1
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Ray NR, Ayodele T, Jean-Francois M, Baez P, Fernandez V, Bradley J, Crane PK, Dalgard CL, Kuzma A, Nicaretta H, Sims R, Williams J, Cuccaro ML, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Wang LS, Schellenberg GD, Cruchaga C, Beecham GW, Reitz C. The Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Whole-Genome Sequencing Project: Study design and methodology. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4187-4195. [PMID: 37390458 PMCID: PMC10527497 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sequencing efforts to identify genetic variants and pathways underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) have largely focused on late-onset AD although early-onset AD (EOAD), accounting for ∼10% of cases, is largely unexplained by known mutations, resulting in a lack of understanding of its molecular etiology. METHODS Whole-genome sequencing and harmonization of clinical, neuropathological, and biomarker data of over 5000 EOAD cases of diverse ancestries. RESULTS A publicly available genomics resource for EOAD with extensive harmonized phenotypes. Primary analysis will (1) identify novel EOAD risk loci and druggable targets; (2) assess local-ancestry effects; (3) create EOAD prediction models; and (4) assess genetic overlap with cardiovascular and other traits. DISCUSSION This novel resource complements over 50,000 control and late-onset AD samples generated through the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP). The harmonized EOAD/ADSP joint call will be available through upcoming ADSP data releases and will allow for additional analyses across the full onset range. HIGHLIGHTS Sequencing efforts to identify genetic variants and pathways underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) have largely focused on late-onset AD although early-onset AD (EOAD), accounting for ∼10% of cases, is largely unexplained by known mutations. This results in a significant lack of understanding of the molecular etiology of this devastating form of the disease. The Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Whole-genome Sequencing Project is a collaborative initiative to generate a large-scale genomics resource for early-onset Alzheimer's disease with extensive harmonized phenotype data. Primary analyses are designed to (1) identify novel EOAD risk and protective loci and druggable targets; (2) assess local-ancestry effects; (3) create EOAD prediction models; and (4) assess genetic overlap with cardiovascular and other traits. The harmonized genomic and phenotypic data from this initiative will be available through NIAGADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Ray
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New
York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Temitope Ayodele
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New
York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Melissa Jean-Francois
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics,
University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human
Genetics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Penelope Baez
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New
York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Victoria Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology and Genetics,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Neurogenomics and Informatic (NGI) Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Joseph Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology and Genetics,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Neurogenomics and Informatic (NGI) Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Paul K. Crane
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics,
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Amanda Kuzma
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Heather Nicaretta
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical
Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Julie Williams
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University,
Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical
Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics,
University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human
Genetics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics,
University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human
Genetics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New
York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY
10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York,
NY 10032, USA
| | - Li-San Wang
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology and Genetics,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Neurogenomics and Informatic (NGI) Center, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gary W. Beecham
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics,
University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human
Genetics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New
York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease
and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY
10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York,
NY 10032, USA
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6
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Osterman MD, Song YE, Adams LD, Laux RA, Caywood LJ, Prough MB, Clouse JE, Herington SD, Slifer SH, Lynn A, Fuzzell MD, Fuzzell SL, Hochstetler SD, Miskimen K, Main LR, Dorfsman DA, Ogrocki P, Lerner AJ, Ramos J, Vance JM, Cuccaro ML, Scott WK, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. The genetic architecture of Alzheimer disease risk in the Ohio and Indiana Amish. HGG ADVANCES 2022; 3:100114. [PMID: 35599847 PMCID: PMC9114685 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is currently estimated to affect 6.2 million Americans. It ranks as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and the proportion of deaths due to AD has been increasing since 2000, while the proportion of many other leading causes of deaths have decreased or remained constant. The risk for AD is multifactorial, including genetic and environmental risk factors. Although APOE ε4 remains the largest genetic risk factor for AD, more than 26 other loci have been associated with AD risk. Here, we recruited Amish adults from Ohio and Indiana to investigate AD risk and protective genetic effects. As a founder population that typically practices endogamy, variants that are rare in the general population may be of a higher frequency in the Amish population. Since the Amish have a slightly lower incidence and later age of onset of disease, they represent an excellent and unique population for research on protective genetic variants. We compared AD risk in the Amish and to a non-Amish population through APOE genotype, a non-APOE genetic risk score of genome-wide significant variants, and a non-APOE polygenic risk score considering all of the variants. Our results highlight the lesser relative impact of APOE and differing genetic architecture of AD risk in the Amish compared to a non-Amish, general European ancestry population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Osterman
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yeunjoo E. Song
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Larry D. Adams
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Renee A. Laux
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Laura J. Caywood
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael B. Prough
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jason E. Clouse
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sharlene D. Herington
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Susan H. Slifer
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Audrey Lynn
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M. Denise Fuzzell
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarada L. Fuzzell
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sherri D. Hochstetler
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kristy Miskimen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leighanne R. Main
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel A. Dorfsman
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Paula Ogrocki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alan J. Lerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jairo Ramos
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William K. Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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11
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Griswold AJ, Celis K, Bussies PL, Rajabli F, Whitehead PL, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Beecham GW, Dykxhoorn DM, Nuytemans K, Wang L, Gardner OK, Dorfsman DA, Bigio EH, Mesulam MM, Weintraub S, Geula C, Gearing M, McGrath-Martinez E, Dalgard CL, Scott WK, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Young JI, Vance JM. Increased APOE ε4 expression is associated with the difference in Alzheimer's disease risk from diverse ancestral backgrounds. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1179-1188. [PMID: 33522086 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 confers less risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in carriers with African local genomic ancestry (ALA) than APOE ε4 carriers with European local ancestry (ELA). Cell type specific transcriptional variation between the two local ancestries (LAs) could contribute to this disease risk differences. METHODS Single-nucleus RNA sequencing was performed on frozen frontal cortex of homozygous APOE ε4/ε4 AD patients: seven with ELA, four with ALA. RESULTS A total of 60,908 nuclei were sequenced. Within the LA region (chr19:44-46Mb), APOE was the gene most differentially expressed, with ELA carriers having significantly more expression (overall P < 1.8E-317 ) in 24 of 32 cell clusters. The transcriptome of one astrocyte cluster, with high APOE ε4 expression and specific to ELA, is suggestive of A1 reactive astrocytes. DISCUSSION AD patients with ELA expressed significantly greater levels of APOE than ALA APOE ε4 carriers. These differences in APOE expression could contribute to the reduced risk for AD seen in African APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrina Celis
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Parker L Bussies
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Farid Rajabli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrice L Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kara L Hamilton-Nelson
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Karen Nuytemans
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Liyong Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Olivia K Gardner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel A Dorfsman
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Northwestern ADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marek Marsel Mesulam
- Northwestern ADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Northwestern ADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Changiz Geula
- Northwestern ADC Neuropathology Core, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elisa McGrath-Martinez
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William K Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juan I Young
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Dr. John T Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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12
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Pytte J, Flynn LL, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, Theunissen F, James I, Pfaff A, Koks S, Saunders AM, Bedlack R, Burns DK, Lutz MW, Siddique N, Siddique T, Roses AD, Akkari PA. Disease-modifying effects of an SCAF4 structural variant in a predominantly SOD1 ALS cohort. Neurol Genet 2020; 6:e470. [PMID: 32754644 PMCID: PMC7357414 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that rs573116164 will have disease-modifying effects in patients with superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), we characterized rs573116164 within a cohort of 190 patients with fALS and 560 healthy age-matched controls to assess the variant for association with various measures of disease. METHODS Using a previously described bioinformatics evaluation algorithm, a polymorphic short structural variant associated with SOD1 was identified according to its theoretical effect on gene expression. An 12-18 poly-T repeat (rs573116164) within the 3' untranslated region of serine and arginine rich proteins-related carboxy terminal domain associated factor 4 (SCAF4), a gene that is adjacent to SOD1, was assessed for disease association and influence on survival and age at onset in an fALS cohort using PCR, Sanger sequencing, and capillary separation techniques for allele detection. RESULTS In a North American cohort of predominantly SOD1 fALS patients (n =190) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 560), we showed that carriage of an 18T SCAF4 allele was associated with disease within this cohort (odds ratio [OR] 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9-11.2; p = 4.0e-11), but also within non-SOD1 cases (n = 27; OR 5.3; 95% CI 1.9-14.5; p = 0.0014). This finding suggests genetically SOD1-independent effects of SCAF4 on fALS susceptibility. Furthermore, carriage of an 18T allele was associated with a 26-month reduction in survival time (95% CI 6.6-40.8; p = 0.014), but did not affect age at onset of disease. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this fALS cohort suggest that rs573116164 could have SOD1-independent and broader relevance in ALS, warranting further investigation in other fALS and sporadic ALS cohorts, as well as studies of functional effects of the 18T variant on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pytte
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Loren L Flynn
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Frances Theunissen
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Ian James
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Abigail Pfaff
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Ann M Saunders
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Richard Bedlack
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Daniel K Burns
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Nailah Siddique
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Teepu Siddique
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - Allen D Roses
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
| | - P Anthony Akkari
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), University of Western Australia, Crawley; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science (J.P., L.L.F., R.S.A., F.L.M., F.T., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Nedlands; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics (L.L.F., A.P., S.K., P.A.A.), Murdoch University; School of Health Sciences (R.S.A.), and Institute for Health Research (R.S.A.), University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases (I.J.), Murdoch University, Australia; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., R.B., M.W.L., A.D.R.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (A.M.S., D.K.B., A.D.R.), Durham, NC; ALS Clinic (R.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Cell and Molecular Biology (N.S., T.S.), the Les Turner ALS Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and the Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (N.S., T.S.), Chicago, IL
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