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Marino N, Bedeschi M, Vaccari ME, Cambiaghi M, Tesei A. Glitches in the brain: the dangerous relationship between radiotherapy and brain fog. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1328361. [PMID: 38515789 PMCID: PMC10956129 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1328361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Up to approximately 70% of cancer survivors report persistent deficits in memory, attention, speed of information processing, multi-tasking, and mental health functioning, a series of symptoms known as "brain fog." The severity and duration of such effects can vary depending on age, cancer type, and treatment regimens. In particular, every year, hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide undergo radiotherapy (RT) for primary brain tumors and brain metastases originating from extracranial tumors. Besides its potential benefits in the control of tumor progression, recent studies indicate that RT reprograms the brain tumor microenvironment inducing increased activation of microglia and astrocytes and a consequent general condition of neuroinflammation that in case it becomes chronic could lead to a cognitive decline. Furthermore, radiation can induce endothelium reticulum (ER) stress directly or indirectly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) activating compensatory survival signaling pathways in the RT-surviving fraction of healthy neuronal and glial cells. In particular, the anomalous accumulation of misfolding proteins in neuronal cells exposed to radiation as a consequence of excessive activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) could pave the way to neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, exposure of cells to ionizing radiation was also shown to affect the normal proteasome activity, slowing the degradation rate of misfolded proteins, and further exacerbating ER-stress conditions. This compromises several neuronal functions, with neuronal accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins with a consequent switch from proteasome to immunoproteasome that increases neuroinflammation, a crucial risk factor for neurodegeneration. The etiology of brain fog remains elusive and can arise not only during treatment but can also persist for an extended period after the end of RT. In this review, we will focus on the molecular pathways triggered by radiation therapy affecting cognitive functions and potentially at the origin of so-called "brain fog" symptomatology, with the aim to define novel therapeutic strategies to preserve healthy brain tissue from cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Marino
- Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Martina Bedeschi
- Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Melania Elettra Vaccari
- Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Marco Cambiaghi
- Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
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Di Lazzaro V. Editorial: Emerging talents in human neuroscience: neuromodulation 2023. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1354465. [PMID: 38249575 PMCID: PMC10796596 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1354465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
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3
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Zhu H, Yin X, Yang H, Fu R, Hou W, Ding C, Xu G. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances the neuronal excitability of mice by regulating dynamic characteristics of Granule cells' Ion channels. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:431-443. [PMID: 37007191 PMCID: PMC10050517 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects of acute high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (hf-rTMS) on neuronal excitability of granule cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, as well as the underlying intrinsic mediating mechanisms by which rTMS regulates neuronal excitability. First, high-frequency single TMS was used to measure the motor threshold (MT) of mice. Then, rTMS with different intensities of 0 MT (control), 0.8 MT, and 1.2 MT were applied to acute mice brain slices. Next, patch-clamp technique was used to record the resting membrane potential and evoked nerve discharge of granule cells, as well as the voltage-gated sodium current (I Na) of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), transient outward potassium current (I A) and delayed rectifier potassium current (I K) of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv). Results showed that acute hf-rTMS in both 0.8 MT and 1.2 MT groups significantly activated I Na and inhibited I A and I K compared with control group, due to the changes of dynamic characteristics of VGSCs and Kv. Acute hf-rTMS in both 0.8 MT and 1.2 MT groups significantly increased membrane potential and nerve discharge frequency. Therefore, changing dynamic characteristics of VGSCs and Kv, activating I Na and inhibiting I A and I K might be one of the intrinsic mediating mechanisms by which rTMS enhanced the neuronal excitability of granular cells, and this regulatory effect increased with the increase of stimulus intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Xiaonan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Huilan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Rui Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Wentao Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Chong Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Guizhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
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Gong Q, Yan R, Chen H, Duan X, Wu X, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Feng Z, Chen Y, Liu J, Xu P, Qiu J, Liu H, Hou J. Effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on rehabilitation of upper limb motor function after stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1044333. [PMID: 37006504 PMCID: PMC10060824 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1044333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe cerebellum is involved in the control and coordination of movements but it remains unclear whether stimulation of the cerebellum could improve the recovery of upper limb motor function. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) therapy could promote the recovery of upper limb motor function in patients who suffered a stroke.MethodsIn this randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled prospective study, 77 stroke patients were recruited and randomly assigned to the tDCS group (n = 39) or the control group (n = 38). The patients received anodal (2 mA, 20 min) or sham tDCS therapy for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) score from baseline to the first day after 4 weeks of treatment (T1) and 60 days after 4 weeks of treatment (T2). The secondary outcomes were the FMA-UE response rates assessed at T1 and T2. Adverse events (AEs) related to the tDCS treatment were also recorded.ResultsAt T1, the mean FMA-UE score increased by 10.7 points [standard error of the mean (SEM) = 1.4] in the tDCS group and by 5.8 points (SEM = 1.3) in the control group (difference between the two groups was 4.9 points, P = 0.013). At T2, the mean FMA-UE score increased by 18.9 points (SEM = 2.1) in the tDCS group and by 12.7 points (SEM = 2.1) in the control group (the difference between the two groups was 6.2 points, P = 0.043). At T1, 26 (70.3%) patients in the tDCS group had a clinically meaningful response to the FMA-UE score compared to 12 (34.3%) patients in the control group (the difference between the two groups was 36.0%, P =0.002). At T2, 33 (89.2%) patients in the tDCS group had a clinically meaningful response to the FMA-UE score compared with 19 (54.3%) patients in the control group (the difference between the two groups was 34.9%, P = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups. In the subgroup analysis of different hemiplegic sides, the rehabilitation effect of patients with right hemiplegia was better than that of patients with left hemiplegia (P < 0.05); in the age subgroup analysis, different age groups of patients did not show a significant difference in the rehabilitation effect (P > 0.05).ConclusionCerebellar tDCS can be used as an effective and safe treatment to promote recovery of upper limb motor function in stroke patients.Trial registrationChiCTR.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR2200061838.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwen Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rubing Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Duan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jingming Hou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jingming Hou
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Cambiaghi M, Cordaro M, Dossena S, Cuzzocrea S, Buffelli M. Editorial: Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: Physiological and molecular evidence. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1128205. [PMID: 36814991 PMCID: PMC9939818 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1128205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cambiaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy,*Correspondence: Marco Cambiaghi ✉
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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6
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Walter HL, Pikhovych A, Endepols H, Rotthues S, Bärmann J, Backes H, Hoehn M, Wiedermann D, Neumaier B, Fink GR, Rüger MA, Schroeter M. Transcranial-Direct-Current-Stimulation Accelerates Motor Recovery After Cortical Infarction in Mice: The Interplay of Structural Cellular Responses and Functional Recovery. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:701-714. [PMID: 36124996 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221124116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) promotes recovery after stroke in humans. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain to be elucidated. Animal models suggest tDCS effects on neuroinflammation, stem cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neural plasticity. OBJECTIVE In a longitudinal study, we employed tDCS in the subacute and chronic phase after experimental focal cerebral ischemia in mice to explore the relationship between functional recovery and cellular processes. METHODS Mice received photothrombosis in the right motor cortex, verified by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A composite neuroscore quantified subsequent functional deficits. Mice received tDCS daily: either 5 sessions from day 5 to 9, or 10 sessions with days 12 to 16 in addition. TDCS with anodal or cathodal polarity was compared to sham stimulation. Further imaging to assess proliferation and neuroinflammation was performed by immunohistochemistry at different time points and Positron Emission Tomography at the end of the observation time of 3 weeks. RESULTS Cathodal tDCS at 198 kC/m2 (220 A/m2) between days 5 and 9 accelerated functional recovery, increased neurogenesis, decreased microglial activation, and mitigated CD16/32-expression associated with M1-phenotype. Anodal tDCS exerted similar effects on neurogenesis and microglial polarization but not on recovery of function or microglial activation. TDCS on days 12 to 16 after stroke did not induce any further effects, suggesting that the therapeutic time window was closed by then. CONCLUSION Overall, data suggest that non-invasive neuromodulation by tDCS impacts neurogenesis and microglial activation as critical cellular processes influencing functional recovery during the early phase of regeneration from focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Luise Walter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anton Pikhovych
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Steffen Rotthues
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Bärmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Backes
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rüger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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7
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Early Application of Ipsilateral Cathodal-tDCS in a Mouse Model of Brain Ischemia Results in Functional Improvement and Perilesional Microglia Modulation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040588. [PMID: 35454177 PMCID: PMC9027610 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early stroke therapeutic approaches rely on limited options, further characterized by a narrow therapeutic time window. In this context, the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the acute phases after brain ischemia is emerging as a promising non-invasive tool. Despite the wide clinical application of tDCS, the cellular mechanisms underlying its positive effects are still poorly understood. Here, we explored the effects of cathodal tDCS (C-tDCS) 6 h after focal forelimb M1 ischemia in Cx3CR1GFP/+ mice. C-tDCS improved motor functionality of the affected forelimb, as assessed by the cylinder and foot-fault tests at 48 h, though not changing the ischemic volume. In parallel, histological analysis showed that motor recovery is associated with decreased microglial cell density in the area surrounding the ischemic core, while astrocytes were not affected. Deeper analysis of microglia morphology within the perilesional area revealed a shift toward a more ramified healthier state, with increased processes’ complexity and a less phagocytic anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, our findings suggest a positive role for early C-tDCS after ischemia, which is able to modulate microglia phenotype and morphology in parallel to motor recovery.
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Starosta M, Cichoń N, Saluk-Bijak J, Miller E. Benefits from Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082149. [PMID: 35456245 PMCID: PMC9030945 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is an acute neurovascular central nervous system (CNS) injury and one of the main causes of long-term disability and mortality. Post-stroke rehabilitation as part of recovery is focused on relearning lost skills and regaining independence as much as possible. Many novel strategies in neurorehabilitation have been introduced. This review focuses on current evidence of the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), in post-stroke rehabilitation. Moreover, we present the effects of specific interventions, such as low-frequency or high-frequency rTMS therapy, on motor function, cognitive function, depression, and aphasia in post-stroke patients. Collected data suggest that high-frequency stimulation (5 Hz and beyond) produces an increase in cortical excitability, whereas low-frequency stimulation (≤1 Hz) decreases cortical excitability. Accumulated data suggest that rTMS is safe and can be used to modulate cortical excitability, which may improve overall performance. Side effects such as tingling sensation on the skin of the skull or headache are possible. Serious side effects such as epileptic seizures can be avoided by adhering to international safety guidelines. We reviewed clinical studies that present promising results in general recovery and stimulating neuroplasticity. This article is an overview of the current rTMS state of knowledge related to benefits in stroke, as well as its cellular and molecular mechanisms. In the stroke rehabilitation literature, there is a key methodological problem of creating double-blinding studies, which are very often impossible to conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Starosta
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Cichoń
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland;
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Luo J, Feng Y, Li M, Yin M, Qin F, Hu X. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Neurological Function and Promotes the Anti-inflammatory Polarization of Microglia in Ischemic Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:878345. [PMID: 35496902 PMCID: PMC9039226 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.878345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a severe neurological disease that is difficult to recovery. Previous studies have shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising therapeutic approach, while the exact therapy mechanisms of rTMS in improving neural functional recovery remain unclear. Furthermore, the inflammatory environment may influence the rehabilitation efficacy. Our study shows that long-term rTMS stimulation will significantly promote neurogenesis, inhibit apoptosis, and control inflammation. rTMS inhibits the activation of transcription factors nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and promotes the anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia. Obvious promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines production is observed both in vitro and in vivo through rTMS stimulation on microglia. In addition, neural stem cells (NSCs) cultured in conditioned medium (CM) from microglia treated with rTMS showed downregulation of apoptosis and upregulation of neuronal differentiation. Overall, our results illustrate that rTMS can modulate microglia with anti-inflammatory polarization variation, promote neurogenesis, and improve neural function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lingnan Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Qin,
| | - Xiquan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Xiquan Hu,
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Jannati A, Ryan MA, Kaye HL, Tsuboyama M, Rotenberg A. Biomarkers Obtained by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 39:135-148. [PMID: 34366399 PMCID: PMC8810902 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method for focal brain stimulation that is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction where small intracranial electric currents are generated by a powerful fluctuating magnetic field. Over the past three decades, TMS has shown promise in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders in adults. However, the use of TMS in children has been more limited. We provide a brief introduction to the TMS technique; common TMS protocols including single-pulse TMS, paired-pulse TMS, paired associative stimulation, and repetitive TMS; and relevant TMS-derived neurophysiological measurements including resting and active motor threshold, cortical silent period, paired-pulse TMS measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and plasticity metrics after repetitive TMS. We then discuss the biomarker applications of TMS in a few representative neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, fragile X syndrome, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, and developmental stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary A. Ryan
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harper Lee Kaye
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Melissa Tsuboyama
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sanad MH, Eyssa HM, Marzook FA, Farag AB, Rizvi SFA, Mandal SK, Patnaik SS, Fouzy ASM, Bassem SA, Verpoort F. Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of 99mTc Nitrido-Levetiracetam as a Brain Imaging Agent. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s106636222105012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Sanad MH, Rizvi SFA, Farag AB. Synthesis, characterization, and bioevaluation of 99mTc nitrido-oxiracetam as a brain imaging model. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, the radiotracer [99mTc]nitrido-oxiracetam complex was labeled in the presence of 99mTc-nitrido as a core. In order to get the highest radiochemical purity, many effective factors have been studied such as temperature of the reaction, time of the reaction, the pH of the reaction mixture, substrate amount, and stability to give high percent more than 99%. Finally, biodistribution studies have been indicated the convenience of [99mTc]nitrido-oxiracetam as a new radiotracer that could be used in brain imaging. Giving a maximum uptake of 10.6% at 30 min post injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Sanad
- Labeled Compounds Department , Hot Laboratories Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - S. F. A. Rizvi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, Gansu , P. R. China
| | - A. B. Farag
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University , Giza , Egypt
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Non-invasive cortical stimulation: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 159:1-22. [PMID: 34446242 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a re-emerging non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has been used in animal models and human trials aimed to elucidate neurophysiology and behavior interactions. It delivers subthreshold electrical currents to neuronal populations that shift resting membrane potential either toward depolarization or hyperpolarization, depending on stimulation parameters and neuronal orientation in relation to the induced electric field (EF). Although the resulting cerebral EFs are not strong enough to induce action potentials, spontaneous neuronal firing in response to inputs from other brain areas is influenced by tDCS. Additionally, tDCS induces plastic synaptic changes resembling long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) that outlast the period of stimulation. Such properties place tDCS as an appealing intervention for the treatment of diverse neuropsychiatric disorders. Although findings of clinical trials are preliminary for most studied conditions, there is already convincing evidence regarding its efficacy for unipolar depression. The main advantages of tDCS are the absence of serious or intolerable side effects and the portability of the devices, which might lead in the future to home-use applications and improved patient care. This chapter provides an up-to-date overview of a number tDCS relevant topics such as mechanisms of action, contemporary applications and safety. Furthermore, we propose ways to further develop tDCS research.
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Beppi C, Ribeiro Violante I, Scott G, Sandrone S. EEG, MEG and neuromodulatory approaches to explore cognition: Current status and future directions. Brain Cogn 2021; 148:105677. [PMID: 33486194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neural oscillations and their association with brain states and cognitive functions have been object of extensive investigation over the last decades. Several electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) analysis approaches have been explored and oscillatory properties have been identified, in parallel with the technical and computational advancement. This review provides an up-to-date account of how EEG/MEG oscillations have contributed to the understanding of cognition. Methodological challenges, recent developments and translational potential, along with future research avenues, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Beppi
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Inês Ribeiro Violante
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregory Scott
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefano Sandrone
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Cui X, Cheng Q, Lin W, Lin J, Mo L. Different influences of facial attractiveness on judgments of moral beauty and moral goodness. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12152. [PMID: 31434984 PMCID: PMC6704261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Are beauty and goodness the same? The relationship between beauty and goodness has long been a controversial issue in the fields of philosophy, aesthetics, ethics and psychology. Although many empirical studies have explored moral judgment and aesthetic judgment separately, only a few studies have compared the two. Whether these two judgments are two different processes or the same process with two different labels remains unclear. To answer this question, the present study directly compared the influence of facial attractiveness on judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty and revealed distinct contributions of imaging perceptions to these two judgments. The results showed that in the moral beauty judgment task, participants gave higher scores to characters with attractive faces compared with characters with unattractive faces, and larger P200 and LPP were elicited in the unattractive-face condition compared with the attractive-face condition; while in the moral goodness judgment task, there was no significant difference between the two conditions of either behaviour or ERP data. These findings offer important insights into the understanding and comparison of the processes of moral judgment and aesthetic judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cui
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qiuping Cheng
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wuji Lin
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jiabao Lin
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Lei Mo
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Scribonius Largus (probably before 1CE–after 48CE). J Neurol 2018; 265:2466-2468. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sanad MH, Farouk N, Fouzy ASM. Radiocomplexation and bioevaluation of 99mTc nitrido-piracetam as a model for brain imaging. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2016-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the work is to radiolabel a piracetam using [99mTc≡N]2+core in order to give a 99mTcN-labeled piracetam complex, that is expected to concentrate in brain organ by AMPA receptors. The complex was prepared with high radiochemical purity (>98.0) and maintained stability throughout the working period (8 h) using different quality controls. Biodistribution investigation showed that, the maximum uptake of the complex in the brain was 13.5±0.12% at 5 min post injection (p.i.) of the injected dose/g which retained till 2 h post-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Sanad
- Labeled Compounds Department, Radioisotopes Production and Radioactive Sources Division , Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - N. Farouk
- Labeled Compounds Department, Radioisotopes Production and Radioactive Sources Division , Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A. S. M. Fouzy
- Food Toxin and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre , 33, Tahrir St, Dokki , Caro , Egypt
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Stern AP, Boes AD, Haller CS, Bloomingdale K, Pascual-Leone A, Press DZ. Psychiatrists' Attitudes Toward Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:e55-6. [PMID: 26435222 PMCID: PMC6095700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Cambiaghi M, Bacigaluppi M, Gallizioli M, Gaude E, Mari S, Sandrone S, Cursi M, Teneud L, Comi G, Musco G, Martino G, Leocani L. Safety and efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in acute experimental ischemic stroke. Stroke 2013; 44:3166-74. [PMID: 23982710 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transcranial direct current stimulation is emerging as a promising tool for the treatment of several neurological conditions, including cerebral ischemia. The therapeutic role of this noninvasive treatment is, however, limited to chronic phases of stroke. We thus ought to investigate whether different stimulation protocols could also be beneficial in the acute phase of experimental brain ischemia. METHODS The influence of both cathodal and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in modifying brain metabolism of healthy mice was first tested by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Then, mice undergoing transient proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion were randomized and treated acutely with anodal, cathodal, or sham transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain metabolism, functional outcomes, and ischemic lesion volume, as well as the inflammatory reaction and blood brain barrier functionality, were analyzed. RESULTS Cathodal stimulation was able, if applied in the acute phase of stroke, to preserve cortical neurons from the ischemic damage, to reduce inflammation, and to promote a better clinical recovery compared with sham and anodal treatments. This finding was attributable to the significant decrease of cortical glutamate, as indicated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Conversely, anodal stimulation induced an increase in the postischemic lesion volume and augmented blood brain barrier derangement. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that transcranial direct current stimulation exerts a measurable neuroprotective effect in the acute phase of stroke. However, its timing and polarity should be carefully identified on the base of the pathophysiological context to avoid potential harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- From the Neuroimmunology Unit (L.P.-J., M.B., M.G., S.S., G.C., G.M.) and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), DIBIT-II, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (M.C., M.C., L.T., G.C., L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; and Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Biomolecular NMR Laboratory c/o Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy (E.G., S.M., G.M.)
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Sandrone S, Bacigaluppi M, Galloni MR, Cappa SF, Moro A, Catani M, Filippi M, Monti MM, Perani D, Martino G. Weighing brain activity with the balance: Angelo Mosso's original manuscripts come to light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:621-33. [PMID: 23687118 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging are essential tools for the analysis of organized neural systems in working and resting states, both in physiological and pathological conditions. They provide evidence of coupled metabolic and cerebral local blood flow changes that strictly depend upon cellular activity. In 1890, Charles Smart Roy and Charles Scott Sherrington suggested a link between brain circulation and metabolism. In the same year William James, in his introduction of the concept of brain blood flow variations during mental activities, briefly reported the studies of the Italian physiologist Angelo Mosso, a multifaceted researcher interested in the human circulatory system. James focused on Mosso's recordings of brain pulsations in patients with skull breaches, and in the process only briefly referred to another invention of Mosso's, the 'human circulation balance', which could non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity. However, the details and precise workings of this instrument and the experiments Mosso performed with it have remained largely unknown. Having found Mosso's original manuscripts in the archives, we remind the scientific community of his experiments with the 'human circulation balance' and of his establishment of the conceptual basis of non-invasive functional neuroimaging techniques. Mosso unearthed and investigated several critical variables that are still relevant in modern neuroimaging such as the 'signal-to-noise ratio', the appropriate choice of the experimental paradigm and the need for the simultaneous recording of differing physiological parameters.
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