Rheumatologic Disorders and the Nervous System

A Review on Pyrazole Derivatives Used in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recent Advancement and Drug Development

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder where inflammation and destruction of bone are the hallmarks of the disease. This review focuses on the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies for RA, along with the different approaches used for the synthesis of pyrazoles, the characterization of various properties, and their biological significance for curing RA. The activated immune system of the body causes inflammation of the synovial joint due to the interaction of immune cells, such as T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, dendritic cells and mast cells. The treatment for RA has been revolutionized with the discovery of new chemical compounds and an understanding of their mechanism in the treatment of the disease. Pyrazoles are the starting materials for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and possess great relevance in the pharmaceutical field for the development of new drugs. They are versatile bio-scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. This has been followed by a deep analysis of pyrazoles and their derivatives on the basis of medical significance in the treatment of RA. This follow-up and information may help the chemists, scientists, and researchers to generate new pyrazole compounds with high efficacy for better treatment of patients with RA. We summarize the review with an understanding of the core of pyrazoles and a claim that their derivatives may be helpful in the development of efficient drugs against RA.

Juvenile dermatomyositis with central nervous system involvement: two case reports from a retrospective single-center cohort, with literature review

Background

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily involving the muscles and skin; it can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). The relevant literature provides limited information regarding the characteristics of JDM with CNS involvement.

Method

We reviewed patients with JDM who were hospitalized at our center between January 2016 and August 2023, with a focus on those with CNS involvement. The aim was to provide detailed case reports on these patients, and to summarize the relevant literature about the characteristics of similar cases.

Results

Among 193 hospitalized patients with JDM, two (1.03%) had CNS involvement. Two patients, a 5.5-year-old girl and an 11-year-old boy, were admitted with severe proximal muscle weakness and seizures, and presented with active cutaneous vasculitis. Both were ultimately diagnosed with JDM, with CNS involvement. Both patients had confirmed presence of anti-NXP2 antibody through myositis-specific antibody analysis. Additionally, they all exhibited hyperferritinemia and thrombocytopenia. Salvage therapies like intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) pulse therapy and/or plasma exchange were administered successfully. At final follow-up, both patients had achieved complete clinical response and full neurological recovery. Our literature review identified nine similar case studies. CNS involvement usually occurred within the first 10 months of the disease course, and most of these patients had fatal outcomes, with a mortality rate of 66.6% (6/9). Including the two patients described herein, the median age for disease onset is 10.5 years (range 4-17 years), and the male: female ratio is 6:5. Seizures are the most common neurological symptom, accompanied by active cutaneous vasculitis. The brain biopsies showed two distinct pathological presentations: one was central nervous system vasculitis, and the other was cerebral macrophage activation syndrome.

Conclusions

CNS involvement is a rare but life-threatening JDM complication. Herein, our cases and the literature indicate that it typically occurs within the first 10 months of the disease course and manifests as seizures, often accompanied by active cutaneous vasculitis, with fatal outcomes. Timely implementation of salvage therapies, like IVMP pulse therapy and plasma exchange, may significantly impact patient outcomes.

Heart Rate Variability in Patients of Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular morbidities. The participation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in AS is still unknown and inconclusive. Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as the variability of the time interval between two consecutive heartbeats. This meta-analysis aims to detect the association of HRV and its various parameters with AS patients by comparing them to healthy controls. Research literature was searched in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to April 2022. The Review Manager 5 (RevMan) Version 5.4 software was used to analyze the data. In addition, the protocol of systematic review is registered in the PROSPERO database with ID CRD42022336484. This study includes a total of nine case-control studies with a total of 923 patients; 409 with AS and 514 healthy controls. The root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD) [standardized mean difference (SMD); -0.47, 95% CI: -0.69 to -0.25, p < 0.0001], proportion of NN50 (pNN50) (SMD; -0.89, 95% CI: -1.74 to -0.04, p = 0.04) and HRV (SMD; -1.11, 95% CI: -1.53 to 0.69, P < 0.00001) were significantly low in AS cases compared to healthy controls. The HRV value was also significantly low in patients with high Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity (BASDAI) index (SMD: -1.45, 95% CI: -2.45 to -0.36, p < 0.009). HRV (parasympathetic activity) was significantly lowered in AS patients compared to healthy controls.

Comorbid autoimmune disorders in people with multiple sclerosis: A retrospective cohort study

Most autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), are influenced by shared genetic and environmental factors. We conducted a cohort study of people with MS to calculate the frequency of comorbid autoimmune disorders and characterize this cohort. Autoimmune diseases were present in 30 (8.6%) of 349 patients. The most prevalent diagnoses were autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. We found no association with demographic or clinical factors. In our cohort, autoimmune disorders were not uncommon. Identifying such comorbidities in people with MS can be determinant for understanding disease mechanisms, treatment decisions and disease management.

Acute spinal cord infarction secondary to ankylosing spondylitis: a case report and literature review

INTRODUCTION

Spinal cord infarction secondary to ankylosing spondylitis is a rare but severe disorder.

CASE PRESENTATION

Here we present a case of acute spinal cord infarction in a 54 years-old man with a medical history of ankylosing spondylitis, scoliosis, and hypotension. The patient complained of a sudden onset of lower limb weakness. A physical examination showed that he suffered from a dissociative sensory disorder, paralysis, and concomitant sphincter disturbances. After undergoing a whole-spine MRI, he was diagnosed with an acute ischemic injury from T2 to T5. As he did not treat his ankylosing spondylitis, it later caused a spinal deformity, making the lumbar puncture technically challenging. However, using Taylor's approach, a CSF sample was successfully obtained. A CSF biochemical test ruled out myelitis, NMOSD, and MS. After receiving treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin, atorvastatin calcium, and methylprednisolone, his sphincter function gradually recovered, but his strength was only partially restored.

CONCLUSION

Although this is a rare entity, it is necessary for physicians to consider it when evaluating patients with a sudden loss of sensation and strength in their lower limbs.

Neurologic Manifestations of Rheumatologic Disease

OBJECTIVE

This article describes the neurologic manifestations of systemic rheumatologic disorders.

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

Although most have historically been classified as autoimmune disorders, rheumatologic diseases are increasingly conceptualized as distributed along a spectrum with various contributions of autoimmune (adaptive immune dysregulation) and autoinflammatory (innate immune dysregulation) mechanisms. Our evolving understanding of systemic immune-mediated disorders has been accompanied by an expansion in our differential diagnoses and therapeutic options.

ESSENTIAL POINTS

Rheumatologic disease involves both autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms. Neurologic symptoms can be the first manifestation of these disorders, and familiarity with the systemic manifestations of specific diseases is essential to establish the correct diagnosis. Conversely, knowledge of the neurologic syndromes that are most likely to be associated with specific systemic disorders can help narrow the differential and increase confidence when attributing a neuropsychiatric symptom to an underlying systemic disorder.

Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases of the CNS: Challenges and Approaches to Diagnosis and Management

Antibody-mediated disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are increasingly recognized as neurologic disorders that can be severe and even life-threatening but with the potential for reversibility with appropriate treatment. The expanding spectrum of newly identified autoantibodies targeting glial or neuronal (neural) antigens and associated clinical syndromes (ranging from autoimmune encephalitis to CNS demyelination) has increased diagnostic precision, and allowed critical reinterpretation of non-specific neurological syndromes historically associated with systemic disorders (e.g., Hashimoto encephalopathy). The intracellular vs. cell-surface or synaptic location of the different neural autoantibody targets often helps to predict the clinical characteristics, potential cancer association, and treatment response of the associated syndromes. In particular, autoantibodies targeting intracellular antigens (traditionally termed onconeural autoantibodies) are often associated with cancers, rarely respond well to immunosuppression and have a poor outcome, although exceptions exist. Detection of neural autoantibodies with accurate laboratory assays in patients with compatible clinical-MRI phenotypes allows a definite diagnosis of antibody-mediated CNS disorders, with important therapeutic and prognostic implications. Antibody-mediated CNS disorders are rare, and reliable autoantibody identification is highly dependent on the technique used for detection and pre-test probability. As a consequence, indiscriminate neural autoantibody testing among patients with more common neurologic disorders (e.g., epilepsy, dementia) will necessarily increase the risk of false positivity, so that recognition of high-risk clinical-MRI phenotypes is crucial. A number of emerging clinical settings have recently been recognized to favor development of CNS autoimmunity. These include antibody-mediated CNS disorders following herpes simplex virus encephalitis or occurring in a post-transplant setting, and neurological autoimmunity triggered by TNFα inhibitors or immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment. Awareness of the range of clinical and radiological manifestations associated with different neural autoantibodies, and the specific settings where autoimmune CNS disorders may occur is crucial to allow rapid diagnosis and early initiation of treatment.