Cortical superficial siderosis

Updated Outlook of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Inflammatory Subtypes: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Management

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common untreatable cause of lobar hemorrhages and cognitive decline in the older population. Subset of patients present with its inflammatory subtype with rapid decline in cognitive functions and neurological deficits. Most commonly the underlying pathophysiology of this disease is deposition of insoluble amyloid protein into blood vessel walls which results in vessel fragility leading to local neurotoxicity which may eventually leads to lobar hemorrhages and cognitive decline. The term “Amyloid Spell” encompasses transient focal neurological deficits which is commonly misdiagnosed as seizures or transient ischemic attack in the emergency department. Radiologic findings in these patients may reveal microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis, white matter hyperintensities, and cerebral edema which support the clinical diagnosis which could be otherwise challenging. CAA diagnostic criteria require CT (Edinburgh Criteria) or MRI imaging, or neuropathology. The diagnosis can be suspected without imaging or neuropathology but cannot be confirmed. This review article provides a critical outlook on different types of presentations, updated diagnostic criteria and management of CAA patients illustrating underlying mechanisms associated with neuronal injury secondary to amyloid deposition.