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Transcriptomic Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors Causing Acromegaly. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233846. [PMID: 36497102 PMCID: PMC9738119 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly results from growth hormone hypersecretion, predominantly caused by a somatotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET). Acromegaly-causing tumors are histologically diverse. Our aim was to determine transcriptomic profiles of various somatotroph PitNETs and to evaluate clinical implication of differential gene expression. A total of 48 tumors were subjected to RNA sequencing, while expression of selected genes was assessed in 134 tumors with qRT-PCR. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed three transcriptomic groups of somatotroph PitNETs. They differ in expression of numerous genes including those involved in growth hormone secretion and known prognostic genes. Transcriptomic subgroups can be distinguished by determining the expression of marker genes. Analysis of the entire cohort of patients confirmed differences between molecular subtypes of tumors. Transcriptomic group 1 includes ~20% of acromegaly patients with GNAS mutations-negative, mainly densely granulated tumors that co-express GIPR and NR5A1 (SF-1). SF-1 expression was verified with immunohistochemistry. Transcriptomic group 2 tumors are the most common (46%) and include mainly GNAS-mutated, densely granulated somatotroph and mixed PitNETs. They have a smaller size and express favorable prognosis-related genes. Transcriptomic group 3 includes predominantly sparsely granulated somatotroph PitNETs with low GNAS mutations frequency causing ~35% of acromegaly. Ghrelin signaling is implicated in their pathogenesis. They have an unfavorable gene expression profile and higher invasive growth rate.
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Liu X, Wang L, Wang Z, Dong Y, Chen Y, Cao J. Mel1b and Mel1c melatonin receptors mediate green light-induced secretion of growth hormone in chick adenohypophysis cells via the AC/PKA and ERK1/2 signalling pathways. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 225:112322. [PMID: 34736066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A previous study showed that melatonin (MEL) membrane receptors 1b (Mel1b) and Mel1c promoted the secretion of growth hormone (GH) in chick adenohypophysis cells under monochromatic green light. However, the intracellular signalling pathways of these two receptors are unclear. Therefore, cultured adenohypophysis cells derived from chickens exposed to monochromatic green light were treated with MEL, Mel1b- and Mel1c-specific blockers, protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors and adenylate cyclase (AC), or AC activator in vitro to explore the signal transduction mechanism that promote the secretion of GH. The results showed that Mel1b and Mel1c participate in MEL-mediated green light-induced secretion of GH in chick adenohypophysis cells. However, MEL increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, and p-PKA protein levels were blocked by a Mel1b-specific antagonist but not a Mel1c-specific antagonist, which indicated that Mel1b affected the secretion of GH via the AC/cAMP/PKA signalling pathway. Moreover, Mel1b and Mel1c both activated ERK1/2 to regulate the secretion of GH. In addition, intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ channels were also involved in secretion of GH in chick adenohypophysis cells. These results demonstrate that the MEL mediated green light-induced secretion of GH in chick adenohypophysis via the Mel1b/AC/PKA/ERK1/2, Mel1c/ERK1/2, and intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ channel signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Liu
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Caputo M, Pigni S, Agosti E, Daffara T, Ferrero A, Filigheddu N, Prodam F. Regulation of GH and GH Signaling by Nutrients. Cells 2021; 10:1376. [PMID: 34199514 PMCID: PMC8227158 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) are pleiotropic hormones with important roles in lifespan. They promote growth, anabolic actions, and body maintenance, and in conditions of energy deprivation, favor catabolic feedback mechanisms switching from carbohydrate oxidation to lipolysis, with the aim to preserve protein storages and survival. IGF-I/insulin signaling was also the first one identified in the regulation of lifespan in relation to the nutrient-sensing. Indeed, nutrients are crucial modifiers of the GH/IGF-I axis, and these hormones also regulate the complex orchestration of utilization of nutrients in cell and tissues. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the reciprocal feedback among the GH/IGF-I axis, macro and micronutrients, and dietary regimens, including caloric restriction. Expanding the depth of information on this topic could open perspectives in nutrition management, prevention, and treatment of GH/IGF-I deficiency or excess during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caputo
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Stella Pigni
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Emanuela Agosti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Daffara
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Alice Ferrero
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Flavia Prodam
- SCDU of Endocrinology, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.); (T.D.); (A.F.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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Välimäki N, Schalin-Jäntti C, Karppinen A, Paetau A, Kivipelto L, Aaltonen LA, Karhu A. Genetic and Epigenetic Characterization of Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2432-2443. [PMID: 31578227 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatic driver mechanisms of pituitary adenoma pathogenesis have remained incompletely characterized; apart from mutations in the stimulatory Gα protein (Gαs encoded by GNAS) causing activated cAMP synthesis, pathogenic variants are rarely found in growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors (somatotropinomas). The purpose of the current work was to clarify how genetic and epigenetic alterations contribute to the development of somatotropinomas by conducting an integrated copy number alteration, whole-genome and bisulfite sequencing, and transcriptome analysis of 21 tumors. Somatic mutation burden was low, but somatotropinomas formed two subtypes associated with distinct aneuploidy rates and unique transcription profiles. Tumors with recurrent chromosome aneuploidy (CA) were GNAS mutation negative (Gsp- ). The chromosome stable (CS) -group contained Gsp+ somatotropinomas and two totally aneuploidy-free Gsp- tumors. Genes related to the mitotic G1-S-checkpoint transition were differentially expressed in CA- and CS-tumors, indicating difference in mitotic progression. Also, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), a regulator of sister chromatid segregation, showed abundant expression in CA-tumors. Moreover, somatotropinomas displayed distinct Gsp genotype-specific methylation profiles and expression quantitative methylation (eQTM) analysis revealed that inhibitory Gα (Gαi) signaling is activated in Gsp+ tumors. These findings suggest that aneuploidy through modulated driver pathways may be a causative mechanism for tumorigenesis in Gsp- somatotropinomas, whereas Gsp+ tumors with constitutively activated cAMP synthesis seem to be characterized by DNA methylation activated Gαi signaling. IMPLICATIONS: These findings provide valuable new information about subtype-specific pituitary tumorigenesis and may help to elucidate the mechanisms of aneuploidy also in other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Välimäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Programs Unit, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte Karppinen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Paetau
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Kivipelto
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Programs Unit, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Auli Karhu
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Programs Unit, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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