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Kleijne VD, Kohler I, C Heijboer A, Ackermans MT. Solutions for hematocrit bias in dried blood spot hormone analysis. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1293-1308. [PMID: 34470479 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has gained significant interest due to development of analytical techniques combined with DBS, the simplicity and low cost of the method. Despite its wide use, DBS sampling can lead to inaccurate results due to the impact of the hematocrit (Hct) on the analysis. Some analytes have shown to be hardly impacted by Hct values. However, in other cases, a significant impact of Hct is observed, which requires the use of alternative approaches to circumvent this issue. This review describes the possible impact of Hct-related bias in DBS sampling in the context of hormone analysis and discusses the different methodologies that can be used to overcome this bias to ensure accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera de Kleijne
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte T Ackermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Butler AM, Charoensiriwatana W, Krasao P, Pankanjanato R, Thong-Ngao P, Polson RC, Snow G, Ehrenkranz J. Newborn Thyroid Screening: Influence of Pre-Analytic Variables on Dried Blood Spot Thyrotropin Measurement. Thyroid 2017; 27:1128-1134. [PMID: 28810813 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring thyrotropin (TSH) eluted from a dried blood spot (DBS) is used to screen an estimated 30 million newborns annually for congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Newborn thyroid screening has eliminated cretinism from the industrialized world and decreased the adverse effects of unrecognized CH on neurocognitive development. Hematocrit, a pre-analytic variable that affects the measurement of TSH from a DBS, contributes to the imprecision of DBS TSH measurement and could account for false-negative and false-positive DBS newborn screening test results. To assess whether variations in hematocrit found in newborns have a clinical effect in DBS-based newborn thyroid screening, the effects of hematocrit variability on the measurement of DBS TSH were studied. METHODS U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention procedures for manufacturing DBS performance testing standards were used to generate DBSs from blood samples, with hematocrits of 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, and 65% and serum TSH concentrations of 6.3 ± 0.4 and 26.6 ± 8.0 mIU/L. TSH was measured in the eluates of four replicate DBS 3 mm punches at each hematocrit using the Thailand Ministry of Public Health Newborn Screening Operation Center enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. RESULTS Based on the mixed-effects model, hematocrit significantly affected DBS TSH measurement (p < 0.001). A 1% increase in hematocrit resulted in a 0.06 mIU/L decrease in eluate TSH when TSH was 6.3 + 0.4 mIU/L, and a 0.21 mIU/L decrease in eluate TSH when TSH was 26.6 + 8.0 mIU/L. CONCLUSIONS DBS TSH is significantly affected by the blood sample hematocrit. The pre-analytic variability due to hematocrit is independent of TSH assay sensitivity, specificity, precision, repeatability, and reference intervals. The effect of hematocrit on DBS TSH measurement is clinically relevant, could account for geographic and ethnic variation in the incidence of CH, and may result in both false-positive and false-negative CH screening results. Individual newborn and population-specific hematocrit correction factors may improve the precision of DBS TSH measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Butler
- 1 Statistical Data Center , Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Piamnukul Krasao
- 2 Newborn Screening Operation Center , Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Penpan Thong-Ngao
- 2 Newborn Screening Operation Center , Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Randall C Polson
- 3 Research Laboratories, i-calQ LLC , Salt Lake City, Utah
- 4 Nanofab Laboratory, University of Utah , Nanofab Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Gregory Snow
- 1 Statistical Data Center , Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joel Ehrenkranz
- 3 Research Laboratories, i-calQ LLC , Salt Lake City, Utah
- 5 Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
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Ferro P, Ventura R, Pérez-Mañá C, Farré M, Segura J. Evaluation of fibronectin 1 in one dried blood spot and in urine after rhGH treatment. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1011-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ferro
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
| | - R. Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Pérez-Mañá
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés; Bellaterra Spain
| | - M. Farré
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés; Bellaterra Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP; Badalona Spain
| | - J. Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; Barcelona Spain
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Innovations in health and demographic surveillance systems to establish the causal impacts of HIV policies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 10:483-94. [PMID: 26371462 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS), in conjunction with HIV treatment cohorts, have made important contributions to our understanding of the impact of HIV treatment and treatment-related interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this review is to describe and discuss innovations in data collection and data linkage that will create new opportunities to establish the impacts of HIV treatment, as well as policies affecting the treatment cascade, on population health and economic and social outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Novel approaches to routine collection of biomarkers, behavioural data, spatial data, social network information, migration events and mobile phone records can significantly strengthen the potential of HDSS to generate exposure and outcome data for causal analysis of HIV treatment impact and policies affecting the HIV treatment cascade. Additionally, by linking HDSS data to health service administration, education and welfare service records, researchers can substantially broaden opportunities to establish how HIV treatment affects health and economic outcomes when delivered through public sector health systems and at scale. SUMMARY As the HIV treatment scaleup in sub-Saharan Africa enters its second decade, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the long-term causal impacts of large-scale HIV treatment and related policies on broader population health outcomes, such as noncommunicable diseases, as well as on economic and social outcomes, such as family welfare and children's educational attainment. By collecting novel data and linking existing data to public sector records, HDSS can create near-unique opportunities to contribute to this research agenda.
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Longitudinal relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and vertical facial growth. J Orofac Orthop 2015; 76:440-50. [PMID: 26272169 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-015-0305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial growth in the vertical dimension is the last to be completed and can often be detrimental to the success of dental implants, orthodontic treatment, and orthognathic surgery that young individuals undergo. AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal relationship between changes in total anterior facial height and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels measured using blood-spot samples. METHODS Our sample included 25 orthodontic patients from whom we had access to annual lateral cephalometric radiographs and IGF-1 measurements. Each subject was observed between 2 and 6 times, resulting in 43 annual intervals from a total of 77 observations. RESULTS We noted a significant moderate positive correlation (+ 0.48) between the percentage of change in blood-spot IGF-1 levels and the percentage of change in total anterior face height (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Longitudinal changes in IGF-1 levels can be used to predict a patient's vertical facial growth. There was no significant correlation between changes in vertical facial development and a single cross-sectional IGF-1 measurement.
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Jensen AK, Coleman C, Stokes D, Ying GS, Huang J, Kuhn I, Binenbaum G. Filter paper-based insulin-like growth factor assay. J AAPOS 2015; 19:363-5. [PMID: 26235792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed validity, reliability, and feasibility of a filter paper blood spot insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) assay for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) research. Blood samples were collected from 45 healthy children. Half of each sample was spun to obtain serum; half was applied to filter cards and stored for varying times and at different temperatures. IGF-1 assays were performed using a commercially available kit. Intraclass correlation between blood spot and serum IGF-1 values was high (0.97) for validity, and the mean differences were low for test-retest reliability. Time (up to 25 days) and temperature (4° C to 37° C) had no significant effect on sample stability. Feasibility was further assessed in a second cohort study of 74 premature infants being screened for ROP. A total of 817 filter card samples were successfully collected and transported to a central lab, where IGF-1 assays were successfully performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Jensen
- Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Carrie Coleman
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - David Stokes
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Gui-shuang Ying
- Biochemistry Core Laboratory, Clinical Translational Research Center, The Children's Hosptial of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Jiayan Huang
- Biochemistry Core Laboratory, Clinical Translational Research Center, The Children's Hosptial of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Ivy Kuhn
- Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gil Binenbaum
- Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia.
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Lehmann S, Delaby C, Vialaret J, Ducos J, Hirtz C. Current and future use of "dried blood spot" analyses in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 51:1897-909. [PMID: 23740687 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of blood spotted and dried on a matrix (i.e., "dried blood spot" or DBS) has been used since the 1960s in clinical chemistry; mostly for neonatal screening. Since then, many clinical analytes, including nucleic acids, small molecules and lipids, have been successfully measured using DBS. Although this pre-analytical approach represents an interesting alternative to classical venous blood sampling, its routine use is limited. Here, we review the application of DBS technology in clinical chemistry, and evaluate its future role supported by new analytical methods such as mass spectrometry.
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Martin RM, Patel R, Kramer MS, Guthrie L, Vilchuck K, Bogdanovich N, Sergeichick N, Gusina N, Foo Y, Palmer T, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gillman MW, Smith GD, Oken E. Effects of promoting longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding on adiposity and insulin-like growth factor-I at age 11.5 years: a randomized trial. JAMA 2013; 309:1005-13. [PMID: 23483175 PMCID: PMC3752893 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Evidence that longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding reduces child obesity risk is based on observational studies that are prone to confounding. OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of an intervention to promote increased duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding on child adiposity and circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, which regulates growth. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cluster-randomized controlled trial in 31 Belarusian maternity hospitals and their affiliated clinics, randomized into 1 of 2 groups: breastfeeding promotion intervention (n = 16) or usual practices (n = 15). Participants were 17,046 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs enrolled in 1996 and 1997, of whom 13,879 (81.4%) were followed up between January 2008 and December 2010 at a median age of 11.5 years. INTERVENTION Breastfeeding promotion intervention modeled on the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass index (BMI), fat and fat-free mass indices (FMI and FFMI), percent body fat, waist circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, overweight and obesity, and whole-blood IGF-I. Primary analysis was based on modified intention-to-treat (without imputation), accounting for clustering within hospitals and clinics. RESULTS The experimental intervention substantially increased breastfeeding duration and exclusivity when compared with the control (43% vs 6% exclusively breastfed at 3 months and 7.9% vs 0.6% at 6 months). Cluster-adjusted mean differences in outcomes at 11.5 years of age between experimental vs control groups were: 0.19 (95% CI, -0.09 to 0.46) for BMI; 0.12 (-0.03 to 0.28) for FMI; 0.04 (-0.11 to 0.18) for FFMI; 0.47% (-0.11% to 1.05%) for percent body fat; 0.30 cm (-1.41 to 2.01) for waist circumference; -0.07 mm (-1.71 to 1.57) for triceps and -0.02 mm (-0.79 to 0.75) for subscapular skinfold thicknesses; and -0.02 standard deviations (-0.12 to 0.08) for IGF-I. The cluster-adjusted odds ratio for overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 85th vs <85th percentile) was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.39) and for obesity (BMI ≥ 95th vs <85th percentile) was 1.17 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.41). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among healthy term infants in Belarus, an intervention that succeeded in improving the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding did not prevent overweight or obesity, nor did it affect IGF-I levels at age 11.5 years. Breastfeeding has many advantages but population strategies to increase the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding are unlikely to curb the obesity epidemic. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.org: ISRCTN37687716; and clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01561612.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
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Nindl BC. Insulin-like growth factor-I as a candidate metabolic biomarker: military relevance and future directions for measurement. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3:371-6. [PMID: 20144370 PMCID: PMC2771506 DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is a ubiquitous peptide hormone involved in a host of critical physiological processes (e.g., protein synthesis and glucose homeostasis) and has been suggested to be a biomarker reflecting health and metabolic status. In most cases (muscle, bone, tendon, body composition, and cognitive function), elevated IGF-I concentrations are considered beneficial; however, cancer remains a notable exception. While the fact that both increased and decreased IGF-I can be considered reflective of favorable and beneficial health outcomes may appear as a paradox, it is important to emphasize that, in both cases, measured IGF-I concentrations do offer important insight into physiological processes. The effects of military operational field training on the circulating IGF-I system are discussed within the context of novel measurement technologies that (1) are field expedient and (2) provide more meaningful information. Prospective experimental approaches involving physical activity that sample and measure IGF-I in the body's various biocompartments will provide greater insight into the complex role that IGF-I possesses. Minimally invasive technologies that are field expedient, cost-effective, and allow for continuous and real-time feedback will have the greatest likelihood of being adapted and used in military environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Nindl
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.
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Newman MS, Brandon TR, Groves MN, Gregory WL, Kapur S, Zava DT. A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of 25-hydroxy vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in dried blood spots: a potential adjunct to diabetes and cardiometabolic risk screening. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3:156-62. [PMID: 20046660 PMCID: PMC2769851 DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Now emerging as an important risk factor for type 1 diabetes, vitamin D deficiency is also associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes and has been identified as a potential cardiometabolic risk factor. A simple, accurate screening test for 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency is needed. We developed a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for 25-hydroxy vitamin D(2) [25(OH)D(2)] and 25-hydroxy vitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] in dried blood spots. METHOD Blood spots were collected by finger stick simultaneously with serum samples obtained by venipuncture from healthy volunteers. Disks punched from the dried blood spots were sonicated with an internal standard solution of deuterated 25(OH)D(3) (26,26,26,27,27,27-d(6)). Methanol was added to precipitate proteins prior to extraction with hexane. The extracted samples were dried and reconstituted in 50:50 methanol:H(2)O before injection into a Varian 320-MS TQ mass spectrometer. RESULTS BLOOD SPOT ASSAY PRECISION WAS GOOD OVER THE REPORTABLE RANGE: interassay coefficients of variation were 13, 13, and 11% at concentrations of 14, 26, and 81 ng/ml, respectively, for 25-hydroxy vitamin D(3) and 12% at 23 ng/ml for 25(OH)D(2). The 25(OH)D(3) assay was linear from 3.5 to 75 ng/ml (R > 0.99). Blood spot and serum values showed excellent correlation for 25(OH)D(2) (R=0.90, n=54) and 25(OH)D(3) (R=0.91, n=83). CONCLUSIONS This blood spot assay for 25(OH)D(2) and 25(OH)D(3) provides a convenient and cost-effective alternative to serum assays and can be automated. This may be valuable in large-scale screening for risk of type 1 diabetes, for cardiometabolic risk screening, and for monitoring vitamin D supplementation.
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McDade TW, Williams S, Snodgrass JJ. What a drop can do: dried blood spots as a minimally invasive method for integrating biomarkers into population-based research. Demography 2008; 44:899-925. [PMID: 18232218 DOI: 10.1353/dem.2007.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Logistical constraints associated with the collection and analysis of biological samples in community-based settings have been a significant impediment to integrative, multilevel bio-demographic and biobehavioral research. However recent methodological developments have overcome many of these constraints and have also expanded the options for incorporating biomarkers into population-based health research in international as well as domestic contexts. In particular using dried blood spot (DBS) samples-drops of whole blood collected on filter paper from a simple finger prick-provides a minimally invasive method for collecting blood samples in nonclinical settings. After a brief discussion of biomarkers more generally, we review procedures for collecting, handling, and analyzing DBS samples. Advantages of using DBS samples-compared with venipuncture include the relative ease and low cost of sample collection, transport, and storage. Disadvantages include requirements for assay development and validation as well as the relatively small volumes of sample. We present the results of a comprehensive literature review of published protocols for analysis of DBS samples, and we provide more detailed analysis of protocols for 45 analytes likely to be of particular relevance to population-level health research. Our objective is to provide investigators with the information they need to make informed decisions regarding the appropriateness of blood spot methods for their research interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McDade
- Northwestern University, Department of Anthropology and Cells to Society (C2S): The Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Quraishi R, Lakshmy R, Prabhakaran D, Mukhopadhyay AK, Jailkhani B. Use of filter paper stored dried blood for measurement of triglycerides. Lipids Health Dis 2006; 5:20. [PMID: 16839425 PMCID: PMC1540415 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of assays on dried blood has advantages of ease of collection, transportation, minimal invasiveness and requirement of small volume. A method for extraction and estimation of triglyceride from blood spots dried on filter paper (Whatman no. 3) has been developed. A single dried blood spot containing 10 muL blood was used. Triglyceride was efficiently extracted in methanol from blood dried on filter paper by incubation at 37 degrees C for two hours with gentle shaking. For the estimation, a commercially available enzymatic method was used. Blood spot assays showed mean intra and inter assay coefficient of variance of 6.0% and 7.4% respectively. A comparison of paired whole blood spots and plasma samples (n = 75, day 0) gave an intraclass correlation of 0.96. The recovery was 99.6%. The dried blood triglyceride concentrations were stable for one month when the filter discs were stored at room temperature (16-28 degrees C). Storage of filters at 4 degrees C extended the stability and triglycerides could be quantitatively recovered after 3 months of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Quraishi
- Laboratory Medicine department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Ashok Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory Medicine department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Bansilal Jailkhani
- Laboratory Medicine department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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Derr RL, Cameron SJ, Golden SH. Pre-Analytic Considerations for the Proper Assessment of Hormones of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis in Epidemiological Research. Eur J Epidemiol 2006; 21:217-26. [PMID: 16547837 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-006-0011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing epidemiological interest in hormones as predictors of chronic diseases. The correct handling and analysis of hormones can be cumbersome, and great care must be taken in these processes in order to gain the most information possible. Given differences in sampling, processing, and stability of the various hormonal assays, we sought to provide a comprehensive review to aid future epidemiological research. We have coupled a thorough literature search with our own analytical experience to outline common laboratory problems one must consider in analyzing the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In addition, we describe the benefits and limitations of using alternative media--including urine, saliva, and blood spots on filter paper--to measure endocrine hormones in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Derr
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Nindl BC, Kellogg MD, Khosravi MJ, Diamandi A, Alemany JA, Pietila DM, Young AJ, Montain SJ. Measurement of insulin-like growth factor-I during military operational stress via a filter paper blood spot assay. Diabetes Technol Ther 2003; 5:455-61. [PMID: 12828831 DOI: 10.1089/152091503765691974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is sensitive to nutritional stress and is reduced in soldiers during stressful field training. Methods have recently been developed to measure IGF-I from filter paper blood spots. Filter paper has advantages over traditional blood sampling in that neither blood separation equipment nor refrigeration is necessary after sample collection. This study determined whether filter paper blood spots collected in a field environment could measure IGF-I and subsequent changes during military operational stress. Thirty-four Marines participating in an 8-day military field exercise characterized by near-continuous physical work (total daily energy expenditure 17-25 MJ/day) and underfeeding (dietary intake 7.0 MJ/day) had blood samples taken on day 0, day 4, and day 8. IGF-I was measured by filter paper blood spot assays from fingertip blood samples and by conventional methods using serum. Correlation and measurement agreement were assessed. Blood spot (Day 0 152 +/- 6 ng mL(-1) > Day 4 111 +/- 6 ng mL(-1) > Day 8 74 +/- 4 ng mL(-1)) and serum IGF-I (Day 0 412 +/- 10 ng mL(-1) > Day 4 258 +/- 14 ng mL(-1) > Day 8 203 +/- 13 ng mL(-1)) concentrations declined (p < 0.05) progressively over the 8-day exercise. Overall, the two methods significantly (p < 0.05) correlated (r = 0.92); however, the blood spot values were on average 61% lower than serum, but could be used to predict serum values ( +/- 10%). IGF-I is a biomarker of metabolic status. The filter paper blood spot method for IGF-I detected reductions accompanying nutritional stress and may be of potential value for characterizing the IGF-I response when conventional blood sampling methods are not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Nindl
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, USA.
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