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Lange LM, Gonzalez-Latapi P, Rajalingam R, Tijssen MAJ, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Gabbert C, Ganos C, Ghosh R, Kumar KR, Lang AE, Rossi M, van der Veen S, van de Warrenburg B, Warner T, Lohmann K, Klein C, Marras C. Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders: Recommendations of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force - An Update. Mov Disord 2022; 37:905-935. [PMID: 35481685 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the Movement Disorder Society Task Force for the Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders presented a new system for naming genetically determined movement disorders and provided a criterion-based list of confirmed monogenic movement disorders. Since then, a substantial number of novel disease-causing genes have been described, which warrant classification using this system. In addition, with this update, we further refined the system and propose dissolving the imaging-based categories of Primary Familial Brain Calcification and Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation and reclassifying these genetic conditions according to their predominant phenotype. We also introduce the novel category of Mixed Movement Disorders (MxMD), which includes conditions linked to multiple equally prominent movement disorder phenotypes. In this article, we present updated lists of newly confirmed monogenic causes of movement disorders. We found a total of 89 different newly identified genes that warrant a prefix based on our criteria; 6 genes for parkinsonism, 21 for dystonia, 38 for dominant and recessive ataxia, 5 for chorea, 7 for myoclonus, 13 for spastic paraplegia, 3 for paroxysmal movement disorders, and 6 for mixed movement disorder phenotypes; 10 genes were linked to combined phenotypes and have been assigned two new prefixes. The updated lists represent a resource for clinicians and researchers alike and they have also been published on the website of the Task Force for the Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders on the homepage of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/About/Committees--Other-Groups/MDS-Task-Forces/Task-Force-on-Nomenclature-in-Movement-Disorders.htm). © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Lange
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and The Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rajasumi Rajalingam
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and The Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- UMCG Expertise Centre Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolin Gabbert
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christos Ganos
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rhia Ghosh
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony E Lang
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and The Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Malco Rossi
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sterre van der Veen
- UMCG Expertise Centre Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Warner
- Department of Clinical & Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Connie Marras
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and The Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Xingxua T, Xinjuan L, Yuncan C, Dongyan W. Compound heterozygosity for novel variations of the NHLRC1 Gene in a family with Lafora Disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 218:107255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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An empirical pipeline for personalized diagnosis of Lafora disease mutations. iScience 2021; 24:103276. [PMID: 34755096 PMCID: PMC8564118 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal childhood dementia characterized by progressive myoclonic epilepsy manifesting in the teenage years, rapid neurological decline, and death typically within ten years of onset. Mutations in either EPM2A, encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin, or EPM2B, encoding the E3 ligase malin, cause LD. Whole exome sequencing has revealed many EPM2A variants associated with late-onset or slower disease progression. We established an empirical pipeline for characterizing the functional consequences of laforin missense mutations in vitro using complementary biochemical approaches. Analysis of 26 mutations revealed distinct functional classes associated with different outcomes that were supported by clinical cases. For example, F321C and G279C mutations have attenuated functional defects and are associated with slow progression. This pipeline enabled rapid characterization and classification of newly identified EPM2A mutations, providing clinicians and researchers genetic information to guide treatment of LD patients. Lafora disease (LD) patients present with varying clinical progression LD missense mutations differentially affect laforin function An empirical in vitro pipeline is used to classify laforin missense mutations Patient progression can be predicted based on mutation class
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Pondrelli F, Muccioli L, Licchetta L, Mostacci B, Zenesini C, Tinuper P, Vignatelli L, Bisulli F. Natural history of Lafora disease: a prognostic systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:362. [PMID: 34399803 PMCID: PMC8365996 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lafora disease (LD) is a rare fatal autosomal recessive form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. It affects previously healthy children or adolescents, causing pharmacoresistant epilepsy, myoclonus and severe psychomotor deterioration. This work aims to describe the clinical course of LD and identify predictors of outcome by means of a prognostic systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis. Methods A search was conducted on MEDLINE and Embase with no restrictions on publication date. Only studies reporting genetically confirmed LD cases were included. Kaplan–Meier estimate was used to assess probability of death and loss of autonomy. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models with mixed effects (clustered survival data) were performed to evaluate prognostic factors. Results Seventy-three papers describing 298 genetically confirmed LD cases were selected. Mean age at disease onset was 13.4 years (SD 3.7), with 9.1% aged ≥ 18 years. Overall survival rates in 272 cases were 93% [95% CI 89–96] at 5 years, 62% [95% CI 54–69] at 10 years and 57% [95% CI 49–65] at 15 years. Median survival time was 11 years. The probability of loss of autonomy in 110 cases was 45% [95% CI 36–55] at 5 years, 75% [95% CI 66–84] at 10 years, and 83% [95% CI 74–90] at 15 years. Median loss of autonomy time was 6 years. Asian origin and age at onset < 18 years emerged as negative prognostic factors, while type of mutated gene and symptoms at onset were not related to survival or disability. Conclusions This study documented that half of patients survived at least 11 years. The notion of actual survival rate and prognostic factors is crucial to design studies on the effectiveness of upcoming new disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pondrelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Muccioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Mostacci
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Corrado Zenesini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Vignatelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy.
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Garcia-Gimeno MA, Rodilla-Ramirez PN, Viana R, Salas-Puig X, Brewer MK, Gentry MS, Sanz P. A novel EPM2A mutation yields a slow progression form of Lafora disease. Epilepsy Res 2018; 145:169-177. [PMID: 30041081 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD, OMIM 254780) is a rare disorder characterized by epilepsy and neurodegeneration leading patients to a vegetative state and death, usually within the first decade from the onset of the first symptoms. In the vast majority of cases LD is related to mutations in either the EPM2A gene (encoding the glucan phosphatase laforin) or the EPM2B gene (encoding the E3-ubiquitin ligase malin). In this work, we characterize the mutations present in the EPM2A gene in a patient displaying a slow progression form of the disease. The patient is compound heterozygous with Y112X and N163D mutations in the corresponding alleles. In primary fibroblasts obtained from the patient, we analyzed the expression of the mutated alleles by quantitative real time PCR and found slightly lower levels of expression of the EPM2A gene respect to control cells. However, by Western blotting we were unable to detect endogenous levels of the protein in crude extracts from patient fibroblasts. The Y112X mutation would render a truncated protein lacking the phosphatase domain and likely degraded. Since minute amounts of laforin-N163D might still play a role in cell physiology, we analyzed the biochemical characteristics of the N163D mutation. We found that recombinant laforin N163D protein was as stable as wild type and exhibited near wild type phosphatase activity towards biologically relevant substrates. On the contrary, it showed a severe impairment in the interaction profile with previously identified laforin binding partners. These results lead us to conclude that the slow progression of the disease present in this patient could be either due to the specific biochemical properties of laforin N163D or to the presence of alternative genetic modifying factors separate from pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Viana
- IBV-CSIC. Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier Salas-Puig
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Dept., Hospital Vall Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Kathryn Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, USA
| | - Pascual Sanz
- IBV-CSIC. Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain; CIBERER. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, USA.
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Parihar R, Rai A, Ganesh S. Lafora disease: from genotype to phenotype. J Genet 2018; 97:611-624. [PMID: 30027899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The progressive myoclonic epilepsy of Lafora or Lafora disease (LD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by recurrent seizures and cognitive deficits. With typical onset in the late childhood or early adolescence, the patients show progressive worsening of the disease symptoms, leading to death in about 10 years. It is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the loss-of-function mutations in the EPM2A gene, coding for a protein phosphatase (laforin) or the NHLRC1 gene coding for an E3 ubiquitin ligase (malin). LD is characterized by the presence of abnormally branched water insoluble glycogen inclusions known as Lafora bodies in the neurons and other tissues, suggesting a role for laforin and malin in glycogen metabolic pathways. Mouse models of LD, developed by targeted disruption of the Epm2a or Nhlrc1 gene, recapitulated most of the symptoms and pathological features as seen in humans, and have offered insight into the pathomechanisms. Besides the formation of Lafora bodies in the neurons in the presymptomatic stage, the animal models have also demonstrated perturbations in the proteolytic pathways, such as ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy, and inflammatory response. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive coverage on the genetic defects leading to the LD in humans, on the functional properties of the laforin and malin proteins, and on how defects in any one of these two proteins result in a clinically similar phenotype. We also discuss the disease pathologies as revealed by the studies on the animal models and, finally, on the progress with therapeutic attempts albeit in the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Parihar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India.
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Goldsmith D, Minassian BA. Extraneurological sparing in long-lived typical Lafora disease. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:295-298. [PMID: 29881811 PMCID: PMC5983108 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) clinically appears in previously healthy teenagers as progressively worsening seizures, myoclonus, dementia, and ultimately a vegetative state leading to death within a decade of its onset. Here we present a typical case of LD in which the patient survived until the age of 40. Although the patient's brain was severely affected, other organs remained functional until her death. The field of LD research is approaching potentially curative therapies (eg, with antisense oligonucleotides or gene replacement) targeting only the central nervous system (CNS). Our case provides anecdotal evidence suggesting that a patient with typical LD can retain full bodily health aside from the effects of neurological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Goldsmith
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada.,Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Division of Neurology Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Dallas Texas U.S.A
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute Toronto Ontario Canada.,Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Division of Neurology Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Dallas Texas U.S.A
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Bhore N, Wang BJ, Chen YW, Liao YF. Critical Roles of Dual-Specificity Phosphatases in Neuronal Proteostasis and Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091963. [PMID: 28902166 PMCID: PMC5618612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis or proteostasis is a fundamental cellular property that encompasses the dynamic balancing of processes in the proteostasis network (PN). Such processes include protein synthesis, folding, and degradation in both non-stressed and stressful conditions. The role of the PN in neurodegenerative disease is well-documented, where it is known to respond to changes in protein folding states or toxic gain-of-function protein aggregation. Dual-specificity phosphatases have recently emerged as important participants in maintaining balance within the PN, acting through modulation of cellular signaling pathways that are involved in neurodegeneration. In this review, we will summarize recent findings describing the roles of dual-specificity phosphatases in neurodegeneration and offer perspectives on future therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Bhore
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Jeng Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Feng Liao
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Yildiz EP, Yesil G, Ozkan MU, Bektas G, Caliskan M, Ozmen M. A novel EPM2A mutation in a patient with Lafora disease presenting with early parkinsonism symptoms in childhood. Seizure 2017; 51:77-79. [PMID: 28818698 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edibe Pembegul Yildiz
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gozde Yesil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bezmialem Vakif University of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melis Ulak Ozkan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gonca Bektas
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mine Caliskan
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Meral Ozmen
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Upadhyay M, Agarwal S, Bhadauriya P, Ganesh S. Loss of laforin or malin results in increased Drp1 level and concomitant mitochondrial fragmentation in Lafora disease mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 100:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Pulst SM. Helix: October 2016 issue. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e107. [PMID: 27790637 PMCID: PMC5073917 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This issue contains a wide variety of articles covering new genes and mutations, unusual phenotypes, and a reminder that novel genetic technologies need to be paired with the appropriate mechanisms to inform patients of new results or annotations of DNA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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