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Martel Q, Maranci JB, Philippe C, Arnulf I. Lamentations in the night: A systematic review on catathrenia. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 75:101944. [PMID: 38718707 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Catathrenia is a loud expiratory moan during sleep that is a social embarrassment and is sometimes confused with central apnea on polysomnography. It affects about 4% of adults, but cases are rarely referred to sleep centers. Catathrenia affects males and females, children and adults, who are usually young and thin. A "typical" catathrenia begins with a deep inhalation, followed by a long, noisy exhalation, then a short, more pronounced exhalation, followed by another deep inhalation, often accompanied by arousal. The many harmonics of the sound indicate that it is produced by the vocal cords. It is often repeated in clusters, especially during REM sleep and at the end of the night. It does not disturb the sleepers, but their neighbors, and is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in one-third of cases. The pathophysiology and treatment of typical catathrenia are still unknown. Later, a more atypical catathrenia was described, consisting of episodes of short (2 s), regular, semi-continuous expiratory moans during NREM sleep (mainly in stages N1 and N2) and REM sleep, often in people with mild upper airway obstruction. This atypical catathrenia is more commonly reduced by positive airway pressure and mandibular advancement devices that promote vertical opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Martel
- Sleep Disorder Clinic, R3S Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris, France; Saint Joseph Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Maranci
- Sleep Disorder Clinic, R3S Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, France
| | - Carole Philippe
- Sleep Disorder Clinic, R3S Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Sleep Disorder Clinic, R3S Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, APHP-Sorbonne, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, France.
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Yu M, Hao Z, Xu L, Zhao L, Wen Y, Han F, Gao X. Differences in Polysomnographic and Craniofacial Characteristics of Catathrenia Phenotypes: A Cluster Analysis. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:625-638. [PMID: 38831958 PMCID: PMC11144656 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s455705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Catathrenia is a rare sleeping disorder characterized by repetitive nocturnal groaning during prolonged expirations. Patients with catathrenia had heterogeneous polysomnographic, comorbidity, craniofacial characteristics, and responses to treatment. Identifying phenotypes of catathrenia might benefit the exploration of etiology and personalized therapy. Patients and Methods Sixty-six patients diagnosed with catathrenia by full-night audio/video polysomnography seeking treatment with mandibular advancement devices (MAD) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were included in the cohort. Polysomnographic characteristics including sleep architecture, respiratory, groaning, and arousal events were analyzed. Three-dimensional (3D) and 2D craniofacial hard tissue and upper airway structures were evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography and lateral cephalometry. Phenotypes of catathrenia were identified by K-mean cluster analysis, and inter-group comparisons were assessed. Results Two distinct clusters of catathrenia were identified: cluster 1 (n=17) was characterized to have more males (71%), a longer average duration of groaning events (18.5±4.8 and 12.8±5.7s, p=0.005), and broader upper airway (volume 41,386±10,543 and 26,661±6700 mm3, p<0.001); cluster 2 (n=49) was characterized to have more females (73%), higher respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (median 1.0 [0.3, 2.0] and 5.2 [1.2, 13.3]/h, p=0.009), more respiratory effort-related arousals (RERA)(1 [1, 109] and 32 [13, 57)], p=0.005), smaller upper airway (cross-sectional area of velopharynx 512±87 and 339±84 mm2, p<0.001) and better response to treatment (41.2% and 82.6%, p=0.004). Conclusion Two distinct phenotypes were identified in patients with catathrenia, primary catathrenia, and catathrenia associated with upper airway obstruction, suggesting respiratory events and upper airway structures might be related to the etiology of catathrenia, with implications for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Oral Therapy of Sleep Apnea, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeliang Hao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Oral Therapy of Sleep Apnea, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyue Xu
- Sleep Division, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Zhao
- Sleep Division, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfei Wen
- Sleep Division, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Han
- Sleep Division, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Oral Therapy of Sleep Apnea, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
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Buyse B, Kalkanis A, Testelmans D. Catathrenia in severe obstructive sleep apnea: A novel entity never described before. Sleep Med 2023; 112:239-245. [PMID: 37925850 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Catathrenia, derived from the Greek κατά (kata) meaning below and θρηνώ (threnia) to lament, is characterized by expiratory groaning episodes during sleep. In a case series of nine patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea, we observed a peculiar groaning entity that has not been described before. METHODS We described and illustrated the cases with polysomnographic tracings and additional audio recordings. RESULTS All patients were men, obese (body mass index 39 ± 6 kg/m2) with an apnea-hypopnea index ranging from 47 to 125/h. In addition, we identified groaning events that were consistently preceded by a cortical arousal associated with a "rescue" respiration after an obstructive hypopnea or apnea. These events exhibited characteristics of "mixed apnea's", but the "central apnea-like part" was a prolonged expiratory groaning phase, with immediately after the terminal expiratory snort appearance of an obstructive apnea. In case the duration of this expiration was at least 10 s we calculated these events separately and the index was 8.4 ± 7.7/h. More rarely (index 0.6 ± 0.5/h) a "central apnea mimicking event" with groaning not followed by an obstruction, was observed. We also observed groaning episodes during expiration with a shorter duration (less than 10 s), not calculated separately. Positive airway pressure, which was well tolerated, eliminated these events. CONCLUSIONS This novel catathrenia entity preceded by a cortical arousal and "rescue" respiration in response to obstructive events is intriguing. Possible explanations for these observations are further discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertien Buyse
- Department of Pulmonology, Leuven University Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders (LUCS), University Hospitals Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and Thoracic Surgery (BREATH), KU Leuven-University, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Alexandros Kalkanis
- Department of Pulmonology, Leuven University Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders (LUCS), University Hospitals Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dries Testelmans
- Department of Pulmonology, Leuven University Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders (LUCS), University Hospitals Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and Thoracic Surgery (BREATH), KU Leuven-University, Leuven, Belgium
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Katz ES, D’Ambrosio C. Catathrenia in children: clinical presentation, polysomnographic features, natural history, and response to therapy. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:1505-1511. [PMID: 37066744 PMCID: PMC10394357 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine the clinical presentation, polysomnographic appearance, and the response to therapy of catathrenia in children. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed in children referred or evaluated at the Boston Children's Hospital Sleep Center between 1998 and 2021 who were documented to have catathrenia either as a chief complaint or an incidental finding. RESULTS Catathrenia was identified in 21 children. The age of onset by parent report was 6.4 ± 4.4 years (range: birth-14 years), but the diagnosis was at 8.3 ± 3.8 years (range: 1.5-14 years). Catathrenia was the chief complaint for 24% of patients and was incidentally identified in 76% referred for breathing concerns. Bruxism was observed in 62% of patients. Catathrenia events most often occur following an electrocortical arousal (79%) and are most common in the second half of the night (73%). Catathrenia was observed exclusively in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (16%), exclusively in non-REM sleep (32%), and in both sleep states (52%). Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea resulted in resolution or improvement in the obstructive sleep apnea in all patients, but the catathrenia persisted at a reduced level. CONCLUSIONS Most catathrenia in children is diagnosed incidentally during evaluation for sleep-disordered breathing, although the groaning often started many years earlier. Catathrenia events decreased considerably after treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, but persisted in all patients. Catathrenia was also observed in children without signs or symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing, indicating that these are distinct conditions. The majority of children with catathrenia had no sleepiness or behavioral concerns. CITATION Katz ES, D'Ambrosio C. Catathrenia in children: clinical presentation, polysomnographic features, natural history, and response to therapy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(8):1505-1511.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot S. Katz
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carolyn D’Ambrosio
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut
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Yu M, Hao Z, Xu L, Wen Y, Han F, Gao X. Mandibular advancement device as treatment trial for catathrenia (nocturnal groaning). J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:1767-1776. [PMID: 33843579 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Catathrenia is a rare disease, classified as isolated symptoms and normal variants under sleep-related breathing disorders in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition. Because of its rarity, the research on its pathogenesis and treatment is insufficient. This study aimed to evaluate whether the mandibular advancement device (MAD) could be considered an alternative treatment trial and if so, to explore factors predicting its effectiveness. METHODS Thirty patients (12 males and 18 females, aged 16 to 67 years) with catathrenia participated in the study. They underwent standard clinical evaluation, questionnaires, physical examinations, craniofacial evaluations, video-polysomnography, and imaging of the upper airway before and after the insertion of the MAD. Groaning index (GI, groaning episodes per hour of sleep) and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) were evaluated and anatomic factors predicting effectiveness were explored. RESULTS The sleep efficiency of most patients was higher than 80% and groaning was present throughout all stages of sleep. With the insertion of MAD, GI decreased significantly from 5.8 (2.7, 14.3) to 2.8 (1.3, 12.2) events/h (P = 0.014). Age had a negative effect on efficacy. Mandibular repositioning of MAD, especially the amount of vertical opening and changes of cross-sectional area of hypopharynx, was positively related with efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The MAD could be considered a possible treatment trial for those seeking treatment for groaning. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; Identifier: ChiCTR-COC-17013239; URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=22286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zeliang Hao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Liyue Xu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfei Wen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Petitto L, Com G, Jackson R, Richter G, Jambhekar S. Catathrenia and Treatment With Positive Airway Pressure in the Pediatric Population. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15:1853-1857. [PMID: 31855170 PMCID: PMC7099177 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
None Catathrenia, also known as sleep-related groaning, is a relatively rare sleep disorder with characteristics consistent with loud groaning on expiration during sleep. Organic causes of catathrenia are unknown and the decision of whether or not to treat is unclear. Limited research is available concerning appropriate treatment and none of the literature focuses primarily on pediatrics. We report a series of three, male pediatric cases with catathrenia that were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) while identifying and comparing clinical symptoms, polysomnogram findings, treatment, and patient response to treatment. Catathrenia may be associated with abnormal nocturnal oxygenation and ventilation and may lead to negative clinical daytime symptoms which may warrant treatment. If catathrenia leads to sleep disruption and negative daytime symptoms, treatment with CPAP should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacie Petitto
- Arkansas Children’s Sleep Disorders Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Gulnur Com
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Rithea Jackson
- Arkansas Children’s Sleep Disorders Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Gresham Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Supriya Jambhekar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Alonso J, Camacho M, Chhetri DK, Guilleminault C, Zaghi S. Catathrenia (Nocturnal Groaning): A Social Media Survey and State-of-the-Art Review. J Clin Sleep Med 2017; 13:613-622. [PMID: 28095968 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Catathrenia is an underrecognized nocturnal vocalization phenomenon that can be a source of perplexity to patients, bed partners, and medical providers. Catathrenia is distinct from both sleep talking (a parasomnia with loud talking during sleep) and snoring (noise due to vibration of upper airway soft tissues related to variations in airway resistance). The objective of this review is to provide an evidence-based resource to help the practitioner reliably evaluate and manage patients with this condition. METHODS Data were gathered from: (1) PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar; and (2) catathrenia social media groups (Yahoo and Facebook). RESULTS Data collected were (1) 15 case reports and 17 case series describing 191 patients with catathrenia; (2) questionnaires from 47 catathrenia subjects; (3) 5 audio files. CONCLUSIONS Catathrenia is a noise produced during sleep (distinct from snoring) with identifiable harmonics, a computable main frequency, and high-decibel intensity that involves active adduction and vibration of the vocal cords during expiration. The quality of groaning in catathrenia is monotone, and often presents with a morose or sexual connotation, causing a significant social problem for patients. Although there is no association with risk of physical harm, catathrenia does present a significant disturbance to the bed partner and has been associated with subjective impairments to sleep quality, including unrefreshing sleep and fatigue. Polysomnography can be useful if performed properly to confirm the diagnosis and to evaluate for comorbid sleep disturbances, such as obstructive sleep apnea or parasomnia. Directions for further research could involve consideration of deep breathing exercises, yoga, meditation, or myofunctional therapy to help abate symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Alonso
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Macario Camacho
- Division of Sleep Surgery and Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sleep Medicine Division, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California
| | - Dinesh K Chhetri
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christian Guilleminault
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sleep Medicine Division, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California
| | - Soroush Zaghi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Anatomical characteristics of catathrenia (nocturnal groaning) in upper airway and orofacial structures. Sleep Breath 2015; 20:103-11. [PMID: 26013634 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-015-1191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catathrenia is a rare sleep disorder characterized by repeated groaning in a protracted expiration preceded by a deep inspiration. This study aimed to explore whether anatomy is one of pathophysiology of catathrenia by investigating the anatomical features associated with catathrenia in the upper airway, craniofacial structures, and dental patterns. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-two patients with catathrenia (7 males, 15 females; age 22 to 69 years) were recruited as well as 66 patients matched by age and gender (matching proportion 1:3) with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Both groups underwent cephalograms and dental casting, and cephalometric measurements and the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was applied. Differences between the two groups were evaluated and cephalometric measurements in catathrenia group were compared with control values of Chinese patients from previous studies. RESULTS As for airway-related measurements, increased PNS-R, PNS-UPW, and H-FH and decreased SPT and TGL were found in catathrenia group compared to normal values. Such trends were found even more evident when compared with the OSAS Group. As for craniofacial parameters, values of U1/NA and U1/SN were found increased in the catathrenia group compared with normal values and values of MP/FH and Y decreased. The differences were more distinct from the OSAS Group. Increased arch lengths and upper inter-first molar widths, and decreased overbite and PAR index, were found in catathrenia group compared with the OSAS Group. CONCLUSION Catathrenia patients present with a broad upper airway, yet protrusive upper incisors and flat mandibular angles. Anatomical characteristics of catathrenia are different from those associated with OSAS, namely a wide airway, large skeleton, and good occlusion.
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Iriarte J, Campo A, Alegre M, Fernández S, Urrestarazu E. Catathrenia: respiratory disorder or parasomnia? Sleep Med 2015; 16:827-30. [PMID: 26004681 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition (ICSD-3) classifies catathrenia among the respiratory disorders and not as a parasomnia as in ICSD-2. Few patients have been reported during these years, and the clinical description of the sound is different from group to group. In fact, there is no full agreement about its nature, origin, meaning, and treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS In this paper we review the literature on catathrenia focusing on the characteristics of the sound, demographics of the patients, aetiology, response to treatment, etc., in order to support its classification as a respiratory disorder or a parasomnia. We also discuss the possibility of Catathrenia being not one disorder but two variants or two different disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iriarte
- Sleep Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Arantza Campo
- Pneumology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Alegre
- Sleep Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Secundino Fernández
- ENT Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Urrestarazu
- Sleep Unit and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Chokroverty S, Bhat S. Movement Disorders in Sleep. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Koo DL, Hong SB, Joo EY. Acoustic characteristic of catathrenia and snoring: different subtypes of catathrenia. Sleep Med 2012; 13:961-4. [PMID: 22613219 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning) is a rare condition characterized by monotonous irregular sounds that occur during sleep. Not infrequently, catathrenia has been confused with expiratory snoring. We aimed to clarify the subtypes of catathrenia and differentiate them from snoring using sound analyses. METHODS We enrolled five patients with catathrenia who were confirmed by overnight polysomnography (PSG). They underwent clinical and physical evaluation, including craniofacial and oromandibular examination, and fulfilled sleep-related questionnaires. Catathrenia and snoring of patients were analyzed acoustically with a Multi-Dimensional Voice Program. RESULTS All subjects were young (mean 31.0 years, 22-39) and slim (mean 20.5 kg/m(2) body mass index) women. PSG findings showed normal ranged apnea-hypopnea indices (mean 0.8±1.4/h), respiratory disturbance indices (2.6±1.7/h), and well-preserved sleep architecture. The number of catathrenia during PSG varied between one and 55 per patient, with sound duration ranging from 0.3 to 15.1 s. Of a total of 113 episodes, 70 (61.9%) occurred during REM sleep and 43 (38.1%) during NREM sleep. All patients showed light snoring through the PSG night. In the sound analysis three patients demonstrated monotonous sinusoidal catathrenia sounds, which were of normal ranged fundamental frequency. The other two had sawtooth-shaped catathrenia signals with higher fundamental frequency. In contrast, snoring had an irregular signal in all patients. CONCLUSIONS We observed that catathrenia had morphologic regularity, with two types of sound pitches, and snoring had a different signal from catathrenia by sound analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Lim Koo
- Sleep Center, Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Øverland B, Akre H, Berdal H, Skatvedt O. Sleep-related groaning: prevalence and characteristics in a cohort of patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea. Acta Otolaryngol 2012; 132:90-5. [PMID: 22074488 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2011.624119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Nocturnal groaning has the same prevalence in patients referred for diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing as among other populations referred for sleep studies. The respiratory tracings in these patients have a distinct appearance that is possible to recognize with a polygraphic recording and thereby prevent the pattern from being misdiagnosed as central apneas. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was first to estimate the prevalence of groaning in patients referred for diagnosis of sleep-related breathing disorders. Second, we wanted to describe the respiratory pattern in order to distinguish the patients from patients with sleep apnea. METHODS This was a prospective study in 1004 patients, performed in the Sleep Unit in our ENT Department, during a 12 month period. RESULTS Four patients were diagnosed with video polysomnography, and the diagnosis of nocturnal groaning was confirmed. The prevalence of groaning in our sleep laboratory was 0.4%. All the patients had a mild form of sleep-related disturbance, and all groaning episodes occurred during REM sleep. The groaning events appeared in clusters. The length of each groan varied between 4 and 38 s. The number of events in a period varied between 2 and 11, and the length of each groaning period ranged between 11 and 168 s.
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Abbasi AA, Morgenthaler TI, Slocumb NL, Tippmann-Peikert M, Olson EJ, Ramar K. Nocturnal moaning and groaning-catathrenia or nocturnal vocalizations. Sleep Breath 2011; 16:367-73. [PMID: 21380609 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-011-0503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Descriptions of nocturnal vocalizations, including catathrenia, are few. We undertook a study at our center on patients diagnosed with catathrenia, to evaluate the characteristic features of these events and their response to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. METHODS Retrospective study of patients with a diagnosis of catathrenia who had an overnight polysomnogram (PSG) and available synchronized audio video recordings (to confirm the presence of moaning and groaning), at our center between January 2007 and May 2010. RESULT Ten patients were included in the analysis. Three (30%) patients presented with the chief complaint of expiratory noises during sleep. The other moaning/groaning sounds were incidental findings noted by the sleep technologist and/or the sleep physician. The number of moaning/groaning events during PSG varied between 2 and 343 per patient with sound duration ranging from 0.4 to 21.4 s. Moaning/groaning events during exhalation (1,026 episodes) were separated into typical catathrenia events (as per the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edition [ICSD-2] definition) and atypical/nocturnal vocalization events (moaning/groaning events that did not meet the ICSD-2 criteria). Typical catathrenia events (5% or 52/1,026) were experienced by five of the ten patients and had mean exhalation duration of 14.97 ± 5.13 s (range 5.8-24 s) with a mean sound duration of 8.47 ± 5.97 s (range 2-21.4 s). The typical and atypical events occurred predominantly in NREM sleep. Six of the ten patients had associated sleep-disordered breathing and four underwent CPAP titration. All four patients had significantly fewer events of moaning/groaning (mean reduction was 75.8 ± 26.2%) with CPAP. CONCLUSION New and unique features were identified in our series of patients diagnosed with catathrenia. Though all events had the characteristic moaning and groaning sound during exhalation, only a small percentage (5%) met the catathrenia definition as outlined in ICSD-2. Do we label the atypical events as part of the spectrum of nocturnal vocalizations or consider them as catathrenia by redefining the criteria? CPAP appeared to be a reasonable treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A Abbasi
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
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Abstract
Parasomnias are undesirable physical or experiential events that occur in and around sleep. Treatments include reassurance in some cases, various forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and pharmacologic agents. Cognitive restructuring, imagery rehearsal, relaxation, hypnosis, desensitization, and anticipatory awakenings are some of the common CBT and nonpharmacologic interventions. Medications that are used belong to a wide variety of pharmacologic classes, such as alpha-blockers (prazosin), tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine and clomipramine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines (diazepam and clonazepam), anticonvulsants (topiramate and gabapentin), desmopressin acetate, and anticholinergic agents (oxybutynin and tolterodine). Data on efficacy are only available from randomized trials on CBT and prazosin for nightmares and on pharmacologic and alarm therapy for enuresis. No large-scale randomized trials are available to assess the efficacy of the other treatments, and most data come from anecdotal case reports, case series, or small open-label trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrayr Attarian
- Department of Neurology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maguire Building, Room 2700, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Iriarte J, Fernández S, Fernandez-Arrechea N, Urrestarazu E, Pagola I, Alegre M, Artieda J. Sound analysis of catathrenia: a vocal expiratory sound. Sleep Breath 2010; 15:229-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-010-0420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Prihodova I, Sonka K, Kemlink D, Volna J, Nevsimalova S. Arousals in nocturnal groaning. Sleep Med 2009; 10:1051-5. [PMID: 19345641 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Catathrenia: getting the 'cat' out of the bag. Sleep Breath 2008; 12:291-4. [PMID: 18516632 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-008-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Effect of CPAP therapy on catathrenia and OSA: a case report and review of the literature. Sleep Breath 2008; 12:401-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-008-0194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vetrugno R, Lugaresi E, Ferini-Strambi L, Montagna P. Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): what is it? Sleep 2008; 31:308-9. [PMID: 18363305 PMCID: PMC2276742 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/31.3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vetrugno
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elio Lugaresi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Department of Neurology, Sleep Disorders Center, H San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Montagna
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Parasomnias associated with sleep-disordered breathing and its therapy, including sexsomnia as a recently recognized parasomnia. SOMNOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-008-0332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Manconi M, Zucconi M, Carrot B, Ferri R, Oldani A, Ferini‐Strambi L. Association between bruxism and nocturnal groaning. Mov Disord 2008; 23:737-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.21885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Manconi
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Scientific Institute of San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Zucconi
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Scientific Institute of San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Benjamin Carrot
- Service de Psychopathologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Department of Neurology I.C., Oasi Institute (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Oldani
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Scientific Institute of San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini‐Strambi
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Scientific Institute of San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Guilleminault C, Hagen CC, Khaja AM. Catathrenia: parasomnia or uncommon feature of sleep disordered breathing? Sleep 2008; 31:132-9. [PMID: 18220087 PMCID: PMC2225555 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/31.1.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report a series of seven consecutive cases of catathrenia (sleep related groaning) that differ from limited previous reports in the literature with regard to sleep stage and response to treatment. BACKGROUND Catathrenia was recently defined as a parasomnia in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders Diagnostic and Coding Manual (ICSD-2), but there is debate about its classification, and its response to CPAP is unknown. METHODS We present 7 consecutive patients presenting with catathrenia over a 5-year period. They were all young women, ranging in age from 20 to 34 years with a body mass index (BMI) <25. They underwent standard clinical evaluation, questionnaires, physical exam, craniofacial evaluations, and nocturnal polysomnography. All seven were titrated on continuous passive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment for sleep disordered breathing then offered surgical treatment if unable to tolerate or adhere to CPAP recommendations. RESULTS Groaning was present throughout all stages of sleep. The mean (SD) AHI and RDI were 3.2 (0.56) and 13.1 (2.4) respectively. CPAP resolved groaning in all cases. 5 patients (71%) elected subsequent surgical intervention. Three of the 4 that followed up after surgery required adjuvant oral appliance treatment, but all four ultimately had resolution of groaning. CONCLUSIONS Catathrenia may have subtypes related to sleep stage specificity or presence of sleep disordered breathing. In our heterogeneous group of non-obese women with a normal AHI and elevated RDI, CPAP and select soft tissue surgeries of the upper airway (often augmented with an oral appliance) successfully treated nocturnal groaning.
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Vetrugno R, Lugaresi E, Plazzi G, Provini F, D'Angelo R, Montagna P. Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): an abnormal respiratory pattern during sleep. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:1236-43. [PMID: 17877735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning) is a rare condition characterized by monotonous irregular groans occurring during sleep. Ten patients (five women; mean age: 27 +/- 7.4 years, range: 15-41) with sleep-related groaning persisting for years or decades and normal daytime fibreoptic laryngoscopy and respiratory function tests underwent videopolysomnographic recording (VPSG) analysing their respiratory patterns during sleep. After the VPSG, all patients were clinically followed up for a mean period of 4.9 +/- 3.5 years. On VPSG, all patients showed nocturnal groaning during NREM sleep and particularly during REM sleep stages. Groaning was associated with disproportionate prolonged expiration causing reduced breathing rate without oxygen desaturation. The breathing pattern with prolonged expiration and sound production alternated with a normal respiratory pattern without groaning. Endoesophageal pressure during groaning showed mildly positive swings at the initial phase of expiration suggesting a partial mild expiratory upper airway obstruction. At the end of the follow-up period, all patients reported persistent nocturnal groaning but no other clinical manifestations. Groaning confined to sleep alternating with normal breathing and the absence of long-term clinical consequences suggest that catathrenia is because of an abnormality of the internal respiratory drive system, possibly related to persistence of a neonatal (vestigial) type of breathing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vetrugno
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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