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Carmo WBD, Castro BBA, Manso LC, Carmo PAVD, Rodrigues CA, Custódio MR, Jorgetti V, Sanders-Pinheiro H. Iron-based phosphorus chelator: Risk of iron deposition and action on bone metabolism in uremic rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 247:446-452. [PMID: 34861126 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211057280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate chelators are frequently used in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). New iron-based chelators remain understudied and offer a promising therapeutic option for the control of bone and mineral disorders of chronic kidney disease (BMD-CKD). We assessed the effect of the phosphorus chelator, chitosan-iron III (CH-FeCl), compared to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in BMD-CKD and the potential iron overload in uremic rats. Thirty-two animals were divided into four groups, namely the control, CKD, CKD/CH-FeCl, and CKD/CaCO3 groups. CKD was induced by adding 0.75% (4 weeks) and 0.1% (3 weeks) adenine to the diet. The chelators were administered from week 3 through week 7. The renal function, BMD-CKD markers, and histomorphometry of the femur were assessed at week 7. The CKD group showed a significant increase in creatinine (83.9 ± 18.6 vs. 41.5 ± 22.1 µmol/L; P = 0.001), phosphate (3.5 ± 0.8 vs. 2.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L; P = 0.001), fractional excretion of phosphorus (FEP) (0.71 ± 0.2 vs. 0.2 ± 0.17; P = 0.0001), and FGF23 (81.36 ± 37.16 pg/mL vs. 7.42 ± 1.96; P = 0.011) compared to the control group. There was no accumulation of serum or bone iron after the use of CH-FeCl. The use of chelators reduced the FEP (control: 0.71 ± 0.20; CKD/CH-FeCl: 0.40 ± 0.16; CKD/CaCO3 0.34 ± 0.15; P = 0.001), without changes in the serum FGF23 and parathyroid hormone levels. Histomorphometry revealed the presence of bone disease with high remodeling in the uremic animals without changes with the use of chelators. The CH-FeCl chelator was efficient in reducing the FEP without iron accumulation, thereby paving the way for the use of this class of chelators in clinical settings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wander Barros do Carmo
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX), Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Center for Reproductive Biology (CBR), 28113Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, 28113Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Bruna Abreu Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX), Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Center for Reproductive Biology (CBR), 28113Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Luísa Cardoso Manso
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX), Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Center for Reproductive Biology (CBR), 28113Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | | | - Clóvis Antônio Rodrigues
- Nucleus for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Investigations (NIQFAR), University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Melani Ribeiro Custódio
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Vanda Jorgetti
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Helady Sanders-Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX), Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Center for Reproductive Biology (CBR), 28113Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, 28113Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, Brazil
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Li M, Fan X, Mao Q, Li Q, Zhang X, He G, Zhang S, Zhang W. The hollow core-shell ferric oxide entrapped chitosan microcapsules as phosphate binders for phosphorus removal in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 257:117621. [PMID: 33541649 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients in hyperphosphatemia are orally prescribed with phosphate binders to excrete the non-metabolic phosphorus. Aiming for the bio-compatibility and binding efficacy, the Fe-based phosphate binders of low toxicity have been explored and improved. Herein, the hollow core-shell microcapsules as Fe@CH (nano ferric oxide entrapped in the polymerized chitosan) were constructed via emulsion interface polymerization, to enhance the phosphate binding from -NH2 group and iron complex, and limit iron leakage significantly. Via the double emulsion polymerization based on the primary Pickering emulsion stabilized by oleic acid-modified ferric oxide, Fe@CH performed as the rough polymerized-chitosan microcapsules entrapping well-distributed ferric oxide for the phosphate adsorption in vitro. At pH 3 and pH 5, Fe@CH bound phosphorus efficiently, with the capacity of 55 mg/g and 65 mg/g respectively, along with the excellent shell isolation from iron leakage and remarkable safety. Prospectively, the Fe@CH micro-sorbent is the proper candidate as the phosphate binder for hyperphosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xianlin Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Qian Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
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Uremic serum-induced calcification of human aortic smooth muscle cells is a regulated process involving Klotho and RUNX2. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:BSR20190599. [PMID: 31519772 PMCID: PMC6822531 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is common in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is an active process involving transdifferentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) into osteogenic phenotype. We investigated the ability of serum from CKD subjects to induce calcification in human SMCs in vitro (calcific potential of sera: CP), and associated changes in expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), SM22α, and Klotho. Sera from subjects with CKD (18 stage 3, 17 stage 4/5, and 29 stage 5D) and 20 controls were added to human cultured SMCs and CP quantified. The CP of CKD sera was greater (P<0.01) than that of controls, though not influenced by CKD stage. Modification of diet in renal disease estimated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD-4 eGFR) (P<0.001), serum phosphate (P=0.042), receptor activator of nuclear factor κappa-B ligand (RANKL) (P=0.001), parathyroid hormone (PTH) (P=0.014), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/cholesterol ratio (P=0.026) were independent predictors of CP accounting for 45% of variation. Adding calcification buffer (CB: calcium chloride [7 mM] and β-glycerophosphate [7 mM]) increased the CP of control sera to approximate that of CKD sera. CP of CKD sera was unchanged. CKD sera increased RUNX2 expression (P<0.01) in human SMCs and decreased SM22α expression (P<0.05). Co-incubating control but not CKD serum with CB further increased RUNX2 expression (P<0.01). Both SM22α and Klotho expression decreased significantly (P<0.01) in the presence of CKD serum, and were virtually abolished with stage 5D sera. These findings support active regulation by CKD serum of in vitro VC by induction of RUNX2 and suppression of SM22α and Klotho.
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Lin WJ, Lee SA. A novel iron-conjugated acid-modified chitosan derivatives as an oral phosphate binding agent to improve phosphorus adsorption efficacy in vitro and in vivo, synthesis and their characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:378-386. [PMID: 30832870 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current phosphate binders used for hyperphosphatemia treatment need large daily dose which make patients' compliance worse and the therapeutic efficacy may not conform the expectation. In this study, three polyacid modified iron-based chitosan derivatives were developed as an oral phosphate binding agent to improve phosphorus adsorption efficacy. The result showed that modification of chitosan by citric acid (CA) could facilitate the conjugation of iron by two folds (272.0 ± 12.1-315.3 ± 20.5 mg Fe/g vs. 141.0 ± 4.9-156.5 ± 8.3 mg Fe/g). All of these iron-based acid-modified chitosan had acceptable safety with cell viability >75% in the concentration up to 250 μg/mL. The stability in terms of iron release in pH 1.0 for 2 h was in the order of DPCS-NAc-CA-Fe (8.9 ± 2.3%) < DPCS-CA-Fe (19.1 ± 4.1%) < DADPCS-CA-Fe (24.6 ± 2.6%) indicating DPCS-NAc-CA-Fe was the most stable one. These iron-based acid-modified chitosan derivatives efficiently adsorbed 255.7 ± 11.3-271.2 ± 19.3 mg of phosphate especially in simulated gastro pH 1.0 in vitro. Furthermore, oral administration of DPCS-NAc-CA-Fe significantly lowered serum phosphorus level from 5.82 ± 0.45 mg/dL to 4.84 ± 0.56 mg/dL (p < 0.01) at 0.25% low feeding dose for 3 weeks without losing of weight, appetite, and activity of Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jen Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Drug Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shu An Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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de Castro BBA, do Carmo WB, de Albuquerque Suassuna PG, Carminatti M, Brito JB, Dominguez WV, de Oliveira IB, Jorgetti V, Custodio MR, Sanders-Pinheiro H. Effect of cross-linked chitosan iron (III) on vascular calcification in uremic rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:796-802. [PMID: 29763365 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218775035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-linked chitosan iron (III) is a chitin-derived polymer with a chelating effect on phosphorus, but it is untested in vascular calcification. We evaluated this compound's ability to reduce hyperphosphatemia and its effect on vascular calcification in uremic rats using an adenine-based, phosphorus-rich diet for seven weeks. We used a control group to characterize the uremia. Uremic rats were divided according the treatment into chronic kidney disease, CKD-Ch-Fe(III)CL (CKD-Ch), CKD-calcium carbonate, or CKD-sevelamer groups. We measured creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus excretion fraction, parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23. Vascular calcification was assessed using the aortic calcium content, and a semi-quantitative analysis was performed using Von Kossa and hematoxylin-eosin staining. At week seven, rats in the chronic kidney disease group had higher creatinine, phosphorus, phosphorus excretion fraction, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, fibroblast growth factor 23, and aortic calcium content than those in the Control group. Treatments with cross-linked chitosan iron (III) and calcium carbonate prevented phosphorus increase (20%-30% reduction). The aortic calcium content was lowered by 88% and 85% in the CKD-Ch and CKD-sevelamer groups, respectively. The prevalence of vascular changes was higher in the chronic kidney disease and CKD-calcium carbonate (62.5%) groups than in the CKD-Ch group (37.5%). In conclusion, cross-linked chitosan iron (III) had a phosphorus chelating effect similar to calcium carbonate already available for clinical use, and prevented calcium accumulation in the aorta. Impact statement Vascular calcification (VC) is a common complication due to CKD-related bone and mineral disorder (BMD) and is characterized by deposition of calcium in vessels. Effective therapies are not yet available but new phosphorus chelators can prevent complications from CV. We tested the effect of chitosan, a new phosphorus chelator, on the VC of uremic animals. It has recently been proposed that chitosan treatment may be effective in the treatment of hyperphosphataemia. However, its action on vascular calcification has not been investigated yet. In this study, we demonstrated that chitosan reduced the calcium content in the aorta, suggesting that this may be a therapeutic approach in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia by preventing CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bruna Abreu de Castro
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Reproductive Biology Center (CBR), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036900, Brazil.,2 Interdisciplinary Nucleus for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036330, Brazil
| | - Wander Barros do Carmo
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Reproductive Biology Center (CBR), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036900, Brazil.,2 Interdisciplinary Nucleus for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036330, Brazil
| | - Paulo Giovani de Albuquerque Suassuna
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Reproductive Biology Center (CBR), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036900, Brazil.,2 Interdisciplinary Nucleus for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036330, Brazil
| | - Moises Carminatti
- 2 Interdisciplinary Nucleus for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036330, Brazil
| | - Julia Bianchi Brito
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Reproductive Biology Center (CBR), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036900, Brazil.,2 Interdisciplinary Nucleus for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036330, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vasques Dominguez
- 3 Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Ivone Braga de Oliveira
- 3 Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Vanda Jorgetti
- 3 Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Melani Ribeiro Custodio
- 3 Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Helady Sanders-Pinheiro
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology (LABNEX) and Interdisciplinary Nucleus of Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Reproductive Biology Center (CBR), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036900, Brazil.,2 Interdisciplinary Nucleus for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036330, Brazil
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do Carmo WB, Castro BBA, Rodrigues CA, Custódio MR, Sanders-Pinheiro H. Chitosan-Fe (III) Complex as a Phosphate Chelator in Uraemic Rats: A Novel Treatment Option. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:120-125. [PMID: 28727296 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate retention and hyperphosphataemia are associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We tested the use of cross-linked iron chitosan III (CH-FeCl) as a potential phosphate chelator in rats with CKD. We evaluated 96 animals, divided equally into four groups (control, CKD, CH-FeCl and CKD/CH-FeCl), over 7 weeks. We induced CKD by feeding animals an adenine-enriched diet (0.75% in the first 4 weeks and 0.1% in the following 3 weeks). We administered 30 mg/kg daily of the test polymer, by gavage, from the third week until the end of the study. All animals received a diet supplemented with 1% phosphorus. Uraemia was confirmed by the increase in serum creatinine in week 4 (36.24 ± 18.56 versus 144.98 ± 22.1 μmol/L; p = 0.0001) and week 7 (41.55 ± 22.1 versus 83.98 ± 18.56 μmol/L; p = 0.001) in CKD animals. Rats from the CKD group treated with CH-FeCl had a 54.5% reduction in serum phosphate (6.10 ± 2.23 versus 2.78 ± 0.55 mmol/L) compared to a reduction of 25.6% in the untreated CKD group (4.75 ± 1.45 versus 3.52 ± 0.74 mmol/L, p = 0.021), between week 4 and week 7. At week 7, renal function in both CKD groups was similar (serum creatinine: 83.98 ± 18.56 versus 83.10 ± 23.87 μmol/L, p = 0.888); however, the CH-FeCl-treated rats had a reduction in phosphate overload measured by fractional phosphate excretion (FEPi) (0.71 ± 0.2 versus 0.4 ± 0.16, p = 0.006) compared to the untreated CKD group. Our study demonstrated that CH-FeCl had an efficient chelating action on phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wander Barros do Carmo
- Division of Clinical Medicine of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Center for Reproductive Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Bruna Abreu Castro
- Interdisciplinary Center for Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Center for Reproductive Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Antônio Rodrigues
- Nucleus of Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research (NIQFAR) of the University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | | | - Helady Sanders-Pinheiro
- Interdisciplinary Center for Laboratory Animal Studies (NIDEAL), Center for Reproductive Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Center for Studies and Research in Nephrology (NIEPEN), Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Division of Nephrology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Wu-Wong JR, Mizobuchi M. Is there a need for new phosphate binders to treat phosphate imbalance associated with chronic kidney disease? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1465-75. [PMID: 24965615 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.933808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mineral and bone disorder (MBD) begins early in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Phosphate imbalance in CKD-MBD can lead to various pathologies of clinical importance such as further deterioration of kidney function, cardiovascular complications, renal osteodystrophy and increased mortality. AREAS COVERED The authors conducted a systematic review of the biomedical literature to evaluate currently available drugs and new phosphate binder therapeutics in development. EXPERT OPINION There is a need to continue searching for novel phosphate binders that better match an 'ideal' product profile. This profile should have: i) a product that is highly efficient in binding phosphate; ii) low patient compliance issues; iii) minimal interaction with other drugs; and iv) reduced side effects and safety concerns. Targeting alternative mechanisms, such as developing inhibitors for intestinal type II sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter, may also improve the limitations of phosphate binder therapeutics. Current medical practice focuses on using serum phosphorus levels as the only marker for detecting, monitoring and treating phosphate imbalance in CKD. However, the consequences of phosphate imbalance are evident in non-dialysis patients before serum phosphate levels rise above the normal range. There is a need to search for other markers to guide detection and treatment of clinically significant alterations in phosphate metabolism of non-dialysis CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshyun Ruth Wu-Wong
- University of Illinois, Department of Pharmacy Practice , 2201 W. Campbell Park Dr., Suite 13, Chicago, IL 60612 , USA +1 847 863 9818 ; +1 847 680 6072 ;
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Nastou D, Fernández-Fernández B, Elewa U, González-Espinoza L, González-Parra E, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ortiz A. Next-Generation Phosphate Binders: Focus on Iron-Based Binders. Drugs 2014; 74:863-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schöninger LMR, Dall’Oglio RC, Sandri S, Rodrigues CA, Bürger C. Chitosan Iron(III) Reduces Phosphorus Levels in Alloxan Diabetes-Induced Rats with Signs of Renal Failure Development. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 106:467-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hernández RB, Franco AP, Yola OR, López-Delgado A, Felcman J, Recio MAL, Mercê ALR. Coordination study of chitosan and Fe3+. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sajiki J, Masumizu T. Inhibition of BPA degradation by serum as a hydroxyl radical scavenger and an Fe trapping agent in Fenton process. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 57:241-252. [PMID: 15312722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Identification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to bisphenol-A (BPA) degradation and monitoring of BPA at various concentrations in human serum under Fenton reaction conditions were carried out using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). BPA recovery decreased with increasing Fe concentration and time, both with a Fenton reaction using Fe(II), and with a Fenton-like reaction using Fe(III). In these reactions, BPA dose-dependently decreased the intensity of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO)-*OH, up to 1 microg/ml BPA, and no change in DMPO-O(2)(?-) intensity was observed. The decrease in BPA recovery was inhibited strongly by addition of serum under Fenton-like reaction conditions, and there was a negative correlation between turbidity and BPA recovery. To clarify the mechanism by which serum inhibits BPA degradation, the relationship between BPA recovery and sample turbidity, and characteristics of the precipitates were investigated using spectrophotometry and X-ray analysis. The precipitate formed in the serum-containing sample consisted of C, S, O, P and Fe. BPA degradation was also inhibited under Fenton-like reaction conditions in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and a precipitate consisting of O, P, and Fe appeared. Precipitates also appeared in authentic albumin and gamma-globulin when sulfate was added with Fenton reagents. After precipitate removal, both Fe and protein concentrations in the supernatant of the protein solutions with sulfate decreased with increasing Fe addition. We demonstrate here that hydroxyl radical generation from Fenton or Fenton-like reactions can degrade BPA, and that serum strongly inhibits BPA degradation, not only by competing with BPA for hydroxyl radicals, but also by trapping Fe with oxidative components present in the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Sajiki
- The Public Health Laboratory of Chiba Prefecture, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8715, Japan.
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Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) retention is a common problem in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly in those who have reached end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In addition to causing secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy, recent evidence suggests that, in ESRD patients, high serum phosphorus concentration and increased calcium and phosphorous (Ca x P) product are associated with vascular and cardiac calcifications and increased mortality. Dietary phosphorus restriction and Pi removal by dialysis are not sufficient to restore Pi homeostasis. Reduction of intestinal Pi absorption with the use of Pi binders is currently the primary treatment for Pi retention in patients with ESRD. The use of large doses of calcium-containing Pi binders along with calcitriol administration may contribute to over-suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion and adynamic bone disease as well as to a high incidence of vascular calcifications. When used in patients with impaired renal function, aluminium salts were found to accumulate in bone and other tissues, resulting in osteomalacia and encephalopathy.Sevelamer, an aluminium- and calcium-free Pi binder can reduce serum phosphorus concentration and is associated with a significantly lower incidence of hypercalcaemia, while maintaining the ability to suppress parathyroid hormone production. An additional benefit of sevelamer is its ability to lower low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of vascular calcifications in haemodialysis patients, which may lead to lower mortality. The use of sevelamer in non-dialysed patients might aggravate metabolic acidosis, common in these patients. Several other calcium-free Pi binders are in development. Lanthanum carbonate has shown significant promise in clinical trials in ESRD patients. Magnesium salts do not offer a significant advantage over currently available Pi binders. Their use is restricted to patients receiving dialysis since excess magnesium must be removed by dialysis. Iron-based compounds have shown variable efficacy in short-term clinical trials in small numbers of haemodialysis patients. Mixed metal hydroxyl carbonate compounds have shown efficacy in animals but have not been studied in humans. Major safety issues include absorption of the metal component with possible tissue accumulation and toxicity.
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Abstract
Hyperphosphataemia in haemodialysis patients is associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism and more importantly with an increased cardiovascular mortality in dialysed patients. Removal of phosphate during dialysis is less than net intestinal uptake. This imbalance results in a positive phosphate balance. To control serum phosphate concentration oral phosphate binders have to be taken to reduce net intestinal uptake. The use of classical phosphate binders such as calcium carbonate, calcium acetate and aluminium-containing phosphate binders is limited by their side effects. Hypercalcaemia aggravates vascular calcification and cardiovascular risk. Aluminium intoxication causes aluminium osteopathy, anaemia and encephalopathy. Therefore, the development of calcium- and aluminium free phosphate binders has become a challenge to clinical nephrology. Polyallylamine hydrochloride (sevelamer) is one of the new alternative compounds which has been shown to effectively bind phosphate in dialysis patients. A promising approach in the development of alternative phophate binders are trivalent-iron (Fe(III)) containing phosphate binders. They were not only successfully tested in experimental animals but have also been shown to reduce urinary phosphate excretion and serum phosphate concentrations in patients with preterminal failure and those on maintenance haemodialysis. This review outlines the experimental and clinical data on Fe-III based phosphate binders providing evidence that they will be as effective and safe as phosphate binders without the major side effects of classical phosphate-binding compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ritz
- Medizinische Klinik I der Universität Heidelberg, Sektion Nephrologie, Bergheimerstr. 56A, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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