Long-Term Neuropsychiatric, Neurocognitive, and Functional Outcomes of Patients Receiving ECMO: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

After ECMO Decannulation, Are Patients Thriving or Just Surviving?

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to support patients with cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, and acute respiratory distress syndrome is rising worldwide.1 While ECMO may save the lives of some of our sickest patients, the outlook of ECMO survivorship remains uncertain. Defining longer-term functional and neuropsychiatric outcomes in ECMO survivors is important for 3 reasons. First, critically ill patients are at high risk of experiencing postintensive care syndrome (PICS), defined as new physical, cognitive, or psychological impairments that present in survivors of critical illness after hospital discharge.2 PICS is associated with more severe illness and longer intensive care unit length of stay.3 Because ECMO is reserved for patients with refractory shock or hypoxia, patients treated with ECMO represent a severely ill patient population with prolonged length of stay, putting them at particularly high risk of developing PICS. Second, ECMO is associated with direct neurologic injury, including both macrohemorrhages and microhemorrhages, infarcts, and diffuse hypoxic-ischemic brain injury that likely contribute to long-term outcomes.4 Finally, ECMO is very expensive. A recent study determined that the average cost per admission for patients with COVID-19 placed on ECMO was nearly $850,000 more than those who received only mechanical ventilation.5 Understanding patient-centered outcomes will be an integral part of future cost-effectiveness analyses.