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Harris AL, Dinopoulou V, Loutradis D, Drakakis P, Kiessling AA. Microarray evidence that 8-cell human embryos express some hormone family members including oxytocin. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:323-332. [PMID: 38133877 PMCID: PMC10894797 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-03002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is to discover hormone pathways active in early cleaving human embryos. METHODS A list of 152 hormones and receptors were compiled to query the microarray database of mRNAs in 8-cell human embryos, two lines of human embryonic stem cells plus human fibroblasts before and after induced pluripotency. RESULTS Over half of the 152 hormones and receptors were silent on the arrays of all cell types, and more were detected at high or moderate levels on the 8-cell arrays than on the pluripotent cell or fibroblast arrays. Eight hormone family genes were uniquely detected at least 22-fold higher on the 8-cell arrays than the stem cell arrays: AVPI1, CCK, CORT, FSTL4, GIP, GPHA2, OXT, and PPY suggesting novel roles for these proteins in early development. Oxytocin was detected by pilot immunoassay in culture media collected from Day 3 embryos. Robust detection of CRHR1 and EPOR suggests the 8-cell embryo may be responsive to maternal CRH and EPO. The over-expression of POMC and GHITM suggests POMP peptide products may have undiscovered roles in early development and GHITM may contribute to mitochondrial remodeling. Under-detected on the 8-cell arrays at least tenfold were two key enzymes in steroid biosynthesis, DHCR24 and FDPS. CONCLUSIONS The 8-cell human embryo may be secreting oxytocin, which could stimulate its own progress down the fallopian tube as well as play a role in early neural precursor development. The 8-cell embryo does not synthesize reproductive steroid hormones. As previously reported for growth factor families, the early embryo over-expresses more hormones than hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lee Harris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Fairborn, OH, USA
| | - Vasiliki Dinopoulou
- 1St Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Lourou 4-2, 115 28, Athina, Greece
| | - Dimitris Loutradis
- 1St Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Lourou 4-2, 115 28, Athina, Greece
| | - Peter Drakakis
- 1St Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Lourou 4-2, 115 28, Athina, Greece
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Amado P, Zegers J, Yarur HE, Gysling K. Transcriptional Regulation, Signaling Pathways, and Subcellular Localization of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in the Central Nervous System. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:280-287. [PMID: 36167424 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 are differentially distributed in body tissues, and although they respond differentially to stimuli due to their association with different signaling pathways, both receptors have a fundamental role in the response and adaptation to stressful stimuli. Here, we summarize the reported data on different forms of CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 regulation as well as on their subcellular localization. Although the presence of R1 has been described at pre- and postsynaptic sites, R2 is mainly associated with postsynaptic densities. Different studies have provided valuable information on how these receptors regulate responses at a central level, elucidating different and sometimes synergistic roles in response to stress, but despite their high sequence identity, both receptors have been described to be differentially regulated both by their ligands and by transcriptional factors. To date, and from the point of view of their promoter sequences, it has not yet been reported how the different consensus sites identified in silico could be modulating the transcriptional regulation and expression of the receptors under different conditions, which strongly limits the full understanding of their differential functions, providing a wide field to increase and expand the study of the regulation and role of CRF receptors in the CRF system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A large number of physiological functions related to the organization of the stress response in different body tissues are associated with the corticotropin-releasing factor system. This system also plays a relevant role in depression and anxiety disorders, as well as being a direct connection between stress and addiction. A better understanding of how the receptors of this system are regulated would help to expand the understanding of how these receptors respond differently to both drugs and stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Amado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Zegers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector E Yarur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Araki T, Sangtian J, Ruanpeng D, Tummala R, Clark B, Burmeister L, Peterson D, Venteicher AS, Kawakami Y. Acute elevation of interleukin 6 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 during the onset of pituitary apoplexy in Cushing's disease. Pituitary 2021; 24:859-866. [PMID: 34041660 PMCID: PMC8551006 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pituitary apoplexy is a rare endocrine emergency. The purpose of this study is to characterize physiological changes involved in pituitary apoplexy, especially during the acute phase. METHODS A Cushing's disease patient experienced corticotroph releasing hormone (CRH)-induced pituitary apoplexy during inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS). The IPSS blood samples from the Cushing's disease patient were retrospectively analyzed for cytokine markers. For comparison, we also analyzed cytokine markers in blood samples from two pituitary ACTH-secreting microadenoma patients and one patient with an ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor. RESULTS Acute elevation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was observed in the IPSS blood sample on the apoplectic hemorrhagic site of the tumor. In contrast, such a change was not observed in the blood samples from the contralateral side of the apoplexy patient and in other IPSS samples from two non-apoplexy Cushing's disease patient and a patient with ectopic Cushing's syndrome. CONCLUSION IL-6 and MMP9 may be involved in the acute process of pituitary apoplexy in Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Araki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jutarat Sangtian
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Darin Ruanpeng
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ramachandra Tummala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 500 SE Harvard St., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Brent Clark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 500 SE Harvard St., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lynn Burmeister
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Peterson
- Special Chemistry Laboratory, University of Minnesota Fairview Clinic, 500 SE Harvard St., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andrew S Venteicher
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 500 SE Harvard St., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St. SE., 6-160 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Fukuoka H, Shichi H, Yamamoto M, Takahashi Y. The Mechanisms Underlying Autonomous Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion in Cushing's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239132. [PMID: 33266265 PMCID: PMC7730156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing’s disease caused due to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (ACTHomas) leads to hypercortisolemia, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Autonomous ACTH secretion is attributed to the impaired glucocorticoid negative feedback (glucocorticoid resistance) response. Interestingly, other conditions, such as ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) and non-neoplastic hypercortisolemia (NNH, also known as pseudo-Cushing’s syndrome) also exhibit glucocorticoid resistance. Therefore, to differentiate between these conditions, several dynamic tests, including those with desmopressin (DDAVP), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), and Dex/CRH have been developed. In normal pituitary corticotrophs, ACTH synthesis and secretion are regulated mainly by CRH and glucocorticoids, which are the ACTH secretion-stimulating and -suppressing factors, respectively. These factors regulate ACTH synthesis and secretion through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Conversely, glucocorticoid negative feedback is impaired in ACTHomas, which could be due to the overexpression of 11β-HSD2, HSP90, or TR4, or loss of expression of CABLES1 or nuclear BRG1 proteins. Genetic analysis has indicated the involvement of several genes in the etiology of ACTHomas, including USP8, USP48, BRAF, and TP53. However, the association between glucocorticoid resistance and these genes remains unclear. Here, we review the clinical aspects and molecular mechanisms of ACTHomas and compare them to those of other related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-78-382-5861; Fax: +81-78-382-2080
| | - Hiroki Shichi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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Shida A, Ikeda T, Tani N, Morioka F, Aoki Y, Ikeda K, Watanabe M, Ishikawa T. Cortisol levels after cold exposure are independent of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0218910. [PMID: 32069307 PMCID: PMC7028257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that postmortem serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were significantly higher in cases of hypothermia (cold exposure) than other causes of death. This study examined how the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and specifically cortisol, responds to hypothermia. Human samples: Autopsies on 205 subjects (147 men and 58 women; age 15-98 years, median 60 years) were performed within 3 days of death. Cause of death was classified as either hypothermia (cold exposure, n = 14) or non-cold exposure (controls; n = 191). Cortisol levels were determined in blood samples obtained from the left and right cardiac chambers and common iliac veins using a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. Adrenal gland tissues samples were stained for cortisol using a rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibody. Cell culture: AtT20, a mouse ACTH secretory cell line, and Y-1, a corticosterone secretory cell line derived from a mouse adrenal tumor, were analyzed in mono-and co-culture, and times courses of ACTH (in AtT20) and corticosterone (in Y-1) secretion were assessed after low temperature exposure mimicking hypothermia and compared with data for samples collected postmortem for other cases of death. However, no correlation between ACTH concentration and cortisol levels was observed in hypothermia cases. Immunohistologic analyses of samples from hypothermia cases showed that cortisol staining was localized primarily to the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm of cells in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland. During both mono-culture and co-culture, AtT20 cells secreted high levels of ACTH after 10-15 minutes of cold exposure, whereas corticosterone secretion by Y-1 cells increased slowly during the first 15-20 minutes of cold exposure. Similar to autopsy results, no correlation was detected between ACTH levels and corticosterone secretion, either in mono-culture or co-culture experiments. These results suggested that ACTH-independent cortisol secretion may function as a stress response during cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Shida
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomoya Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center (MLCPI-SC), Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Tani
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center (MLCPI-SC), Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiya Morioka
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Aoki
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Health and Medical Science Innovation laboratory, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takaki Ishikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center (MLCPI-SC), Osaka, Japan
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