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Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
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Abrahamson EE, Kofler JK, Becker CR, Price JC, Newell KL, Ghetti B, Murrell JR, McLean CA, Lopez OL, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Villemagne VL, Ikonomovic MD. 11C-PiB PET can underestimate brain amyloid-β burden when cotton wool plaques are numerous. Brain 2022; 145:2161-2176. [PMID: 34918018 PMCID: PMC9630719 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with familial Alzheimer's disease due to PSEN1 mutations develop high cortical fibrillar amyloid-β load but often have lower cortical 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) retention than Individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized this is influenced by limited interactions of Pittsburgh compound B with cotton wool plaques, an amyloid-β plaque type common in familial Alzheimer's disease but rare in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Histological sections of frontal and temporal cortex, caudate nucleus and cerebellum were obtained from 14 cases with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, 12 cases with familial Alzheimer's disease due to PSEN1 mutations, two relatives of a PSEN1 mutation carrier but without genotype information and three non-Alzheimer's disease cases. Sections were processed immunohistochemically using amyloid-β-targeting antibodies and the fluorescent amyloid stains cyano-PiB and X-34. Plaque load was quantified by percentage area analysis. Frozen homogenates from the same brain regions from five sporadic Alzheimer's disease and three familial Alzheimer's disease cases were analysed for 3H-PiB in vitro binding and concentrations of amyloid-β1-40 and amyloid-β1-42. Nine sporadic Alzheimer's disease, three familial Alzheimer's disease and three non-Alzheimer's disease participants had 11C-PiB PET with standardized uptake value ratios calculated using the cerebellum as the reference region. Cotton wool plaques were present in the neocortex of all familial Alzheimer's disease cases and one sporadic Alzheimer's disease case, in the caudate nucleus from four familial Alzheimer's disease cases, but not in the cerebellum. Cotton wool plaques immunolabelled robustly with 4G8 and amyloid-β42 antibodies but weakly with amyloid-β40 and amyloid-βN3pE antibodies and had only background cyano-PiB fluorescence despite labelling with X-34. Relative to amyloid-β plaque load, cyano-Pittsburgh compound B plaque load was similar in sporadic Alzheimer's disease while in familial Alzheimer's disease it was lower in the neocortex and the caudate nucleus. In both regions, insoluble amyloid-β1-42 and amyloid-β1-40 concentrations were similar in familial Alzheimer's disease and sporadic Alzheimer's disease groups, while 3H-PiB binding was lower in the familial Alzheimer's disease than the sporadic Alzheimer's disease group. Higher amyloid-β1-42 concentration associated with higher 3H-PiB binding in sporadic Alzheimer's disease but not familial Alzheimer's disease. 11C-PiB retention correlated with region-matched post-mortem amyloid-β plaque load; however, familial Alzheimer's disease cases with abundant cotton wool plaques had lower 11C-PiB retention than sporadic Alzheimer's disease cases with similar amyloid-β plaque loads. PiB has limited ability to detect amyloid-β aggregates in cotton wool plaques and may underestimate total amyloid-β plaque burden in brain regions with abundant cotton wool plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julia K Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carl R Becker
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie C Price
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jill R Murrell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Victorian Brain Bank, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Willumsen N, Poole T, Nicholas JM, Fox NC, Ryan NS, Lashley T. Variability in the type and layer distribution of cortical Aβ pathology in familial Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13009. [PMID: 34319632 PMCID: PMC9048809 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the PSEN1, PSEN2 or APP genes, giving rise to considerable clinical and pathological heterogeneity in FAD. Here we investigate variability in clinical data and the type and distribution of Aβ pathologies throughout the cortical layers of different FAD mutation cases. Brain tissue from 20 FAD cases [PSEN1 pre-codon 200 (n = 10), PSEN1 post-codon 200 (n = 6), APP (n = 4)] were investigated. Frontal cortex sections were stained immunohistochemically for Aβ, and Nissl to define the cortical layers. The frequency of different amyloid-beta plaque types was graded for each cortical layer and the severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) was determined in cortical and leptomeningeal blood vessels. Comparisons were made between FAD mutations and APOE4 status, with associations between pathology, clinical and genetic data investigated. In this cohort, possession of an APOE4 allele was associated with increased disease duration but not with age at onset, after adjusting for mutation sub-group and sex. We found Aβ pathology to be heterogeneous between cases although Aβ load was highest in cortical layer 3 for all mutation groups and a higher Aβ load was associated with APOE4. The PSEN1 post-codon 200 group had a higher Aβ load in lower cortical layers, with a small number of this group having increased cotton wool plaque pathology in lower layers. Cotton wool plaque frequency was positively associated with the severity of CAA in the whole cohort and in the PSEN1 post-codon 200 group. Carriers of the same PSEN1 mutation can have differing patterns of Aβ deposition, potentially because of differences in risk factors. Our results highlight possible influences of APOE4 genotype, and PSEN1 mutation type on Aβ deposition, which may have effects on the clinical heterogeneity of FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanet Willumsen
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Teresa Poole
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Miki T, Yokota O, Haraguchi T, Ikeuchi T, Zhu B, Takenoshita S, Terada S, Yamada N. Young adult-onset, very slowly progressive cognitive decline with spastic paraparesis in Alzheimer's disease with cotton wool plaques due to a novel presenilin1 G417S mutation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:19. [PMID: 30755281 PMCID: PMC6371429 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:27-52. [PMID: 31705489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and heterogeneous, severe neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant form of dementia, characterized by cognitive disturbances, behavioral and psychotic symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, disorientation, behavioral changes, and death. Genetic background of Alzheimer's disease differs between early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, other cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rare cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's diseases are caused by high-penetrant mutations in genes coding for amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial and associated with many different genetic risk loci (>20), with the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele being a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Genetic and genomic studies offer insight into many additional genetic risk loci involved in the genetically complex nature of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the contributions of individual loci to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and suggests that their exact contribution is still not clear. Therefore, the use of genetic markers of Alzheimer's disease, for monitoring development, time course, treatment response, and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease, is still far away from the clinical application, because the contribution of genetic variations to the relative risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is limited. In the light of prediction and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, a novel approach could be found in the form of additive genetic risk scores, which combine additive effects of numerous susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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Karch CM, Hernández D, Wang JC, Marsh J, Hewitt AW, Hsu S, Norton J, Levitch D, Donahue T, Sigurdson W, Ghetti B, Farlow M, Chhatwal J, Berman S, Cruchaga C, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Pébay A, Goate AM. Human fibroblast and stem cell resource from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:69. [PMID: 30045758 PMCID: PMC6060509 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) cause autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer disease (ADAD). More than 280 pathogenic mutations have been reported in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2. However, understanding of the basic biological mechanisms that drive the disease are limited. The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) is an international observational study of APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 mutation carriers with the goal of determining the sequence of changes in presymptomatic mutation carriers who are destined to develop Alzheimer disease. RESULTS We generated a library of 98 dermal fibroblast lines from 42 ADAD families enrolled in DIAN. We have reprogrammed a subset of the DIAN fibroblast lines into patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. These cells were thoroughly characterized for pluripotency markers. CONCLUSIONS This library represents a comprehensive resource that can be used for disease modeling and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Damián Hernández
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Jen-Chyong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jacob Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Denise Levitch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Tamara Donahue
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Wendy Sigurdson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Martin Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Sarah Berman
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4-West Montefiore University Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN)
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4-West Montefiore University Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Day GS, Musiek ES, Roe CM, Norton J, Goate AM, Cruchaga C, Cairns NJ, Morris JC. Phenotypic Similarities Between Late-Onset Autosomal Dominant and Sporadic Alzheimer Disease: A Single-Family Case-Control Study. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:1125-32. [PMID: 27454811 PMCID: PMC5025942 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The amyloid hypothesis posits that disrupted β-amyloid homeostasis initiates the pathological process resulting in Alzheimer disease (AD). Autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) has an early symptomatic onset and is caused by single-gene mutations that result in overproduction of β-amyloid 42. To the extent that sporadic late-onset AD (LOAD) also results from dysregulated β-amyloid 42, the clinical phenotypes of ADAD and LOAD should be similar when controlling for the effects of age. OBJECTIVE To use a family with late-onset ADAD caused by a presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene mutation to mitigate the potential confound of age when comparing ADAD and LOAD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study was conducted at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center at Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, and other National Institutes of Aging-funded AD centers in the United States. Ten PSEN1 A79V mutation carriers from multiple generations of a family with late-onset ADAD and 12 noncarrier family members were followed up at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center (1985-2015) and 1115 individuals with neuropathologically confirmed LOAD were included from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center database (September 2005-December 2014). Data analysis was completed in January 2016, including Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center patient data collected up until the end of 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Planned comparison of clinical characteristics between cohorts, including age at symptom onset, associated symptoms and signs, rates of progression, and disease duration. RESULTS Of the PSEN1 A79V carriers in the family with late-onset ADAD, 4 were female (57%); among those with LOAD, 529 were female (47%). Seven mutation carriers (70%) developed AD dementia, while 3 were yet asymptomatic in their seventh and eighth decades of life. No differences were observed between mutation carriers and individuals with LOAD concerning age at symptom onset (mutation carriers: mean, 75 years [range, 63-77 years] vs those with LOAD: mean, 74 years [range, 60-101 years]; P = .29), presenting symptoms (memory loss in 7 of 7 mutation carriers [100%] vs 958 of 1063 individuals with LOAD [90.1%]; P ≥ .99) and duration (mutation carriers: mean, 9.9 years [range, 2.3-12.8 years] vs those with LOAD: 9 years [range, 1-27 years]; P = .73), and rate of progression of dementia (median annualized change in Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes score, mutation carriers: 1.2 [range, 0.1-3.3] vs those with LOAD: 1.9 [range, -3.5 to 11.9]; P = .73). Early emergence of comorbid hallucinations and delusions were observed in 57% of individuals with ADAD (4 of 7) vs 19% of individuals with LOAD (137 of 706) (P = .03). Three of 12 noncarriers (25%) from the PSEN1 A79V family are potential phenocopies as they also developed AD dementia (median age at onset, 76.0 years). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this family, the amyloidogenic PSEN1 A79V mutation recapitulates the clinical attributes of LOAD. Previously reported clinical phenotypic differences between individuals with ADAD and LOAD may reflect age- or mutation-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Day
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Erik S Musiek
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Catherine M Roe
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joanne Norton
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Alison M Goate
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri4Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John C Morris
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, St Louis, Missouri2Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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