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Li J, Xiao Y, Yu H, Jin X, Fan S, Liu W. Mutual connected IL-6, EGFR and LIN28/Let7-related mechanisms modulate PD-L1 and IGF upregulation in HNSCC using immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1140133. [PMID: 37124491 PMCID: PMC10130400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1140133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of techniques and immunotherapies are widely applied in cancer treatment such as checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines apart from radiation therapy, surgery, and chemotherapy give enduring anti-tumor effects. Minority people utilize single-agent immunotherapy, and most people adopt multiple-agent immunotherapy. The difficulties are resolved by including the biomarkers to choose the non-responders' and responders' potentials. The possibility of the potential complications and side effects are examined to improve cancer therapy effects. The Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is analyzed with the help of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Insulin-like growth factor (IGF). But how IGF and PD-L1 upregulation depends on IL-6, EGFR, and LIN28/Let7-related mechanisms are poorly understood. Briefly, IL-6 stimulates gene expressions of IGF-1/2, and IL-6 cross-activates IGF-1R signaling, NF-κB, and STAT3. NF-κB, up-regulating PD-L1 expressions. IL-6/JAK1 primes PD-L1 for STT3-mediated PD-L1 glycosylation, stabilizes PD-L1 and trafficks it to the cell surface. Moreover, ΔNp63 is predominantly overexpressed over TAp63 in HNSCC, elevates circulating IGF-1 levels by repressing IGFBP3, and activates insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1).TP63 and SOX2 form a complex with CCAT1 to promote EGFR expression. EGFR activation through EGF binding extends STAT3 activation, and EGFR and its downstream signaling prolong PD-L1 mRNA half-life. PLC-γ1 binding to a cytoplasmic motif of elevated PD-L1 improves EGF-induced activation of inositol 1,4,5-tri-phosphate (IP3), and diacylglycerol (DAG) subsequently elevates RAC1-GTP. RAC1-GTP was convincingly demonstrated to induce the autocrine production and action of IL-6/IL-6R, forming a feedback loop for IGF and PD-L1 upregulation. Furthermore, the LIN28-Let7 axis mediates the NF-κB-IL-6-STAT3 amplification loop, activated LIN28-Let7 axis up-regulates RAS, AKT, IL-6, IGF-1/2, IGF-1R, Myc, and PD-L1, plays pivotal roles in IGF-1R activation and Myc, NF-κB, STAT3 concomitant activation. Therefore, based on a detailed mechanisms review, our article firstly reveals that IL-6, EGFR, and LIN28/Let7-related mechanisms mediate PD-L1 and IGF upregulation in HNSCC, which comprehensively influences immunity, inflammation, metabolism, and metastasis in the tumor microenvironment, and might be fundamental for overcoming therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Li
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of The Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yazhou Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of The Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huayue Yu
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of The Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of The Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of The Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of The Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liu,
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Zhu S, Sun R, Guo X, Bao Y, Zhang D. Regulation, targets and functions of CHK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1068952. [PMID: 36568988 PMCID: PMC9780368 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1068952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) play pivotal roles in multiple signaling pathways (Yeatman, 2004). SFK activity is inhibited by phosphorylation at its C-terminal tyrosine, by CSK (C-terminal Src kinase) and CHK (CSK-homologous kinase). CHK expression is restricted to normal hematopoietic cells, brain, and colon tissues. Downregulation of CHK in brain and colon tumors contributes to tumorigenicity in these tissues. CHK does not phosphorylate Src efficiently, however, in contrast to CSK, CHK inhibits Src kinase activity allosterically. Although the functions of CHK are still largely unknown, potential substrates of CHK including β-synuclein, α-tubulin, α-spectrin, 14-3-3, and Hsp90 have been identified. CHK is regulated epigenetically via promoter methylation. As the unknown roles of CHK are beginning to be revealed, current knowledge of regulation, molecular targets and functions of CHK is summarized, and important topics for future CHK research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China,Argus Pharmaceuticals, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Shudong Zhu,
| | - Rong Sun
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | | | | | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Ianza A, Sirico M, Bernocchi O, Generali D. Role of the IGF-1 Axis in Overcoming Resistance in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641449. [PMID: 33829018 PMCID: PMC8019779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, many studies have demonstrated that the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in a number of patho-physiological processes, as well as in the development of different types of solid tumors, including breast cancer (BC). Preclinical and clinical data showed that IGF-1 receptor (R) is overexpressed and hyper-phosphorylated in several subtypes of BCs. The central implications of this pathway in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis make it an important therapeutic target. Moreover, the IGF-1 axis has shown strong interconnection with estrogen regulation and endocrine therapy, suggesting a possible solution to anti-estrogen resistance. IGF-1R might also interfere with other pivotal therapeutic strategies, such as anti HER2 treatments and mTOR inhibitors; several clinical trials are ongoing evaluating the role of IGF-1R inhibition in modulating resistance mechanisms to target therapies. Our aim is to offer an overview of the most recent and significant field of application of IGF-1 inhibitors and relevant therapeutic strategies, weighing their possible future impact on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ianza
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marianna Sirico
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Unit and Translational Research Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ottavia Bernocchi
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
- Breast Cancer Unit and Translational Research Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
Acromegaly is characterized by Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) excess. Uncontrolled acromegaly is associated with a strongly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and numerous cardiovascular risk factors remain present after remission. GH and IGF-1 have numerous effects on the immune and cardiovascular system. Since endothelial damage and systemic inflammation are strongly linked to the development of CVD, and have been suggested to be present in both controlled as uncontrolled acromegaly, they may explain the presence of both micro- and macrovascular dysfunction in these patients. In addition, these changes seem to be only partially reversible after remission, as illustrated by the often reported presence of endothelial dysfunction and microvascular damage in controlled acromegaly. Previous studies suggest that insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction are involved in the development of CVD in acromegaly. Not surprisingly, these processes are associated with systemic inflammation and respond to GH/IGF-1 normalizing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalijn L C Wolters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrianus R M M Hermus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Higashi Y, Gautam S, Delafontaine P, Sukhanov S. IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 45:6-16. [PMID: 30735831 PMCID: PMC6504961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory arterial pathogenic condition, which leads to ischemic cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disorder and its pathophysiology is highly complex. Changes in expression of multiple genes coupled with environmental and lifestyle factors initiate cascades of adverse events involving multiple types of cells (e.g. vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages). IGF-1 is a pleiotropic factor, which is found in the circulation (endocrine IGF-1) and is also produced locally in arteries (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells). IGF-1 exerts a variety of effects on these cell types in the context of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In fact, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that IGF-1 has beneficial effects on the biology of atherosclerosis. This review will discuss recent findings relating to clinical investigations on the relation between IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease and basic research using animal models of atherosclerosis that have elucidated some of the mechanisms underlying atheroprotective effects of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States.
| | - Sandeep Gautam
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Patrick Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Xi G, Wai C, Clemmons D. Inhibition of Aberrant IGF-I Signaling in Diabetic Male Rat Retina Prevents and Reverses Changes of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:6456032. [PMID: 31049357 PMCID: PMC6458945 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6456032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia results in inhibition of cleavage of integrin-associated protein (IAP) thereby allowing it to bind to SHPS-1 which results in pathophysiologic changes in endothelial function. This study determined if an anti-rat IAP antibody directed against the SHPS-1 binding site which disrupts IAP/SHPS-1 association could inhibit these pathophysiologic changes. The anti-IAP antibody inhibited IGF-I-stimulated SHPS-1, p52Shc, MAP kinase phosphorylation, and proliferation in endothelial cells. To determine if it could reverse established pathophysiologic changes in vivo, this antibody or normal rat IgG F(ab)2 was injected intraperitoneally for 6 weeks into rats that had diabetes for 4 weeks. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed that retinal thickness increased at 4 weeks and this increase was maintained in rats treated with the control antibody for an additional 6 weeks. The increase was reversed by anti-IAP antibody treatment (84.6 ± 2.0 compared to 92.3 ± 2.5 μm, p < 0.01). This value was similar to nondiabetic animals (82.2 ± 1.6 μm, p, NS). The anti-IAP antibody also decreased retinal vascular permeability (0.62 ± 0.12 vs. 0.96 ± 0.25%/g/h, p < 0.001). To determine if it was effective after local injection, this antibody or control was administered via intravitreal injection. After 3 weeks, retinal thickness increased to 6.4 ± 2.8% in diabetic rats, and IAP antibody treatment prevented this increase (0.8 ± 2.5%, p < 0.01). It also prevented the increase of retinal vascular permeability (0.92 ± 0.62 vs. 1.63 ± 0.99%/g/h, p < 0.001). Biochemical analyses of retinal extracts showed that the anti-IAP antibody inhibited IAP/SHPS-1 association and SHPS-1 phosphorylation. This resulted in inhibition of AKT activation and VEGF synthesis in the retina: changes associated with increased vascular permeability. We conclude the anti-rat IAP antibody disrupts IAP/SHPS-1 association and attenuates aberrant IGF-I signaling thereby preventing or reversing the progression of retinal pathophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Christine Wai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - David Clemmons
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
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Xi G, Shen X, Wai C, White MF, Clemmons DR. Hyperglycemia induces vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation by suppressing insulin receptor substrate-1-mediated p53/KLF4 complex stabilization. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2407-2421. [PMID: 30578299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance accelerate atherosclerosis by an unclear mechanism. The two factors down-regulate insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), an intermediary of the insulin/IGF-I signaling system. We previously reported that IRS-1 down-regulation leads to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dedifferentiation and that IRS-1 deletion from VSMCs in normoglycemic mice replicates this response. However, we did not determine IRS-1's role in mediating differentiation. Here, we sought to define the mechanism by which IRS-1 maintains VSMC differentiation. High glucose or IRS-1 knockdown decreased p53 levels by enhancing MDM2 proto-oncogene (MDM2)-mediated ubiquitination, resulting in decreased binding of p53 to Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Exposure to nutlin-3, which dissociates MDM2/p53, decreased p53 ubiquitination and enhanced the p53/KLF4 association and differentiation marker protein expression. IRS-1 overexpression in high glucose inhibited the MDM2/p53 association, leading to increased p53 and p53/KLF4 levels, thereby increasing differentiation. Nutlin-3 treatment of diabetic or Irs1 -/- mice enhanced p53/KLF4 and the expression of p21, smooth muscle protein 22 (SM22), and myocardin and inhibited aortic VSMC proliferation. Injecting normoglycemic mice with a peptide disrupting the IRS-1/p53 association reduced p53, p53/KLF4, and differentiation. Analyzing atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic, diabetic pigs, we found that p53, IRS-1, SM22, myocardin, and KLF4/p53 levels are significantly decreased compared with their expression in nondiabetic pigs. We conclude that IRS-1 is critical for maintaining VSMC differentiation. Hyperglycemia- or insulin resistance-induced IRS-1 down-regulation decreases the p53/KLF4 association and enhances dedifferentiation and proliferation. Our results suggest that enhancing IRS-1-dependent p53 stabilization could attenuate the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Xinchun Shen
- the College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China, and
| | - Christine Wai
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Morris F White
- the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David R Clemmons
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599,
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8
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Advani G, Lim YC, Catimel B, Lio DSS, Ng NLY, Chüeh AC, Tran M, Anasir MI, Verkade H, Zhu HJ, Turk BE, Smithgall TE, Ang CS, Griffin M, Cheng HC. Csk-homologous kinase (Chk) is an efficient inhibitor of Src-family kinases but a poor catalyst of phosphorylation of their C-terminal regulatory tyrosine. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:29. [PMID: 28784162 PMCID: PMC5547543 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and Csk-homologous kinase (Chk) are the major endogenous inhibitors of Src-family kinases (SFKs). They employ two mechanisms to inhibit SFKs. First, they phosphorylate the C-terminal tail tyrosine which stabilizes SFKs in a closed inactive conformation by engaging the SH2 domain in cis. Second, they employ a non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism involving direct binding of Csk and Chk to the active forms of SFKs that is independent of phosphorylation of their C-terminal tail. Csk and Chk are co-expressed in many cell types. Contributions of the two mechanisms towards the inhibitory activity of Csk and Chk are not fully clear. Furthermore, the determinants in Csk and Chk governing their inhibition of SFKs by the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism are yet to be defined. Methods We determined the contributions of the two mechanisms towards the inhibitory activity of Csk and Chk both in vitro and in transduced colorectal cancer cells. Specifically, we assayed the catalytic activities of Csk and Chk in phosphorylating a specific peptide substrate and a recombinant SFK member Src. We employed surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to measure the kinetic parameters of binding of Csk, Chk and their mutants to a constitutively active mutant of the SFK member Hck. Finally, we determined the effects of expression of recombinant Chk on anchorage-independent growth and SFK catalytic activity in Chk-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Results Our results revealed Csk as a robust enzyme catalysing phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail tyrosine of SFKs but a weak non-catalytic inhibitor of SFKs. In contrast, Chk is a poor catalyst of SFK tail phosphorylation but binds SFKs with high affinity, enabling it to efficiently inhibit SFKs with the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism both in vitro and in transduced colorectal cancer cells. Further analyses mapped some of the determinants governing this non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism of Chk to its kinase domain. Conclusions SFKs are activated by different upstream signals to adopt multiple active conformations in cells. SFKs adopting these conformations can effectively be constrained by the two complementary inhibitory mechanisms of Csk and Chk. Furthermore, the lack of this non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism accounts for SFK overactivation in the Chk-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-017-0186-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahana Advani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ya Chee Lim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daisy Sio Seng Lio
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nadia L Y Ng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anderly C Chüeh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mai Tran
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Heather Verkade
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Xi G, Wai C, White MF, Clemmons DR. Down-regulation of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 during Hyperglycemia Induces Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dedifferentiation. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2009-2020. [PMID: 28003360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.758987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, but the mechanism by which hyperglycemia accelerates lesion development is not well defined. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) signal through the scaffold protein insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). In diabetes, IRS-1 is down-regulated, and cells become resistant to insulin. Under these conditions, the IGF-I receptor signals through an alternate scaffold protein, SHPS-1, resulting in pathophysiologic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation. These studies were undertaken to determine whether IRS-1 is functioning constitutively to maintain VSMCs in their differentiated state and, thereby, inhibit aberrant signaling. Here we show that deletion of IRS-1 expression in VSMCs in non-diabetic mice results in dedifferentiation, SHPS-1 activation, and aberrant signaling and that these changes parallel those that occur in response to hyperglycemia. The mice showed enhanced sensitivity to IGF-I stimulation of VSMC proliferation and a hyperproliferative response to vascular injury. KLF4, a transcription factor that induces VSMC dedifferentiation, was up-regulated in IRS-1-/- mice, and the differentiation inducer myocardin was undetectable. Importantly, these changes were replicated in wild-type mice during hyperglycemia. These findings illuminate a new function of IRS-1: that of maintaining cells in their normal, differentiated state. Because IRS-1 is down-regulated in states of insulin resistance that occur in response to metabolic stresses such as obesity and cytokine stimulation, the findings provide a mechanism for understanding how patients with metabolic stress and/or diabetes are predisposed to developing vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Christine Wai
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Morris F White
- the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David R Clemmons
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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10
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Xi G, Shen X, Wai C, Vilas CK, Clemmons DR. Hyperglycemia stimulates p62/PKCζ interaction, which mediates NF-κB activation, increased Nox4 expression, and inflammatory cytokine activation in vascular smooth muscle. FASEB J 2015; 29:4772-82. [PMID: 26231202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia leads to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dedifferentiation and enhances responses to IGF-I. Prior studies showed that hyperglycemia stimulated NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) synthesis, and IGF-I facilitated its recruitment to a signaling complex where it oxidized src, leading to AKT and MAPK activation. To determine the mechanism that led to these changes, we analyzed the roles of p62 (sequestrosome1) and PKCζ. Hyperglycemia induced a 4.9 ± 1.0-fold increase in p62/PKCζ association, and disruption of PKCζ/p62 using a peptide inhibitor or p62 knockdown reduced PKCζ activation (78 ± 6%). 3-Phosphoinoside-dependent protein kinase 1 was also recruited to the p62 complex and directly phosphorylated PKCζ, leading to its activation (3.1 ± 0.4-fold). Subsequently, activated PKCζ phosphorylated p65 rel, which led to increased Nox4 synthesis. Studies in diabetic mice confirmed these findings (6.0 ± 0.4-fold increase in p62/PKCζ) and their disruption of attenuated Nox4 synthesis (76 ± 9% reduction). PKCζ/p62 activation stimulated inflammatory cytokine production and enhanced IGF-I-stimulated VSMC proliferation. These results define the molecular mechanism by which PKCζ is activated in response to hyperglycemia and suggest that this could be a mechanism by which other stimuli such as cytokines or metabolic stress function to stimulate NF-κB activation, thereby altering VSMC sensitivity to IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- *Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinchun Shen
- *Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Christine Wai
- *Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Caroline K Vilas
- *Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - David R Clemmons
- *Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; and College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
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Shen X, Xi G, Wai C, Clemmons DR. The coordinate cellular response to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is regulated through vimentin binding to receptor tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTPβ). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11578-90. [PMID: 25787077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) functions coordinately with IGF-I to stimulate cellular proliferation and differentiation. IGFBP-2 binds to receptor tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTPβ), and this binding in conjunction with IGF-I receptor stimulation induces RPTPβ polymerization leading to phosphatase and tensin homolog inactivation, AKT stimulation, and enhanced cell proliferation. To determine the mechanism by which RPTPβ polymerization is regulated, we analyzed the protein(s) that associated with RPTPβ in response to IGF-I and IGFBP-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Proteomic experiments revealed that IGF-I stimulated the intermediate filament protein vimentin to bind to RPTPβ, and knockdown of vimentin resulted in failure of IGFBP-2 and IGF-I to stimulate RPTPβ polymerization. Knockdown of IGFBP-2 or inhibition of IGF-IR tyrosine kinase disrupted vimentin/RPTPβ association. Vimentin binding to RPTPβ was mediated through vimentin serine phosphorylation. The serine threonine kinase PKCζ was recruited to vimentin in response to IGF-I and inhibition of PKCζ activation blocked these signaling events. A cell-permeable peptide that contained the vimentin phosphorylation site disrupted vimentin/RPTPβ association, and IGF-I stimulated RPTPβ polymerization and AKT activation. Integrin-linked kinase recruited PKCζ to SHPS-1-associated vimentin in response to IGF-I and inhibition of integrin-linked kinase/PKCζ association reduced vimentin serine phosphorylation. PKCζ stimulation of vimentin phosphorylation required high glucose and vimentin/RPTPβ-association occurred only during hyperglycemia. Disruption of vimetin/RPTPβ in diabetic mice inhibited RPTPβ polymerization, vimentin serine phosphorylation, and AKT activation in response to IGF-I, whereas nondiabetic mice showed no difference. The induction of vimentin phosphorylation is important for IGFBP-2-mediated enhancement of IGF-I-stimulated proliferation during hyperglycemia, and it coordinates signaling between these two receptor-linked signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Shen
- the College of Food Science and Engineering/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gang Xi
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
| | - Christine Wai
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
| | - David R Clemmons
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
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Maile LA, Busby WH, Gollahon KA, Flowers W, Garbacik N, Garbacik S, Stewart K, Nichols T, Bellinger D, Patel A, Dunbar P, Medlin M, Clemmons D. Blocking ligand occupancy of the αVβ3 integrin inhibits the development of nephropathy in diabetic pigs. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4665-75. [PMID: 25171599 PMCID: PMC4239428 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia stimulates secretion of αVβ3 ligands from vascular cells, including endothelial cells, resulting in activation of the αVβ3 integrin. This study determined whether blocking ligand occupancy of αVβ3 would inhibit the development of diabetic nephropathy. Ten diabetic pigs received an F(ab)2 fragment of an antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the β3-subunit, and 10 received a control IgG F(ab)2 for 18 weeks. Nondiabetic pigs excreted 115 ± 50 μg of protein/mg creatinine compared with control F(ab)2-treated diabetic animals (218 ± 57 μg/mg), whereas diabetic animals treated with the anti-β3 F(ab)2 excreted 119 ± 55 μg/mg (P < .05). Mesangial volume/glomerular volume increased to 21 ± 2.4% in control-treated diabetic animals compared with 14 ± 2.8% (P < .01) in animals treated with active antibody. Diabetic animals treated with control F(ab)2 had significantly less glomerular podocin staining compared with nondiabetic animals, and this decrease was attenuated by treatment with anti-β3 F(ab)2. Glomerular basement membrane thickness was increased in the control, F(ab)2-treated diabetic animals (212 ± 14 nm) compared with nondiabetic animals (170 ± 8.8 nm), but it was unchanged (159.9 ± 16.4 nm) in animals receiving anti-β3 F(ab)2. Podocyte foot process width was greater in control, F(ab)2-treated, animals (502 ± 34 nm) compared with animals treated with the anti-β3 F(ab)2 (357 ± 47 nm, P < .05). Renal β3 tyrosine phosphorylation decreased from 13 934 ± 6437 to 6730 ± 1524 (P < .01) scanning units in the anti-β3-treated group. We conclude that administration of an antibody that inhibits activation of the β3-subunit of αVβ3 that is induced by hyperglycemia attenuates proteinuria and early histologic changes of diabetic nephropathy, suggesting that it may have utility in preventing the progression of this disease complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Maile
- Department of Medicine (L.A.M., W.H.B., K.A.G., T.N., D.B., A.P., P.D., M.M., D.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Department of Animal Science (W.F., N.G., S.G., K.S.), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Dokmanovic M, Wu Y, Shen Y, Chen J, Hirsch DS, Wu WJ. Trastuzumab-induced recruitment of Csk-homologous kinase (CHK) to ErbB2 receptor is associated with ErbB2-Y1248 phosphorylation and ErbB2 degradation to mediate cell growth inhibition. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1029-41. [PMID: 24835103 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of ErbB2, is associated with its ability to induce ErbB2-Y1248 phosphorylation, and the status of phosphorylated ErbB2-Y1248 (ErbB2-pY1248) may correlate with the sensitivity of breast cancers to trastuzumab. The mechanisms of which remain unclear. Here, we show that binding of trastuzumab to ErbB2 activates ErbB2 kinase activity and enhances ErbB2-Y1248 phosphorylation in trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cells. This in turn increases the interaction between ErbB2 and non-receptor Csk-homologous kinase (CHK), leading to growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. Overexpression of CHK mimics trastuzumab treatment to mediate ErbB2-Y1248 phosphorylation, Akt downregulation, and growth inhibition of trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cells. CHK overexpression combined with trastuzumab exerts an additive effect on cell growth inhibition. We further demonstrate that positive ErbB2-pY1248 staining in ErbB2-positive breast cancer biopsies correlates with the increased trastuzumab response in trastuzumab neoadjuvant settings. Collectively, this study highlights an important role for ErbB2-pY1248 in mediating trastuzumab-induced growth inhibition and trastuzumab-induced interactions between CHK and ErbB2-pY1248 is identified as a novel mechanism of action that mediates the growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. The novel mechanistic insights into trastuzumab action revealed by this study may impact the design of next generation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as open new avenues to identify novel targets for the treatment of ErbB2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Dokmanovic
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Office of Pharmaceutical Science; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Office of Pharmaceutical Science; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jieqing Chen
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Dianne S Hirsch
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Office of Pharmaceutical Science; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Wen Jin Wu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Office of Pharmaceutical Science; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda, MD USA
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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 2 functions coordinately with receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β and the IGF-I receptor to regulate IGF-I-stimulated signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4116-30. [PMID: 22869525 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01011-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and has been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) modify IGF-I actions independently of IGF binding, but a receptor-based mechanism by which they function has not been elucidated. We investigated the role of IGFBP-2 and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTPβ) in regulating IGF-I signaling and cellular proliferation. IGFBP-2 bound RPTPβ, which led to its dimerization and inactivation. This enhanced PTEN tyrosine phosphorylation and inhibited PTEN activity. Utilization of substrate trapping and phosphatase-dead mutants showed that RPTPβ bound specifically to PTEN and dephosphorylated it. IGFBP-2 knockdown led to decreased PTEN tyrosine phosphorylation and decreased AKT Ser473 activation. IGFBP-2 enhanced IGF-I-stimulated VSMC migration and proliferation. Analysis of aortas obtained from IGFBP-2(-/-) mice showed that RPTPβ was activated, and this was associated with inhibition of IGF-I stimulated AKT Ser473 phosphorylation and VSMC proliferation. These changes were rescued following administration of IGFBP-2. These findings present a novel mechanism for coordinate regulation of IGFBP-2 and IGF-I signaling functions that lead to stimulation of VSMC proliferation. The results have important implications for understanding how IGFBPs modulate the cellular response to IGF-I.
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