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Thyroid and Corticosteroid Signaling in Amphibian Metamorphosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101595. [PMID: 35626631 PMCID: PMC9139329 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, development is based in part on the integration of communication systems. Two neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal axes, are central players in orchestrating body morphogenesis. In all vertebrates, the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis controls thyroid hormone production and release, whereas the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal axis regulates the production and release of corticosteroids. One of the most salient effects of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids in post-embryonic developmental processes is their critical role in metamorphosis in anuran amphibians. Metamorphosis involves modifications to the morphological and biochemical characteristics of all larval tissues to enable the transition from one life stage to the next life stage that coincides with an ecological niche switch. This transition in amphibians is an example of a widespread phenomenon among vertebrates, where thyroid hormones and corticosteroids coordinate a post-embryonic developmental transition. The review addresses the functions and interactions of thyroid hormone and corticosteroid signaling in amphibian development (metamorphosis) as well as the developmental roles of these two pathways in vertebrate evolution.
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Rousseau K, Dufour S, Sachs LM. Interdependence of Thyroid and Corticosteroid Signaling in Vertebrate Developmental Transitions. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.735487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-embryonic acute developmental processes mainly allow the transition from one life stage in a specific ecological niche to the next life stage in a different ecological niche. Metamorphosis, an emblematic type of these post-embryonic developmental processes, has occurred repeatedly and independently in various phylogenetic groups throughout metazoan evolution, such as in cnidarian, insects, molluscs, tunicates, or vertebrates. This review will focus on metamorphoses and developmental transitions in vertebrates, including typical larval metamorphosis in anuran amphibians, larval and secondary metamorphoses in teleost fishes, egg hatching in sauropsids and birth in mammals. Two neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axes, are central players in the regulation of these life transitions. The review will address the molecular and functional evolution of these axes and their interactions. Mechanisms of integration of internal and environmental cues, and activation of these neuroendocrine axes represent key questions in an “eco-evo-devo” perspective of metamorphosis. The roles played by developmental transitions in the innovation, adaptation, and plasticity of life cycles throughout vertebrates will be discussed. In the current context of global climate change and habitat destruction, the review will also address the impact of environmental factors, such as global warming and endocrine disruptors on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axes, and regulation of developmental transitions.
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Christensen VL, Donaldson WE, Nestor KE, McMurtry JP. Effects of genetics and maternal dietary iodide supplementation on glycogen content of organs within embryonic turkeys. Poult Sci 1999; 78:890-8. [PMID: 10438135 DOI: 10.1093/ps/78.6.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In prior studies it was shown that the growth of turkey embryos was dependent upon maternal dietary iodide as well as genetic selection. The current study posed the question of which organ systems respond to these variables. Embryos from lines selected for 16-wk BW grew at the same rate as unselected embryos from the randombred population serving as the initial source of the selected line until approximately 21 d of incubation (selected = F; randombred control = RBC2). Line differences in growth of F embryos could be accounted for increased liver and heart growth at the expense of muscle growth. Muscle growth increased in the growth-selected line prior to pipping. Muscle growth was affected less when dams were selected for egg production (selected = E; randombred control = RBC1). Muscle growth was slowed in E line embryos compared to that of RBC1, and liver and heart growth were slowed at internal and external pipping stages in E embryos compared to RBC1. Early muscle growth was augmented when F dams were fed supplemental iodide. A similar response was observed in E line embryos but occurred at a later stage of development. Measurements indicated decreased tissue glycogen in liver, heart, and muscle of selected lines may be one possible mechanism by which growth or organ function may come in conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Christensen
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608, USA.
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Gagnon J, Gallo-Payet N, Lehoux JG, Belisle S, Bellabarba D. Characterization of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptors in primary cultures of hepatocytes and neurons from chick embryo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992; 85:193-207. [PMID: 1601252 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have detected the presence of nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) receptors in primary cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes and neurons. Hepatocytes were isolated from livers of embryos of 12, 16 and 19 days by treatment with 0.2% collagenase and hyaluronidase. They were plated at a density of 3-4 x 10(5)/35-mm petri dish in Ham's F-10 medium containing fetal calf serum, tryptose phosphate, and antibiotics. Cells were used for the binding assay at Day 3 of culture. Neurons from 8-day-old embryo brains were cultured in a serum-free medium at a density of 1.2 x 10(6) cells/35-mm petri dish and used for the binding assay after 7 days of culture. Biological activity of hepatocytes was determined by measuring insulin binding, inositol phosphate formation, and 5'-monodeiodinase activity. Neurons or glial cells in culture were identified by immunostaining with anti-neurofilaments and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein antisera. Binding assay was performed with isolated nuclei and 0.4 M NaCl nuclear extracts. With the latter preparation, the Scatchard analysis showed, in both cells, a single, high-affinity, low-capacity T3 receptor. In the hepatocytes of 12-, 16-, and 19-day-old embryos association constants (Ka) were, respectively, 0.93 +/- 0.02, 0.74 +/- 0.03, and 0.56 +/- 0.04 nM-1, whereas the maximal binding capacities (MBC) were 2.26 +/- 0.2, 2.72 +/- 0.33, and 1.83 +/- 0.19 fmol/microgram DNA (mean +/- SE, n = 3). In neurons Ka was 1.25 +/- 0.53 nM-1 and MBC 0.59 +/- 0.14 fmol/microgram DNA (n = 3). The receptor had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.4 S, an estimated Mr of 59 kDa, and the following relative affinity for thyroid hormone analogues: TRIAC greater than L-T3 greater than L-T4. These data indicate that cultured hepatocytes and neurons of chick embryo contained T3 receptors with properties similar to those described in intact tissues from this and other species. Only the MBC of neurons was 50% lower than that observed in whole brain of embryo, but was comparable to values observed in cultured neurons from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gagnon
- Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Medical School, Quebec, Canada
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Narayanan Y, Narayanan CH. Neuronal development in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of the duck under normal and hypothyroid states: I. A light microscopic morphometric analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1987; 217:79-89. [PMID: 3454567 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092170111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Light microscopic morphometric procedures were used in order to examine the effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) on the development of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the duck. A single vascular injection of a 0.2% solution of PTU was administered at a dosage of 2 microliter/gm embryo weight on embryonic day nine (E9). Control embryos received a similar dose of Ringer's solution. The following parameters of cytodifferentiation of cells of the mesencephalic nucleus of V were studied: somal area profiles, nuclear area, and nuclear cytoplasmic ratios. In addition, the frequency of beak clapping was recorded from E16. Significant differences were observed in somal area profiles in the experimental group at E16 and E18 and in nuclear area profiles from E16 through hatching. Beak activity in the experimental embryos was drastically reduced. It is concluded that PTU induces a retardation in the differentiation of cells of the mesencephalic nucleus of V which may lead to behavior deficits as evidenced by reduction of beak activity. These observations provide a basis for the study of interactions between thyroid hormone and specific neuronal systems in the emergence of an adaptive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Narayanan
- Department of Anatomy, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans 70119
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Thommes RC, Clark NB, Mok LL, Malone S. Hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-thyroid interrelationships in the chick embryo. V. The effects of thyroidectomy on T4 levels in blood plasma. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1984; 54:324-7. [PMID: 6428972 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(84)90187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Wittmann J, Kugler W, Rahn H. Lung respiration, somatic activity and gas metabolism in embryonic chicks prevented from hatching by thiourea. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 77:547-51. [PMID: 6142808 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(84)90226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Treating chick embryos with high doses of thiourea (32.8 mumol) on day 17 of incubation resulted in prevention of hatching and of active breathing. Furthermore, thiourea also prevented the increase of O2 consumption and the marked increase of somatic activity associated with the final hatching act. These findings provide evidence for the importance of active breathing in the prenatal period to initiate pipping and hatching of the avian embryo.
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Wittmann J, Pruy H. Activation of xanthine dehydrogenase during the prenatal period through L-thyroxine, thiourea and cycloheximide. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1983; 13:77-83. [PMID: 6414723 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(83)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine dehydrogenase activity in the liver of embryonic chicks has been shown to be inducible by L-thyroxine, thiourea, and cycloheximide. Results reported here indicate different mechanisms underlying the activation through L-thyroxine on the one hand, and through thiourea and cycloheximide on the other. Using hepatocyte suspension and homogenized liver, it has been shown that prenatal activation of xanthine dehydrogenase results in increased rate of uric acid formation from nucleic acids and purine derivatives, but not from amino acids.
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Wittmann J, Kugler W, Petry H. Motility pattern and lung respiration of embryonic chicks under the influence of L-thyroxine and thiourea. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1983; 75:379-84. [PMID: 6136371 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(83)90097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pressure changes in the air cell and at the egg shell have been used to monitor respiratory and somatic movements of embryonic chicks. During the prehatching period a phase of reduced activity is observed. Pulmonary respiration is initiated during this phase. Exogenous L-thyroxine exerts an accelerating effect on the hatching process and on the onset of the phase of reduced motility and of lung respiration. In thiourea-treated embryos the opposite effects on the hatching process and on the motility and respiration pattern are registered. When, however, the egg shell above the air cell was sealed with glue, times of hatching and of the beginning of lung respiration were similar to those of controls, although pipping the egg shell occurred earlier than normal. It is suggested that the effects of L-thyroxine and thiourea on the hatching process are caused by a premature or delayed onset, respectively, of pulmonary respiration.
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Christensen VL, Biellier HV, Forward JF. Physiology of turkey embryos during pipping and hatching III. Thyroid function. Poult Sci 1982; 61:367-74. [PMID: 7088795 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0610367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Wittmann J, Weiss A. Studies on the metabolism of glycogen and adenine nucleotides in embryonic chick liver at the end of incubation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1981; 69C:1-6. [PMID: 6113077 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(81)90093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Thommes RC, Tonetta SA. Hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-thyroid interrelationships in the chick embryo. II. Effects of thiourea treatment on plasma total thyroxine levels and thyroidal 125I uptake. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1979; 37:167-76. [PMID: 571829 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(79)90104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wishart GJ, Leakey JE, Dutton GJ. Differential effects of hormones on precocious yolk sac retraction in chick embryos following administration by a new technique. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1977; 31:373-80. [PMID: 192633 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(77)90101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Oppenheim RW. Prehatching and Hatching Behavior: A Comparative and Physiological Consideration. BEHAVIORAL EMBRYOLOGY 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-609301-8.50014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Brasch M, Betz TW. The hormonal activities associated with the cephalic and caudal regions of the cockerel pars distalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1971; 16:241-56. [PMID: 4323876 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(71)90036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Balaban M, Hill J. Effects of thyroxine and temperature manipulations upon the hatching of chick embryos (Gallus domesticus). Dev Psychobiol 1971; 4:17-35. [PMID: 5170702 DOI: 10.1002/dev.420040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Thommes RC, McCarter CF, Nguyen LH. Endocrine Control of Yolk-Sac-Membrane Glycogen in the Developing Chick Embryo III. Effects of Thiourea Addition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.41.4.30155485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hamburger V, Oppenheim R. Prehatching motility and hatching behavior in the chick. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1967; 166:171-203. [PMID: 6080550 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401660203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Bargman GJ, Gardner LI. Otic lesions and congenital hypothyroidism in the developing chick. J Clin Invest 1967; 46:1828-39. [PMID: 6070327 PMCID: PMC292933 DOI: 10.1172/jci105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to elucidate the relation, if any, between thyroid abnormality and congenital deafness in Pendred's syndrome, an experiment was designed to study the effects of hypothyroidism on middle and inner ear hearing structures, including the auditory nerve and its central projection, in developing chick embryos. Propylthiouracil (PTU), 2 mg, was injected into the albumin of fertile chick eggs on the 10th incubation day. Single doses of L-thyroxine (range 1-100mug) were inoculated in a similar manner, either alone or with PTU. Control inocula included sterile saline or water. After hatching, each chick was examined for obvious malformations. The thyroid glands, middle and inner ear mechanisms, auditory nerve, and brainstem were studied grossly and with different histologic staining techniques. When compared to controls, chicks exposed to PTU on their 10th incubation day exhibited: increased mortality, delayed hatching, reduced size, incomplete yolk sac absorption, and death within 5 days unless exogenous thyroid hormone was provided in the first 24-48 hr after hatching. Specific, consistent, morphologic alterations were observed in their thyroid glands as well as in the sensory hair cells of the acoustic papilla and cells of the spiral ganglion of the cochlea. Our data also indicate that if 50-75 mug of L-thyroxine is given simultaneously with (or as long as 120 hr after) the PTU injection on the 10th incubation day, one cannot detect the gross defects, marked thyroid lesions, or abnormal histology in cells of the cochlea and its ganglion. A relationship between embryonic thyroid gland function and the hearing mechanism of the chick embryo is suggested.
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Betz TW. The effects of embryonic pars distalis grafts on the development of hypophysectomized chick embryos. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1967; 9:172-86. [PMID: 6069718 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(67)90050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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ADAMS AE. The gonads of chick embryos subjected to multiple doses of thyroxine. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1961; 1:485-91. [PMID: 13859284 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(61)90010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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MOOG F. The functional differentiation of the small intestine. IX. The influence of thyroid function on cellular differentiation and accumulation of alkaline phosphatase in the duodenum of the chick embryo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1961; 1:416-32. [PMID: 14475600 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(61)90006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sinha M, Ringer R, Coleman T, Zindel H. The Effect of Injected Thiouracil on Body Weight and Hatchability of the Chick Embryo. Poult Sci 1959. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0381405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rogler J, Parker H, Andrews F, Carrick C. Effects of Thiouracil and Thyroxine on Chick Embryo Development ,. Poult Sci 1959. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0381027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rogler J, Parker H, Andrews F, Carrick C. The Effects of an Iodine Deficiency on Embryo Development and Hatchability ,. Poult Sci 1959. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0380398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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KONIGSBERG IR. Thyroid regulation of protein and nucleic acid accumulation in developing skeletal muscle of the chick embryo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1958; 52:13-41. [PMID: 13630977 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030520103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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