and ultimate load) in the femur and tibia of WT, but not of knockout mice. The mRNA expression of osteocalcin, a marker of mature osteoblasts, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, which is expressed by osteoclasts and is involved in collagen degradation, was increased by T3 treatment only in WT, and not in α2C-AR-/- mice. Altogether, these findings suggest that α2C-AR subtype mediates the effects of the SNS in the bone in a skeletal site-dependent manner, and that thyrotoxicosis depends on α2C-AR signaling to promote bone loss, which sustains the hypothesis of a TH-SNS interaction to modulate bone remodeling and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Miyamura Martins
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patrícia Chakur Brum
- Departament of Biodinamic of Human Body Moviment, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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