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Álvarez-Zaballos S, Vázquez-Alen P, Muñoz P, de Alarcón A, Gutiérrez Carretero E, Álvarez-Uría A, Fariñas MC, Rodríguez-García R, Goenaga MÁ, Cuervo G, Plata-Ciezar A, Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Aldamiz-Echevarría G, Martínez-Sellés M. Prevalence and prognostic impact of stroke in a national cohort of infective endocarditis. Int J Stroke 2024:17474930241255560. [PMID: 38708722 DOI: 10.1177/17474930241255560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a common complication of infective endocarditis (IE). Our aim was to describe the prevalence and prognostic impact of stroke in a national cohort of IE. METHODS Consecutive inclusion at 46 Spanish hospitals between 2008 and 2021. RESULTS Out of 5667 IE cases, 1125 had acute stroke (19.8%): 818 ischemic strokes (811 cardioembolic strokes (193 with hemorrhagic transformation), 4 transient ischemic attacks, 3 lacunar infarctions), 127 intracranial hemorrhages, and 27 other neurological complications (cerebral abscesses, encephalitis, and meningitis). Compared to patients without stroke, those with stroke had a similar mean age (69 years) but were more frequently female (68.2% vs 63.7%, p = 0.04) and had a higher incidence of intracardiac complications (35% vs 30%, p = 0.01), surgical indication (69.9% vs 65.9%, p = 0.001), in-hospital mortality (40.9% vs 22.0%, p < 0.001), and 1-year mortality (46.2% vs 27.9%, p < 0.001). The following variables were independently associated with stroke: mitral location (odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.34-1.8, p < 0.001), vascular phenomenon (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 2.4-3.6, p = 0.0001), acute renal failure (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0-1.4, p = 0.021), septic shock (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6, p = 0.007), sepsis (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6, p = 0.005), surgery indicated but not performed (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2-1.7, p < 0.001), community-acquired IE (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1-1.4, p = 0.017), and peripheral embolization (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.4-1.9, p < 0.001). Stroke was an independent predictor of in-hospital (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.78-2.51, p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (hazard ratio = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.6-2.5). CONCLUSION One-fifth of patients with IE have concomitant stroke. Stroke is associated with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Álvarez-Zaballos
- Cardiology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Vázquez-Alen
- Neurology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arístides de Alarcón
- Infective Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, (UCEIMP), Hospital Virgen del Rocío Seville, Seville, Spain
- Grupo de Resistencias bacterianas y antimicrobianos (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- University of Seville/CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Encarnación Gutiérrez Carretero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Seville, Spain
- University of Seville/CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Cardiac Surgery Service CIBERCV, Hospital Virgen del Rocío Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Álvarez-Uría
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen Fariñas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas-CIBERINFEC (CB21/13/00068), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Raquel Rodríguez-García
- Intensive Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Goenaga
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Donosti, ISS Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cuervo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Plata-Ciezar
- Infectious Diseases Department, UGC de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Aldamiz-Echevarría
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Sellés
- Cardiology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Agur Cohen D, Braun E. Unusual subacute endocarditis following herpes zoster infection. a case report. Fam Pract 2024; 41:214-218. [PMID: 38069742 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper presents a rare case of subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) following a herpes zoster (HZ) episode, with no prior records found in the existing literature. PATIENT INFORMATION Specifically, we describe a case of a 76-year-old female whose diagnosis of SBE was hindered by the concurrent manifestation of HZ symptoms, which had emerged 3 weeks before the onset of SBE indicators. FOLLOW-UP AND OUTCOMES This delay in diagnosis resulted in profound complications, including a cerebrovascular accident and significant mitral valve destruction. DISCUSSION HZ episodes have not conventionally been linked in the medical literature to the occurrence of SBE. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that HZ infections have been associated with the development of other consequential bacterial infections, such as pneumonia and necrotizing fasciitis.This case underscores the necessity for medical practitioners to recognize the possibility of HZ symptoms obscuring indications of critical underlying conditions and infections. The implications of this report highlight the significance of maintaining heightened vigilance for signs of other severe infections when managing patients presenting with HZ symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikla Agur Cohen
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Family Physician Department, Haifa and West Galilee District, Clalit Health Service, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Braun
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Division of Internal Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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3
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Huang JB, Lu CC, Wen ZK, Yang JR, Li JJ. Surgical treatment of left-sided infective endocarditis with symptomatic neurological complications before surgery in China. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1217148. [PMID: 37736022 PMCID: PMC10510404 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1217148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to investigate surgical treatment of left-sided infective endocarditis with symptomatic neurological complications before surgery. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients with left-sided infective endocarditis and symptomatic neurological complications before surgery undergoing cardiac surgery between January 2006 and November 2022 at our hospital. Results Eight hundred thirty-two patients were divided into group with symptomatic neurological complications before surgery (n = 112) and without symptomatic neurological complications before surgery (n = 720). There were 48 operative deaths (5.4%). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that symptomatic neurological complications before surgery is statistically significantly associated with in-hospital mortality following cardiac surgery and prolonged intubation time. Conclusions Our study showed that symptomatic neurological complications before surgery are associated with increased in-hospital mortality following cardiac surgery and prolonged intubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-bin Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
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Giri S, Shrestha B, Gajurel BP, Sapkota D, Gautam N, Shrestha A. Staphylococcal endocarditis with meningitis and basal ganglia infarcts mimicking meningococcemia. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05548. [PMID: 35261776 PMCID: PMC8888920 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the common causes of infective endocarditis (IE). IE can present with various neurological complications such as stroke, brain abscess, and meningitis, the mortality rate can be very high in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Giri
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Bhushan Shrestha
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | | | - Dharmendra Sapkota
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Niraj Gautam
- Department of Neurology Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Ashish Shrestha
- Department of Neurology Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
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5
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Optimal Timing of Surgery for Patients with Active Infective Endocarditis. Cardiol Clin 2021; 39:197-209. [PMID: 33894934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but serious condition with a dismal prognosis. One of the keys to improving outcomes is the prompt identification of high-risk patients who have intracardiac and extracardiac (systemic and neurologic) complications. However, as cardiac and extracardiac complications indicating surgery add to the surgical risk for active IE, controversies surround the optimal indication and timing for surgery, especially in patients presenting neurologic complications. This article reviews the necessary evaluation for patients with suspected IE and proposes a state-of-the-art patient flow chart for evaluation of suspected IE.
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6
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Yokoyama Y, Goto T. Midterm outcomes of early versus late surgery for infective endocarditis with neurologic complications: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 16:49. [PMID: 33766081 PMCID: PMC7992857 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-021-01425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral infarction (CI) remains one of the most common and fatal complications of infective endocarditis (IE), and the timing of surgery for IE with neurologic complications is controversial. As outcomes beyond the perioperative period have not been assessed with a meta-analysis previously, we conducted a meta-analysis comparing mid- to long-term outcomes of early and late surgery in patients with IE and neurologic complications. METHODS All studies that investigated early and late surgery in patients with IE and neurologic complications were identified. The primary and secondary endpoints were all-cause mortality and recurrence, respectively. Hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality and recurrence were extracted from each study. RESULTS Our search identified five eligible studies, which were all observational studies consisting of a total of 624 patients with IE and neurologic complications. Pooled analyses demonstrated that all-cause mortality was similar between the early and late surgery groups (HR [95% confidence interval [CI]] = 0.90 [0.49-1.64]; P = 0.10; I2 = 49%). Similarly, the recurrence rates were similar between both groups (HR [95% CI] = 1.86 [0.76-4.52]; P = 0.43; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis showed similar mortality and recurrent rates between the early and late surgery groups. The optimal timing of surgery should be individualized on a case-to-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yokoyama
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Taichiro Goto
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, 400-8506, Japan.
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7
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Gopal M, Lakhani S, Lee VH. Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with Unsuspected Infective Endocarditis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 30:105502. [PMID: 33360518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infective endocarditis (IE) is considered to be an absolute contraindication for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator treatment (IVtPA) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, during the hyperacute stroke evaluation, the exclusion of IE may be difficult. We sought to report the prevalence of undiagnosed IE in AIS patients who received IVtPA. METHODS We reviewed consecutive patients hospitalized at our comprehensive stroke center from January 1, 2014 to March 31, 2019 who received IVtPA for suspected AIS and identified patients diagnosed with IE. Data was abstracted on demographics, medical history, clinical presentation, last known normal (LKN) time, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), neuroimaging, culture results, and 90 day modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Good functional outcome was defined as mRS ≤ 2. RESULTS Among 1022 AIS patients who received IVtPA, 5 patients (0.5%) were ultimately diagnosed with IE. Among the 5 patients with IE, the mean age was 53.4 years (range, 25-74) and 3 (60%) were female. The majority 4 (80%) were white. Medical risk factors for IE were present in 3 (60%) and included intravenous drug use (1) and dialysis (2). Initial NIHSS was 4.6 (range, 1 to 8). Fever was present on initial presentation in only 1 patient (102.7 F). The mean time from LKN to IVtPA was 3.0 hours (range, 1.9 to 4.4). Vascular imaging showed middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in 4 (80%) and no occlusion in 1 (20%). One patient underwent endovascular thrombectomy. Two patients (40%) developed hemorrhagic complications, including 1 patient who developed subarachnoid hemorrhage due to mycotic cerebral aneurysm rupture. Blood culture results included MRSE (1), Streptococcus viridans (2) and negative (2). TEE in all patients showed vegetations on the mitral valve. No patients had good functional outcomes, and the mean 3 month mRS was 4.8 (range, 3 to 6). The 90 day mortality was 60%. CONCLUSION In a series of AIS patients who received IVtPA by academic vascular neurologists, the risk of undiagnosed IE was low (0.5%). Fever was not commonly present during initial evaluation in IE presenting with AIS. Despite affecting younger patients with initial mild deficits, AIS patients with IE who received IVtPA had poor functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Gopal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10(th) Avenue, Suite 3172D, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Sushil Lakhani
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10(th) Avenue, Suite 3172D, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Vivien H Lee
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10(th) Avenue, Suite 3172D, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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8
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D'Anna L. Endovascular treatment of ischemic large-vessel stroke due to infective endocarditis: case series and review of the literature. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3517-3525. [PMID: 32700224 PMCID: PMC7655561 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical thrombectomy is the standard of care, in selected patients, for acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion but its use in patients with stroke secondary to infective endocarditis is controversial. We report three cases of acute ischemic stroke treated by mechanical thrombectomy and we propose an extensive review of the literature to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of thrombectomy in patients with stroke secondary to infective endocarditis. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed following a pre-specified protocol of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Case reports, cases series, cross-sectional studies, case control studies, randomized controlled trials or nonrandomized controlled trials were considered that included endocarditis-related acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy. RESULTS The database search yielded 431 relevant records published until January 2020. Nineteen articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria that described thirty patients. After the thrombectomy, 13.3% of the patients experienced intracranial haemorrhage. After the procedure, the median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score dropped from 15 (IQR 7) to 2.5 (IQR 5.75). At 90 days, mortality was 23.3% while 46.7% of the patients were functionally independent (mRS ≤ 2). DISCUSSION Based on our review, the use of mechanical thrombectomy in patients with large vessel occlusion due to endocarditis-associated stroke might improve patient outcome but it should be considered on a case by case base as the safety has not been well established yet. Further research on risk stratification is needed to drive clinician during the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio D'Anna
- Department of Stroke and Neurosciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK.
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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9
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Huang G, Johnson LL, Peacock JE, Tegeler C, Davis K, Sarwal A. Transcranial Doppler Emboli Monitoring for Infective Endocarditis. J Neuroimaging 2020; 30:486-492. [PMID: 32488942 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemic stroke can occur in 20-55% of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) with 75% occurring during the first 2 weeks of treatment. CT or MRI brain can diagnose the sequelae of stroke but transcranial Doppler (TCD) can document active embolization. We undertook a retrospective review of our patient cohort and a systematic review of literature to assess the role of TCD in early diagnosis and management of ischemic stroke in IE. METHODS Retrospective chart review and literature review. RESULTS We found 89 patients with stroke caused by IE at our institution from December 2011 to April 2018. TCDs were obtained on 26 patients; 16 were abnormal for cerebrovascular abnormalities. Only 4 patients had 30-minute emboli monitoring performed, of which one revealed emboli. We found 3 studies investigating the role of TCDs in IE that showed promise in its use as a predictive tool in stroke risk stratification. CONCLUSIONS Presence of embolization in the form of high-intensity transient signals (HITS) detected on TCDs can be used for early diagnosis of IE, assessing efficacy of antibiotic therapy, and stratification of stroke risk in IE. This can aid further research into testing preventative interventions for reducing stroke burden in IE such as earlier valvular surgery or vacuum-assisted vegetation extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Leilani L Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - James E Peacock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Charles Tegeler
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kyle Davis
- Department of Pharmacy, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Aarti Sarwal
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
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Kadam M, Birns J, Bhalla A. The management of infective endocarditis complicated by stroke. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74:e13469. [PMID: 31877574 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kadam
- Department of Aging and Health, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Birns
- Department of Aging and Health, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ajay Bhalla
- Department of Aging and Health, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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11
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Safety and Efficacy of Thrombolysis and Mechanical Thrombectomy in Infective Endocarditis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104784. [PMID: 32205025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Long-term Outcome of Neurological Complications after Infective Endocarditis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3994. [PMID: 32132599 PMCID: PMC7055329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe neurological complications following infective endocarditis remain a major problem with high mortality rate. The long-term neurological consequences following infective endocarditis remain uncertain. Otherwise, neurosurgeries could be performed after these complications; however, few clinical series have reported the results. Therefore, we utilized a large, nationwide database to unveil the long-term mortality and neurosurgical outcome following infective endocarditis. We included patients with a first-time discharge diagnosis of infective endocarditis between January 2001 and December 2013 during hospitalization. Patients were further divided into subgroups consisting of neurological complications under neurosurgical treatment and complications under non-neurosurgical treatment. Long-term result of symptomatic neurological complications after infective endocarditis and all-cause mortality after different kinds of neurosurgeries were analyzed. There were 16,495 patients with infective endocarditis included in this study. Symptomatic neurological complications occurred in 1,035 (6.27%) patients, of which 279 (26.96%) accepted neurosurgical procedures. Annual incidence of neurological complications gradually increased from 3.6% to 7.4% (P < 0.001). The mortality rate among these patients was higher than that among patients without complications (48.5% vs. 46.1%, P = 0.012, increased from 20% initially to nearly 50% over the 5-year follow-up). However, neurosurgery had no effect on the long-term mortality rate (50.9% vs. 47.6%, P = 0.451). Incidence of neurological complications post-infective endocarditis is increasing, and patients with these complications have higher mortality rates than patients without. Neurosurgery in these populations was not associated with higher long-term mortality. Therefore, it should not be ruled out as an option for those with neurological complications.
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13
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Kytö V, Ahtela E, Sipilä J, Rautava P, Gunn J. Mechanical versus biological valve prosthesis for surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with infective endocarditis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2020; 29:386-392. [PMID: 31121026 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The optimal choice of valve prosthesis in surgical aortic valve replacement for infective endocarditis (IE) is controversial. We studied outcomes after mechanical versus biological prosthetic valve surgical aortic valve replacement in IE patients. METHODS All patients with native-valve IE aged 16-70 years undergoing mechanical or biological surgical aortic valve replacement in Finland, between 2004 and 2014, were retrospectively studied (n = 213). Outcomes were all-cause mortality, ischaemic stroke, major bleeding and aortic valve reoperation at 1 year and 5 years. Results were adjusted for baseline features (age, sex, comorbidity burden, atrial fibrillation, valvular stenosis, concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting, extension, urgency, year and centre of operation). Median follow-up was 5 years. RESULTS The 5-year mortality rate was 19.0% with mechanical prostheses and 34.8% with biological prostheses [hazard ratio (HR) 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23-0.92; P = 0.03]. Ischaemic stroke rates were 8.3% with mechanical prostheses and 16.8% with biological prostheses at 5 years (HR 0.21, CI 0.06-0.79; P = 0.01). Results were comparable in patients aged 16-59 and 60-70 years (interaction P = 0.84). Major bleeding within 5 years was similar between mechanical (11.3%) and biological valve (13.4%) groups (P = 0.95) with comparable rates of both gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeds. Reoperation rates at 5 years were 5.0% for mechanical prostheses and 9.2% for biological prostheses (P = 0.14). The 1-year ischaemic stroke rate was lower with mechanical prostheses (3.6% vs 11.6%, P =0.03), whereas mortality, major bleeding and reoperation rates were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of mechanical aortic valve is associated with lower mid-term mortality compared to biological prosthesis in patients with native-valve IE aged ≤70 years. Our results do not support the routine choice of a biological aortic valve prosthesis in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Kytö
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Ahtela
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Sipilä
- Siun sote, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland.,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi Rautava
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Clinical Research Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Gunn
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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14
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O'Connor KP, Perez GS, Ray B, Peterson JEG, Bohnstedt BN. Histopathological examination of an embolus in infective endocarditis: Case report and review of the literature. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Kargiotis O, Psychogios K, Safouris A, Magoufis G, Zervas PD, Stamboulis E, Tsivgoulis G. The Role of Transcranial Doppler Monitoring in Patients with Multi‐Territory Acute Embolic Strokes: A Review. J Neuroimaging 2019; 29:309-322. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Apostolos Safouris
- Stroke UnitMetropolitan Hospital Piraeus Greece
- Second Department of NeurologyNational & Kapodistiran University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital Athens Greece
| | | | - Paschalis D. Zervas
- Second Department of NeurologyNational & Kapodistiran University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital Athens Greece
| | | | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of NeurologyNational & Kapodistiran University of Athens, School of Medicine, “Attikon” University Hospital Athens Greece
- Department of NeurologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN
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Ashkanani A, Bitar Z, Maadrani O. Acute stroke thrombolysis in infective endocarditis. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2018; 6:2050313X18807629. [PMID: 30364436 PMCID: PMC6196617 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x18807629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is not recommended for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in patients with infective endocarditis due to the risk of hemorrhagic transformation of septic emboli and few reported cases in the literature. Here, we present the successful outcome of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator administration for a patient with acute ischemic stroke who was later found to have infective endocarditis. This case adds to the small number of cases reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zouhair Bitar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ahmadi Hospital, Al Ahmadi, Kuwait
| | - Osama Maadrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ahmadi Hospital, Al Ahmadi, Kuwait
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Wang Y, Zhao W, Lu J, Li G, Peng B, Wang H. Recurrent Acute Ischemic Stroke after Infective Endocarditis Caused by Streptococcus Constellatus : First Case Report and Analysis of the Case Series. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:e180-e189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Cunha BA, Jimada I, Chawla K. Intracranial complications of acute bacterial endocarditis. Surg Neurol Int 2018; 9:107. [PMID: 29930873 PMCID: PMC5991278 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_67_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infectious endocarditis (IE) clinically manifests as either subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) or acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE). Neurologic manifestations are markedly different for these two entities. ABE is caused by invasive, highly virulent pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus), whereas SBE is attributed to relatively avirulent, non-invasive organisms (e.g., viridans streptococci). Methods: Here, we reviewed the clinical and radiographic presentations of a patient with cranial complications attributed to ABE. Such patients typically develop central nervous system (CNS) septic emboli resulting in stroke (with/without intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)) and/or mycotic aneurysms resulting in ICH bleeds. Results: With ABE, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) seeding may result in acute bacterial meningitis (ABM), documented by positive Gram stain and/or culture for S. aureus, decreased glucose, highly elevated lactose acid levels, or ICH. Alternatively, in SBE, the CSF profile reflects an aseptic (viral) meningitis (i.e., Gram stain and culture negative, a normal glucose, and lymphocytic pleocytosis), while septic microemboli to the vasa vasorum contribute to an inflammatory reaction in the adventitia/muscle layer that weakens the vessel wall and results in mycotic aneurysms that may leak but often do not rupture causing ICH. Conclusion: Here, we reviewed the literature for intracranial pathology accompanying ABE versus SBE. ABE typically results in acute ischemia, septic emboli, stroke/hemorrhagic infarcts, or ICH. SBE more classically produces septic microemboli and mycotic aneurysms that may leak, but rarely producing ICH. We also presented a patient with ABE attributed to S. aureus whose septic emboli/stroke was accompanied by a mycotic aneurysm; the ruptured resulting in a large right occipital ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burke A Cunha
- Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA.,State University of New York, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ismail Jimada
- Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA.,State University of New York, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Karishma Chawla
- Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA.,State University of New York, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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18F-FDG-PET/CT Imaging to Diagnose Septic Emboli and Mycotic Aneurysms in Patients with Endocarditis and Cardiac Device Infections. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:14. [PMID: 29511975 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-0956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review analyzes recent studies evaluating the diagnostic value of 18F-FDG-PET/CT for the detection of peripheral emboli and secondary infectious foci in patients with infective endocarditis and cardiac device infections. RECENT FINDINGS Detection of extracardiac septic localizations in patients with infective endocarditis and cardiac device infections is crucial, as it may impact the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management. Recent literature substantiated the clinical usefulness of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in this setting. 18F-FDG-PET/CT has proven its high diagnostic value for the detection of peripheral emboli in patients with infective endocarditis and cardiac device infections, substantially affecting patients' outcome and treatment. A multimodal approach, combining the high sensitivity of 18F-FDG-PET/CT with morphological imaging seems promising.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review analyzes recent studies evaluating the diagnostic and therapeutic impacts of systematic extracardiac imaging techniques in patients with suspected or proven infective endocarditis. RECENT FINDINGS Extracardiac imaging techniques are more and more frequently used to establish infective endocarditis (IE) diagnosis in doubtful situations. They also help in evaluating the risk-benefit balance of therapeutic strategies and particularly valvular surgery which is performed in approximately 50% of patients. Latest research underlines the high frequency of asymptomatic lesions found, and a different advantage-disadvantage profile for each of these techniques. Extracardiac imaging techniques are helpful in doubtful situations and may be considered in other situations. Their interest for improving patients' prognosis remains to be established.
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Yanagawa B, Pettersson GB, Habib G, Ruel M, Saposnik G, Latter DA, Verma S. Surgical Management of Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Embolic Stroke: Practical Recommendations for Clinicians. Circulation 2017; 134:1280-1292. [PMID: 27777297 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been an overall improvement in surgical mortality for patients with infective endocarditis (IE), presumably because of improved diagnosis and management, centered around a more aggressive early surgical approach. Surgery is currently performed in approximately half of all cases of IE. Improved survival in surgery-treated patients is correlated with a reduction in heart failure and the prevention of embolic sequelae. It is reported that between 20% and 40% of patients with IE present with stroke or other neurological conditions. It is for these IE patients that the timing of surgical intervention remains a point of considerable discussion and debate. Despite evidence of improved survival in IE patients with earlier surgical treatment, a significant proportion of patients with IE and preexisting neurological complications either undergo delayed surgery or do not have surgery at all, even when surgery is indicated and guideline endorsed. Physicians and surgeons are caught in a common conundrum where the urgency of the heart operation must be balanced against the real or perceived risks of neurological exacerbation. Recent data suggest that the risk of neurological exacerbation may be lower than previously believed. Current guidelines reflect a shift toward early surgery for such patients, but there continue to be important areas of clinical equipoise. Individualized clinical assessment is of major importance for decision making, and, as such, we emphasize the need for the functioning of an endocarditis team, including cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, infectious diseases specialists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and interventional neuroradiologists. Here, we present 2 illustrative cases, critically review contemporary data, and offer conceptual and practical suggestions for clinicians to address this important, common, and often fatal cardiac condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Yanagawa
- From Division of Cardiac Surgery (B.Y., D.L., S.V.) and Division of Neurology (G.S.), St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH (G.B.P.); Aix-Marseille Université and Cardiology Department, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France (G.H.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (M.R.)
| | - Gosta B Pettersson
- From Division of Cardiac Surgery (B.Y., D.L., S.V.) and Division of Neurology (G.S.), St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH (G.B.P.); Aix-Marseille Université and Cardiology Department, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France (G.H.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (M.R.)
| | - Gilbert Habib
- From Division of Cardiac Surgery (B.Y., D.L., S.V.) and Division of Neurology (G.S.), St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH (G.B.P.); Aix-Marseille Université and Cardiology Department, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France (G.H.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (M.R.)
| | - Marc Ruel
- From Division of Cardiac Surgery (B.Y., D.L., S.V.) and Division of Neurology (G.S.), St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH (G.B.P.); Aix-Marseille Université and Cardiology Department, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France (G.H.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (M.R.)
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- From Division of Cardiac Surgery (B.Y., D.L., S.V.) and Division of Neurology (G.S.), St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH (G.B.P.); Aix-Marseille Université and Cardiology Department, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France (G.H.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (M.R.)
| | - David A Latter
- From Division of Cardiac Surgery (B.Y., D.L., S.V.) and Division of Neurology (G.S.), St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH (G.B.P.); Aix-Marseille Université and Cardiology Department, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France (G.H.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (M.R.)
| | - Subodh Verma
- From Division of Cardiac Surgery (B.Y., D.L., S.V.) and Division of Neurology (G.S.), St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH (G.B.P.); Aix-Marseille Université and Cardiology Department, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France (G.H.); and Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (M.R.).
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22
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Pettersson GB, Coselli JS, Pettersson GB, Coselli JS, Hussain ST, Griffin B, Blackstone EH, Gordon SM, LeMaire SA, Woc-Colburn LE. 2016 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: Executive summary. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 153:1241-1258.e29. [PMID: 28365016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gösta B Pettersson
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Joseph S Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
| | | | - Gösta B Pettersson
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joseph S Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
| | - Syed T Hussain
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Brian Griffin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eugene H Blackstone
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Steven M Gordon
- Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Scott A LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
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23
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Hodges KE, Hussain ST, Stewart WJ, Pettersson GB. Surgical management of infective endocarditis complicated by ischemic stroke. J Card Surg 2016; 32:9-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jocs.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Hodges
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Syed T. Hussain
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Ohio
| | | | - Gosta B. Pettersson
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Ohio
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Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Previously a uniformly fatal disease, antibiotic therapy has reduced the mortality of native valve endocarditis to less than 20%. The incidence of infective endocarditis has not decreased, however, and 20,000 new cases are reported each year. Continued improvement in the prognosis of endocarditis is largely dependent on early and accurate diagnosis of the disease and its complications. Echocardiography has assumed an important role in the evaluation of infective endocarditis, both for the detection of vegetations and in the assessment of complications of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla J. Peters
- Cooper University Hospital, Division of Cardiology, Echocardiography Laboratory, Camden, NJ,
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25
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A Meta-Analysis of Early versus Delayed Surgery for Valvular Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Embolic Ischemic Stroke. INNOVATIONS-TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN CARDIOTHORACIC AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2016; 11:187-92. [DOI: 10.1097/imi.0000000000000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective An embolic ischemic stroke occurs in 10% to 40% of patients with valvular infective endocarditis (IE) and confers significant morbidity. The optimal timing of valve surgery in this population is not well defined. Methods With the use of PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, and Cochrane databases, a systematic review identified 14 studies through October 2015 that compared early versus delayed surgery for valvular IE complicated by an ischemic stroke. Early surgery was defined as 3 days or less in one, 7 days or less in eight, and 14 days or less in five studies. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated by the Mantel-Haenszel method under a fixed- or random-effects model, for the outcomes of perioperative stroke, operative mortality, and 1-year survival. Results A total of 833 patients (early surgery, 330; delayed surgery, 503) were included. The majority of operations were for aortic and/or mitral valve IE, with prosthetic valve IE present in 0% to 60%. Infection with Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 19% to 66%, and heart failure prevalence at the time of operation was 24% to 66%. Early surgery was associated with an increased risk of operative mortality (RR, 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–2.34; P = 0.0005), which was significant regardless of surgery within the first 7 days (RR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.45–3.31; P = 0.0002) or 14 days (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.12–2.64; P = 0.01) after stroke. Surgical timing did not affect the risk of perioperative ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or 1-year survival. Conclusions In patients with valvular IE complicated by ischemic stroke, early surgery is associated with an increased risk of operative mortality, with no observed benefit in 1-year survival.
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Mihos CG, Pineda AM, Santana O. A Meta-Analysis of Early versus Delayed Surgery for Valvular Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Embolic Ischemic Stroke. INNOVATIONS-TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN CARDIOTHORACIC AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/155698451601100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos G. Mihos
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andres M. Pineda
- Columbia University Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL USA
| | - Orlando Santana
- Columbia University Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL USA
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Abstract
In this review, cardiac arrest is discussed, with a focus on neuroprognostication and the emerging data, with regard to identifying more accurate predictors of neurologic outcomes in the era of therapeutic hypothermia. Topics discussed include recent controversies with regard to targeted temperature management in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest; neurologic complications associated with surgical disease and procedures, namely aortic dissection, infective endocarditis, left ventricular assist devices, and coronary artery bypass grafting; and the cause, pathogenesis, and management of neurogenic stunned myocardium.
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Habeeb K, Stankewicz H, Axelband J, Melanson S. The infected heart: ventriculoseptal abscess and intracardiac fistulization. Am J Emerg Med 2015. [PMID: 26212894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a rare but potentially deadly infection of the endocardial layer, which can involve the valves of the heart among other structures. The extraordinarily rare complication seen in this case involves extensive damage manifesting in an aortic root abscess resulting in an abnormal communication between the aorta and the atrium known as an aortocavitary fistula (Eur Heart J 2005;26:288-297; Pediatr Cardiol 2011;32:1057-1059; J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:663-667). As the disease progresses, wading through the complex symptoms, which may seem unrelated, represents a key challenge in diagnosis. This case describes both early and late findings of endocarditis and highlights a rare complication in which rapid diagnosis and early surgical intervention before the development of hemodynamic sequelae are paramount. In this case, infective endocarditis, a great masquerader in this case, provided a challenging diagnostic situation, a very rare complication, and commonalities of disease characteristics that health care provider should appreciate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Habeeb
- St Luke's University Hospital, Bethlehem, PA 18018.
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Ng CS, Mohamad S, Maskon O. Medical therapy of a left-sided native valve endocarditis with neurologic sequela. Saudi Med J 2015; 36:743-6. [PMID: 25987119 PMCID: PMC4454911 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.6.11420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis could present with a plethora of signs and symptoms. Among the rarity of its presentation is acute confusion associated with neurological deficits, mimicking stroke especially in the young population. We report a case of a 33-year-old young man with acute right-sided hemiparesis and confusion 2 weeks after tooth extraction. The brain CT and MRI was consistent with new infarction on the left middle and anterior cerebral arteries’ territory. Echocardiography unveiled the existence of posterior mitral valve leaflet vegetation. Blood culture grew Group B beta-haemolytic Streptococcus, sensitive to penicillin. Two weeks of intravenous gentamicin with 6 weeks of intravenous benzylpenicillin were administered. In this case report, we highlight the importance of recognition of infective endocarditis in a young patient presenting with cerebrovascular accident following tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon S Ng
- Department of Medicine, National University of Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail.
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30
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Vegetation in an ascending aortic graft: Three major complications in vascular fields – Case report. ANGIOLOGIA E CIRURGIA VASCULAR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancv.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Vahdat K, Patel S, Banchs J. The short life of an aortic cusp aneurysm: a case report. Echocardiography 2014; 32:868-71. [PMID: 25409977 DOI: 10.1111/echo.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a 42-year-old man with a history of lymphoma who is admitted with symptoms of chest pain, ST elevation changes, and elevated troponins. Immediate bedside echocardiographic evaluation led to an aborted urgent coronary angiography and a diagnosis of presumed endocarditis. Transesophageal echocardiography (TTE) subsequently revealed an aortic noncoronary cusp aneurysm masking as vegetation. The rapid assessment by TTE and transesophageal echocardiogram prevented an alternate course for this patient's management. We reviewed the necessity of heart catheterization in patients with significantly elevated troponins, pericarditis symptoms, and the rare sighting of aortic valve cusp aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Vahdat
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Usefulness of anticoagulant therapy in the prevention of embolic complications in patients with acute infective endocarditis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:254187. [PMID: 25110667 PMCID: PMC4119712 DOI: 10.1155/2014/254187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background. The use of anticoagulant therapy (ACT) in patients with acute infective endocarditis (IE) remains a controversial issue. Our study attempts to estimate the impact of ACT on the occurrence of embolic complications and the usefulness of ACT in the prevention of embolism in IE patients. Methods. The present authors analyzed 150 patients with left-sided IE. Embolisms including cerebrovascular events (CVE) and the use of ACT were checked at the time of admission and during hospitalization. Results. 57 patients (38.0%) experienced an embolic event. There was no significant difference in the incidence of CVE and in-hospital mortality between patients with and without warfarin use at admission, although warfarin-naïve patients were significantly more likely to have large (>1 cm) and mobile vegetation. In addition, there was no significant difference in the incidence of postadmission embolism and in-hospital death between patients with and without in-hospital ACT. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, ACT at admission was not significantly associated with a lower risk of embolism in patients with IE. Conclusions. The role of ACT in the prevention of embolism was limited in IE patients undergoing antibiotic therapy, although it seems to reduce the embolic potential of septic vegetation before treatment.
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Wilbring M, Irmscher L, Alexiou K, Matschke K, Tugtekin SM. The impact of preoperative neurological events in patients suffering from native infective valve endocarditis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 18:740-7. [PMID: 24595248 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivu039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infective native valve endocarditis (NVE) complicated by a preoperative neurological event still remains a surgical challenge. Particularly, great uncertainty exists with regard to the optimal timing of surgery. We call for a multidisciplinary team approach for individualized risk estimation and analysed our experience obtained over the past decade. METHODS Between 1997 and 2012, a total of 495 patients underwent valve surgery for the treatment of NVE. Of these, 70 (14.1%) patients suffered from NVE complicated by an acute neurological event and formed the study group. The remaining 425 (85.9%) patients served as the control group. The mean age of the predominantly male (80.0%) study population was 54 ± 14 years. EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II predicted a high surgical risk (24.9 ± 6.8 and 10.8 ± 8.1%, respectively). The mean follow-up time was 4.0 ± 3.1 years, ranging up to 15.6 years with an interquartile range from 1.7 to 5.4 years. An interdisciplinary team consisting of a cardiac surgeon, a cardiologist and a neurologist made the decision for surgery. RESULTS Observed neurological deficits mainly consisted of ischaemic stroke (75.7%), meningoencephalitis (12.9%) and intracerebral haemorrhage (8.6%). The mean time interval between the neurological event and surgery was 8.7 ± 10.3 days for all patients, 8.0 ± 7.0 days for ischaemic stroke and 17 ± 24 days for intracerebral haemorrhage. Postoperatively, most of the patients experienced no change (22.9%) or even improvement (67.1%) of their neurological symptoms. Only 10.0% showed further deterioration of their neurological status. This was particularly true for patients suffering from intracerebral haemorrhage, with 33.3% experiencing further neurological impairment. The presence of a preoperative neurological event was identified as an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality (OR 2.66; 95% CI: 1.02-6.78; P = 0.046) but not for mortality during further follow-up (P = 0.257). The hospital mortality rate was 17.2%; and the 1-, 5- and 10-year survival rates were 74.3, 68 ± 5.0 and 67.1 ± 9.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NVE complicated by neurological events remains a challenging disease with high mortality and morbidity. Cardiac surgery seemed to be safe in the observed time interval, particularly for patients suffering from ischaemic stroke. A multidisciplinary approach is advocated for very individualized risk estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wilbring
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Heart Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Irmscher
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Heart Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Konstantin Alexiou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Heart Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Matschke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Heart Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sems-Malte Tugtekin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Heart Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Dalager-Pedersen M, Søgaard M, Schønheyder HC, Nielsen H, Thomsen RW. Risk for Myocardial Infarction and Stroke After Community-Acquired Bacteremia. Circulation 2014; 129:1387-96. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.006699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Infections may trigger acute cardiovascular events, but the risk after community-acquired bacteremia is unknown. We assessed the risk for acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke within 1 year of community-acquired bacteremia.
Methods and Results—
This population-based cohort study was conducted in Northern Denmark. We included 4389 hospitalized medical patients with positive blood cultures obtained on the day of admission. Patients hospitalized with bacteremia were matched with up to 10 general population controls and up to 5 acutely admitted nonbacteremic controls, matched on age, sex, and calendar time. All incident events of myocardial infarction and stroke during the following 365 days were ascertained from population-based healthcare databases. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for myocardial infarction and stroke among bacteremia patients and their controls. The risk for myocardial infarction or stroke was greatly increased within 30 days of community-acquired bacteremia: 3.6% versus 0.2% among population controls (adjusted relative risk, 20.86; 95% CI, 15.38–28.29) and 1.7% among hospitalized controls (adjusted relative risk, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.80–2.65). The risks for myocardial infarction or stroke remained modestly increased from 31 to 180 days after bacteremia in comparison with population controls (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.18–2.27), but not versus hospitalized controls (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.69–1.32). No differences in cardiovascular risk were seen after >6 months. Increased 30-day risks were consistently found for a variety of etiologic agents and infectious foci.
Conclusions—
Community-acquired bacteremia is associated with increased short-term risk of myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dalager-Pedersen
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (M.D.-P., H.N.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.D.-P., M.S., R.W.T.); and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.C.S.)
| | - Mette Søgaard
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (M.D.-P., H.N.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.D.-P., M.S., R.W.T.); and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.C.S.)
| | - Henrik Carl Schønheyder
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (M.D.-P., H.N.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.D.-P., M.S., R.W.T.); and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.C.S.)
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (M.D.-P., H.N.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.D.-P., M.S., R.W.T.); and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.C.S.)
| | - Reimar Wernich Thomsen
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (M.D.-P., H.N.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (M.D.-P., M.S., R.W.T.); and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (H.C.S.)
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Lee SJ, Oh SS, Lim DS, Na CY, Kim JH. Clinical significance of cerebrovascular complications in patients with acute infective endocarditis: a retrospective analysis of a 12-year single-center experience. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:30. [PMID: 24528538 PMCID: PMC3928916 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular complications (CVCs) frequently occur in patients with acute infective endocarditis (IE). The aim of this study is to describe the clinical findings of CVCs and to evaluate the impact of CVCs on long-term mortality in patients with IE. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 144 patients who fulfilled the modified Duke's criteria for definite left-sided IE. CVCs were classified into minor (silent cerebral embolism, TIA and stroke with an initial modified Rankin scale ≤ 2) or major (an initial modified Rankin scale ≥ 3) CVCs. Cox proportional hazards model was used for mortality analysis. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained. RESULTS The mean age of the 144 patients (96 males and 48 females) was 49.1 years (range 6-85 years). A CVC was found in 37 (25.7%) patients. Of these, 25 were treated with surgical therapy. The patients who underwent early surgery within 2 weeks after stroke had a statistical trend toward a higher risk of postoperative brain hemorrhage (50% versus 4.8%, P = 0.057 by Fisher exact test). The minor CVC group had a similar risk of death as the no-CVC group (P = 0.803; HR 0.856; CI 0.253-2.894), whereas the major CVC group had a higher mortality (P = 0.013; HR 2.865; CI 1.254-6.548) than the no-CVC group. In the multivariate analysis, major CVC (P = 0.002; HR 3.893; CI 1.649-9.194) was a significant predictor of mortality in IE patients, together with advanced age (P = 0.005; HR 3.138; CI 1.421-6.930) and prosthetic valve IE (P = 0.008; HR 2.819; CI 1.315-6.044). CONCLUSIONS IE can give rise to various forms of CVC, most frequently, acute ischemic brain lesions. In our study, major CVC was associated with high risk of mortality although total CVC was not significantly related to the risk of death in patients with IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea.
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Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a serious disease of the endocardium of the heart and cardiac valves, caused by a variety of infectious agents, ranging from streptococci to rickettsia. The proportion of cases associated with rheumatic valvulopathy and dental surgery has decreased in recent years, while endocarditis associated with intravenous drug abuse, prosthetic valves, degenerative valve disease, implanted cardiac devices, and iatrogenic or nosocomial infections has emerged. Endocarditis causes constitutional, cardiac and multiorgan symptoms and signs. The central nervous system can be affected in the form of meningitis, cerebritis, encephalopathy, seizures, brain abscess, ischemic embolic stroke, mycotic aneurysm, and subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke in endocarditis is an ominous prognostic sign. Treatment of endocarditis includes prolonged appropriate antimicrobial therapy and in selected cases, cardiac surgery. In ischemic stroke associated with infective endocarditis there is no indication to start antithrombotic drugs. In previously anticoagulated patients with an ischemic stroke, oral anticoagulants should be replaced by unfractionated heparin, while in intracranial hemorrhage, all anticoagulation should be interrupted. The majority of unruptured mycotic aneurysms can be treated by antibiotics, but for ruptured aneurysms, endovascular or neurosurgical therapy is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Ferro
- Department of Neurosciences, Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Catarina Fonseca
- Department of Neurosciences, Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Cruz-Flores S. Neurologic complications of valvular heart disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 119:61-73. [PMID: 24365289 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4086-3.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Valvular heart disease (VHD) is frequently associated with neurologic complications; cerebral embolism is the most common of these since thrombus formation results from the abnormalities in the valvular surfaces or from the anatomic and physiologic changes associated with valve dysfunction, such as atrial or ventricular enlargement, intracardiac thrombi, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Prosthetic heart valves, particularly mechanical valves, are very thrombogenic, which explains the high risk of thromboembolism and the need for anticoagulation for the prevention of embolism. Infective endocarditis is a disease process with protean manifestations that include not only cerebral embolism but also intracranial hemorrhage, mycotic aneurysms, and systemic manifestations such as fever and encephalopathy. Other neurologic complications include nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, a process associated with systemic diseases such as cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus. For many of these conditions, anticoagulation is the mainstay of treatment to prevent cerebral embolism, therefore it is the potential complications of anticoagulation that can explain other neurologic complications in patients with VHD. The prevention and management of these complications requires an understanding of their natural history in order to balance the risks posed by valvular disease itself against the risks and benefits associated with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cruz-Flores
- Department of Neurology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
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Asaithambi G, Adil MM, Qureshi AI. Thrombolysis for Ischemic Stroke Associated With Infective Endocarditis. Stroke 2013; 44:2917-9. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Cerebral ischemic events are highly prevalent and associated with high rates of death and disability in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). However, the role of thrombolysis in these patients remains unclear. We sought to determine the rates and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke patients with IE treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT).
Methods—
We determined the rates of post-thrombolytic intracerebral hemorrhage and favorable outcome among acute ischemic stroke patients with IE treated with IVT. Patients were identified using Nationwide Inpatient Sample data from 2002 to 2010. We compared the rates of various outcomes with ischemic stroke patients without IE treated with IVT.
Results—
There were 222 patients (mean age 59±18 years; 46% women) who were treated with IVT for acute ischemic stroke associated with IE and 134 048 patients (mean age 69±15 years; 49% women) who were treated for stroke without IE. The rate of post-thrombolytic intracerebral hemorrhage was significantly higher in patients with IE compared with those without IE (20% versus 6.5%;
P
=0.006). There was a significantly lower rate of favorable outcome in the IE group (10% versus 37%;
P
=0.01).
Conclusions—
High rates of post-thrombolytic intracerebral hemorrhage and low rates of favorable outcome mandate caution in using IVT in acute ischemic stroke patients with IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Asaithambi
- From the Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Research Center (G.A., M.M.A., A.I.Q.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Malik M. Adil
- From the Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Research Center (G.A., M.M.A., A.I.Q.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Adnan I. Qureshi
- From the Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Research Center (G.A., M.M.A., A.I.Q.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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40
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Thuny F, Gaubert JY, Jacquier A, Tessonnier L, Cammilleri S, Raoult D, Habib G. Imaging investigations in infective endocarditis: Current approach and perspectives. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 106:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Malhotra A, Prendergast BD. Evaluating treatment options for patients with infective endocarditis: when is it the right time for surgery? Future Cardiol 2012; 8:847-61. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis remains a life-threatening condition with an unchanging incidence and mortality of nearly 30% at 1 year. Surgery is required in 25–50% of acute infections and 20–40% of patients during convalescence. Operative procedures are often technically challenging and high-risk, often due to coexistent multisystem disease. However, international guidelines provide clear indications for surgical intervention, which are applicable for the majority of patients. These are not, however, supported by particularly robust clinical evidence and decision-making often needs to be tailored to the advancing age of the overall patient cohort, the presence of multisystem disease, comorbidities, prior antibiotic therapy of varying duration and the availability of surgical expertise. Native valve endocarditis will be the initial focus of this article, along with subgroups including prosthetic valve endocarditis. We present the treatment options for patients with infective endocarditis, evaluate the evidence-base that supports current clinical practice and attempt to provide an insight and subsequent recommendations for the timing of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneil Malhotra
- Department of Cardiology, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Bernard D Prendergast
- Department of Cardiology, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Ghosh PS, Friedman NR, Ghosh D. Fever, lethargy, and leg weakness in a 9-month-old boy. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2012; 51:808-11. [PMID: 22511192 DOI: 10.1177/0009922812441677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Partha S Ghosh
- Pediatric Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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43
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First Reported Use of Retrievable Stent Technology for Removal of a Large Septic Embolus in the Middle Cerebral Artery. World Neurosurg 2012; 77:591.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Vanassche T, Peetermans WE, Herregods MC, Herijgers P, Verhamme P. Anti-thrombotic therapy in infective endocarditis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 9:1203-19. [PMID: 21932963 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment, infective endocarditis (IE) still carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. One of the determinants of an adverse outcome is the presence of systemic embolization and in particular, of CNS embolization. IE vegetations consist of bacteria, platelets and inflammatory cells in a fibrin mesh. The interactions between pathogens, platelets and the coagulation system are critical to vegetation initiation and growth. This understanding has led to the study of the effect of anti-thrombotic treatment on IE vegetation formation and embolization. Although it has been demonstrated that antiplatelet and anticoagulant strategies have an impact on in vitro and animal models of IE, results from the available clinical studies are conflicting. In this article, we provide an overview of the available experimental and clinical data on anti-thrombotic treatment in IE and summarize the current guidelines. An early diagnosis, prompt empiric antibiotic treatment and a careful selection of patients who benefit from early surgical intervention remain essential in the prevention of embolic complications. In patients who have other indications for antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment, the continuation of this treatment is deemed safe in the absence of hemorrhagic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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45
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Endocarditis-Induced Mycotic Brain Aneurysm following Right MCA Stroke. Case Rep Emerg Med 2012; 2012:606921. [PMID: 23326719 PMCID: PMC3542890 DOI: 10.1155/2012/606921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident is extremely common in emergency medicine; however, CVA resulting from hemorrhage following mycotic brain aneurysm following embolic stroke is extremely uncommon. This case reports such an event.
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46
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Complicaciones neurológicas de la endocarditis infecciosa: controversias. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0120-5633(11)70189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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47
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Purulent Meningitis as an Unusual Presentation of Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Med 2011; 2011:735265. [PMID: 21541188 PMCID: PMC3085484 DOI: 10.1155/2011/735265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
On presentation of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, unusual manifestations may represent the main clinical features of the disease. Isolated bacterial meningitis as the first manifestation of endocarditis is considered to be an unusual neurological complication. Here, we describe a case S. aureus endocarditis presenting as isolated meningitis and mimicking meningococcal septicaemia. Because of the high mortality rate of the disease, the prompt recognition of this infectious syndrome is of crucial importance for the correct management of patients.
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48
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Sonneville R, Mourvillier B, Bouadma L, Wolff M. Management of neurological complications of infective endocarditis in ICU patients. Ann Intensive Care 2011; 1:10. [PMID: 21906336 PMCID: PMC3224466 DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with infective endocarditis (IE) are generally referred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for one or more organ dysfunctions caused by complications of IE. Neurologic events are frequent causes of ICU admission in patients with IE. They can arise through various mechanisms consisting of stroke or transient ischemic attack, cerebral hemorrhage, mycotic aneurysm, meningitis, cerebral abscess, or encephalopathy. Most complications occur early during the course of IE and are a hallmark of left-sided abnormalities of native or prosthetic valves. Occlusion of cerebral arteries, with stroke or transient ischemic attack, accounts for 40% to 50% of the central nervous system complications of IE. CT scan is the most easily feasible neuroimaging in critically unstable patients. However, magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive and when performed should follow a standardized protocol. In patients with ischemic stroke who are already receiving oral anticoagulant therapy, this treatment should be replaced by unfractionated heparin for at least 2 weeks with a close monitoring of coagulation tests. Mounting evidence shows that, for both complicated left-sided native valve endocarditis and Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve endocarditis, valve replacement combined with medical therapy is associated with a better outcome than medical treatment alone. In a recent series, approximately 50% of patients underwent valve replacement during the acute phase of IE before completion of antibiotic treatment. After a neurological event, most patients have at least one indication for cardiac surgery. Recent data from literature suggest that after a stroke, surgery indicated for heart failure, uncontrolled infection, abscess, or persisting high emboli risk should not be delayed, provided that the patient is not comatose or has no severe deficit. Neurologic complications of IE contribute to a severe prognosis in ICU patients. However, patients with only silent or transient stroke had a better prognosis than patients with symptomatic events. In addition, more than neurologic event per se, a better predictor of mortality is neurologic dysfunction, which is associated with location and extension of brain damage. Patients with severe neurological impairment and those with brain hemorrhage have the worse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Sonneville
- Service de Réanimation Médicale et des Maladies Infectieuses, EA 3964, Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, EA 3964, University Paris 7, France.
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49
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[Neurology and cardiology: points of contact]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2011; 64:319-27. [PMID: 21411208 DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Strokes resulting from cardiac diseases, and cardiac abnormalities associated with neuromuscular disorders are examples of the many points of contact between neurology and cardiology. Approximately 20-30% of strokes are related to cardiac diseases, including atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, bacterial endocarditis, rheumatic and nonrheumatic valvular diseases, acute myocardial infarction with left ventricular thrombus, and cardiomyopathies associated with muscular dystrophies, among others. Strokes can also occur in the setting of cardiac interventions such as cardiac catheterization and coronary artery bypass procedures. Treatment to prevent recurrent stroke in any of these settings depends on the underlying etiology. Whereas anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists is proven to be superior to acetylsalicylic acid for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, the superiority of anticoagulants has not been conclusively established for stroke associated with congestive heart failure and is contraindicated in those with infective endocarditis. Ongoing trials are evaluating management strategies in patients with atrial level shunts due to patent foramen ovale. Cardiomyopathies and conduction abnormalities are part of the spectrum of many neuromuscular disorders including mitochondrial disorders and muscular dystrophies. Cardiologists and neurologists share responsibility for caring for patients with or at risk for cardiogenic strokes, and for screening and managing the heart disease associated with neuromuscular disorders.
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50
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Nouyrigat V, Patteau G, Bajolle F, Anthoine-Milhommes MC, Chappuy H, Chéron G. [Neurological complications revealing infectious endocarditis: 2 case reports]. Arch Pediatr 2011; 18:401-4. [PMID: 21397467 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurological signs are reported in less than 20% of infectious endocarditis (IE) cases. The most frequent complications include cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, meningitis, and mycotic aneurysm. We describe two patients, one with congenital heart disease and the other with normal heart, who presented neurological manifestations and fever leading to an IE diagnosis. Neurological complications may be the first symptom of infectious endocarditis and are a major factor associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and early treatment will minimize cardiac and neurological morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nouyrigat
- Service des urgences pédiatriques, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, faculté de médecine, université Paris Descartes, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
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