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Ramakrishnan R, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Pyszczynski NA, Jusko WJ. Fifth-generation model for corticosteroid pharmacodynamics: application to steady-state receptor down-regulation and enzyme induction patterns during seven-day continuous infusion of methylprednisolone in rats. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2002; 29:1-24. [PMID: 12194533 PMCID: PMC4207287 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015765201129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A fifth-generation model for receptor/gene-mediated corticosteroid effects was proposed based on results from a 50 mg/kg i.v. bolus dose of methylprednisolone (MPL) in male adrenalectomized rats, and confirmed using data from other acute dosage regimens. Steady-state equations for receptor down-regulation and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) enzyme induction patterns were derived. Five groups of male Wistar rats (n = 5/group) were subcutaneously implanted with Alzet mini-pumps primed to release saline or 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg/hr of MPL for 7 days. Rats were sacrificed at the end of the infusion. Plasma MPL concentrations, blood lymphocyte counts, and hepatic cytosolic free receptor density, receptor mRNA, TAT mRNA, and TAT enzyme levels were quantitated. The pronounced steroid effects were evidenced by marked losses in body weights and changes in organ weights. All four treatments caused a dose-dependent reduction in hepatic receptor levels, which correlated with the induction of TAT mRNA and TAT enzyme levels. The 7 day receptor mRNA and free receptor density correlated well with the model predicted steady-state levels. However, the extent of enzyme induction was markedly higher than that predicted by the model suggesting that the usual receptor/gene-mediated effects observed upon single/intermittent dosing of MPL may be countered by alterations in other aspects of the system. A mean IC50 of 6.1 ng/mL was estimated for the immunosuppressive effects of methylprednisolone on blood lymphocytes. The extent and duration of steroid exposure play a critical role in mediating steroid effects and advanced PK/PD models provide unique insights into controlling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 565 Hochstetter Hall, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Lacomis D, Smith TW, Chad DA. Acute myopathy and neuropathy in status asthmaticus: case report and literature review. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16:84-90. [PMID: 8423836 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880160114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A 38-year-old woman developed acute, severe weakness during the treatment of status asthmaticus that included high-dose intravenous corticosteroids. A muscle biopsy and EMG indicated a myopathy, and nerve conduction studies disclosed a neuropathic component. In association with corticosteroid tapering, the clinical, EMG, and nerve conduction abnormalities resolved. In some patients, intensive treatment of status asthmaticus may cause a reversible, toxic disorder of muscle and nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lacomis
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lacomis
- Department of Medicine (Neurology Division), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Ferguson GT, Irvin CG, Cherniack RM. Effect of corticosteroids on respiratory muscle histopathology. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1990; 142:1047-52. [PMID: 2240827 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/142.5.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic alterations induced by corticosteroid administration were evaluated in the respiratory muscles and compared to those in the peripheral skeletal muscles of the rabbit. Alterations in gross and microscopic pathology as well as histochemistry were determined in the diaphragm, intercostal, sternocleidomastoid, extensor digitorum longus, and soleus muscles following 3 wk of intramuscular cortisone injections. Corticosteroid administration induced significant pathologic changes in all the muscles except the soleus. Although gross pathologic changes were greatest in the extensor digitorum longus, microscopic changes were greatest in the diaphragm. Reductions in total muscle fiber volume were similar in the diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, and extensor digitorum longus muscles. The composition of muscle fiber types and the number of fibers in a muscle were not altered in any of the muscles studied following corticosteroids. There was significant atrophy of individual muscle fibers in all the muscles except the soleus. In the diaphragm, corticosteroids induced atrophy of all fiber types, including type I fibers. Atrophy of type I fibers was not present in the peripheral skeletal muscles or the other respiratory muscles. On the other hand, corticosteroids induced selective atrophy of type IIb muscle fibers in the intercostal and sternocleidomastoid muscles similar to that in the peripheral skeletal muscles. These findings suggest that the effect of corticosteroids on the diaphragm is unique, and one cannot extrapolate form the effect of corticosteroids on peripheral skeletal muscles to that in the diaphragm. In addition, these pathologic changes may have functional relevance, since atrophy of type I fibers may result in a reduction in muscle endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80206
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Ferguson GT, Irvin CG, Cherniack RM. Effect of corticosteroids on diaphragm function and biochemistry in the rabbit. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1990; 141:156-63. [PMID: 2297174 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.1.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of corticosteroid administration for 2 weeks on diaphragm histology, biochemistry, and function were assessed in the rabbit at rest and during inspiratory loading to respiratory failure, and compared to the extensor digitorum longus and untreated control animals. There were marked pathologic changes in the diaphragm after corticosteroid administration and significant alterations in diaphragm glycogen level (118.7 +/- 2.8 versus 56.2 +/- 1.0 mmol/kg wet weight, p less than 0.01) and lactate level (5.3 +/- 0.3 versus 3.5 +/- 0.4 mmol/kg wet weight, p less than 0.01) with only minimal changes in the skeletal muscle. Although respiratory muscle endurance in the control group increased from 142 +/- 17 min at baseline to 155 +/- 20 at Week 1 and 183 +/- 13 at Week 2 (p less than 0.05), it fell progressively from 135 +/- 19 min at baseline to 99 +/- 5 at Week 1 and 88 +/- 9 at Week 2 (p less than 0.01) in the corticosteroid-treated animals. On the other hand, there was no significant change in resting Pdimax after corticosteroid administration. In addition, there was no significant change in Pdimax, Pdi/Edi ratio, or glycogen level at the point of respiratory failure, but diaphragm lactate levels were increased (8.5 +/- 0.8 versus 5.3 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.05). When variable degrees of diaphragm dysfunction were induced by phrenic nerve pacing and/or thoracoabdominal binding, the degree of biochemical change associated with diaphragm dysfunction was significantly greater in corticosteroid-treated animals. We conclude that corticosteroid administration in the rabbit alters diaphragm histopathology and biochemistry as well as respiratory muscle endurance, but not strength.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
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Wilcox PG, Hards JM, Bockhold K, Bressler B, Pardy RL. Pathologic changes and contractile properties of the diaphragm in corticosteroid myopathy in hamsters: comparison to peripheral muscle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1989; 1:191-9. [PMID: 2624759 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/1.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroids have been shown to produce a myopathy of peripheral skeletal muscle, characterized predominantly by Type II fiber atrophy. To determine if similar histologic and histochemical changes occur in the diaphragm and whether the in vitro contractile properties of this muscle are adversely affected by steroids, we studied two groups of hamsters. The experimental group received triamcinolone while a control group received saline, both given daily for 3 wk as i.m. injections. Soleus (Sol) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles and costal diaphragm muscle sections were stained for histologic (hematoxylin and eosin, modified Gomori trichrome) and histochemical (myosin ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase [SDH]) analysis. Muscle fiber proportions and cross-sectional areas (CSA) were measured from myosin ATPase sections. In vitro studies of isometric contractions were carried out on small strips of costal diaphragm, measuring maximal isometric twitch (Pt) and tetanus (Po) tensions, time to peak tension (TTP), half relaxation time (1/2 RT), force-frequency relationship, and fatigue characteristics (60 Hz tetani; duty cycle, 0.5). Triamcinolone treatment resulted in no change in muscle fiber proportions. There was no effect on Type I fiber CSA; however, there was Type IIa (Sol, EDL) and Type IIb (diaphragm, EDL) fiber atrophy in triamcinolone-treated animals. Pt and Po (normalized for weight) of diaphragm strips were not different. There was a prolongation in TTP and 1/2 RT, a left shift in the force-frequency curve, and a reduced fatiguability of triamcinolone-treated diaphragm (P less than 0.05). We conclude that a steroid myopathy could be explained by a loss of muscle mass (Type IIb fiber atrophy) rather than an intrinsic impairment in contractile function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Wilcox
- Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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Palmucci L, Doriguzzi C, Anzil AP. Myopathy with tubular aggregates in a patient adrenalectomized for Cushing's syndrome. J Neurol 1985; 232:374-7. [PMID: 4078604 DOI: 10.1007/bf00313840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a patient with attacks of muscle weakness and mild myopathy with tubular aggregates, following bilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal Cushing's syndrome and replacement therapy with cortisone acetate and 9 alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. The replacement of 9 alpha-fluorohydrocortisone therapy by desoxycorticosterone acetate therapy led to the cessation of the attacks.
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Jirmanová I, Lojda L. Dexamethasone applied to pregnant minisows induces splayleg in minipiglets. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1985; 32:445-58. [PMID: 3927633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1985.tb01962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
In countries with modern pig industries an increasing percentage of newborn piglets is affected by congenital myofibrillar hypoplasia, also called splayleg or spraddleleg. The main pathomorphological features of this disease are myofibrillar hypoplasia and degeneration. Glucocorticoid myopathy induced in immature muscles of early postnatal rats and rabbits has a pathomorphology very similar to that of splayleg disease. Also in other respects the splayleg disease resembles the glucocorticoid myopathy, as summarized in this contribution. It is suggested that splayleg might represent a congenital form of glucocorticoid myopathy resulting from stress and hormonal imbalance of pregnant sows which affect the fetuses.
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Khaleeli AA, Edwards RH, Gohil K, McPhail G, Rennie MJ, Round J, Ross EJ. Corticosteroid myopathy: a clinical and pathological study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1983; 18:155-66. [PMID: 6851197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1983.tb03198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In six patients with Cushing's syndrome and three with steroid myopathy, the clinical, functional, biochemical and structural characteristics of myopathy are described. Proximal muscle weakness occurred in all the patients, preferentially affected the lower limbs and was accompanied by muscle wasting in all but one patient. Force measurements confirmed quadriceps weakness in every patient. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies showed light microscopic abnormalities in two of three patients with steroid myopathy and one of five patients with Cushing's syndrome. Type II fibre atrophy was the commonest abnormality. Reduced type II mean fibre areas occurred in all the patients with steroid myopathy and were common in Cushing's syndrome patients. Type I mean fibre areas were also reduced in two of the former group and one of the latter group and two further patients in this group had areas at the lower end of the normal range. Abnormalities in electron microscopy, mitochondrial function tests and chemical content of skeletal muscle were frequent and are described and discussed. A plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) at the lower end of the normal range, a myopathic electromyogram (EMG) and a raised 24-h urinary 3-methylhistidine/creatinine ratio on a creatine free diet were other characteristic findings in both groups of patients.
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Abstract
The steroids triamcinolone, dexamethasone, beta-methasone, and cortisone were administered i.p. to adult rats for 14-63 days. The extensor digitorum longus (EDL, white muscle) and soleus (SOL, red muscle) muscles were examined histologically and histochemically. Triamcinolone was the most potent lesion-producing drug. Selective involvement of muscles, and of the fiber types within them was observed: Necrotic changes were seen only in the type 1 fibers of the SOL; atrophic fibers were observed in the type 2 fibers of both the SOL and the EDL.
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Shapira Y, Deckelbaum R, Statter M, Tennenbaum A, Aker M, Yarom R. Reye's syndrome; diagnosis by muscle biopsy? Arch Dis Child 1981; 56:287-91. [PMID: 7247440 PMCID: PMC1627218 DOI: 10.1136/adc.56.4.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Three children with Reye's syndrome are described. One child died, the second had mild and transient illness, and the third had recurrent episodes. In all 3 children a muscle biopsy showed pronounced infiltration of the myofibres with fat microdroplets as shown by the oil red O stain and by electron microscopical examination. We suggest that needle biopsy of muscle may be a quick and safe aid to the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome, and may be preferable to liver biopsy in view of the pronounced tendency to bleed in Reye's syndrome.
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Braund KG, Dillon AR, Mikeal RL. Experimental investigation of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy in the dog. Exp Neurol 1980; 68:50-71. [PMID: 7363988 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(80)90066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Braund KG, Dillon AR, Mikeal RL, August JR. Subclinical myopathy associated with hyperadrenocorticism in the dog. Vet Pathol 1980; 17:134-48. [PMID: 7361375 DOI: 10.1177/030098588001700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
One of seven dogs with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism had clinical evidence of neuromuscular disorder. Clinical diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was confirmed by plasma cortisol concentrations before and after adrenocorticotrophin hormone and dexamethasone administration. Electromyographic studies showed bizarre, high frequency discharges in all dogs. Examination of muscle biopsies taken from the biceps femoris muscle from each dog revealed mild degenerative changes of fiber size variation, focal necrosis and fiber splitting. Ragged red fibers were prominent and appeared to be related to mitochondrial aggregates. Significant (P less than 0.05) type 1 and 2 fiber atrophy was found in all dogs. Fiber grouping was present in four dogs. Studies of fascicular biopsies of the peroneal nerve showed thinly myelinated fibers, onion-bulb formation, segmental demyelination and short intercalated internodes. These findings suggested a glucocorticoid-related myopathy in hyperadrenocorticism that also may have a neurogenic component.
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Mastaglia FL, Papadimitriou JM, Dawkins RL, Beveridge B. Vacuolar myopathy associated with chloroquine, lupus erythematosus and thymoma. Report of a case with unusual mitochondrial changes and lipid accumulation in muscle. J Neurol Sci 1977; 34:315-28. [PMID: 591993 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(77)90149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathological and biochemical observations are presented in a 55-year-old woman with lupus erythematosus and thymoma who developed a vacuolar myopathy while being treated with chloroquine. Electromyography showed prominent spontaneous muscle activity including myotonic discharges. Vacuoles were present in all fibre types but, in contrast to previous cases of chloroquine myopathy, were most prominent in intermediate fibres. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic sequestration by membranes in proximity to the t-system, many autophagic vacuoles, tubular networks, and a variety of membranous bodies, some identical to those found in certain forms of cerebral lipidosis. Other features not previously described in chloroquine myopathy included prominent mitochondrial vacuolation and sequestration of glycogen within mitochondria. Thin-layer chromatography of muscle homogenates showed an increase in all major neutral and phospholipid fractions.
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Vignos PJ, Kirby AC, Marsalis PH. Contractile properties of rabbit fast and slow muscles in steroid myopathy. Exp Neurol 1976; 53:444-53. [PMID: 976411 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(76)90084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
In eight women with polymyositis (three patients), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (three patients), rheumatoid arthritis (one patient) and shoulder-hand syndrome (one patient), weakness developed during high dose prednisone therapy. These women were studied using serial functional and manual muscle tests, determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transminase (SGOT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum aldolase levels, and urinary excretion of creatine. Insidious onset of weakness was characteristic. Myalgias were seen in five patients and unusual sudden weakness in two. Weakness was always most severe in the pelvic girdle muscles; there was a lesser involvement of shoulder girdle and distal muscles. Serum muscle enzyme levels were normal in all cases, but urinary creatine excretion was invariably increased and proved to be the most sensitive laboratory indicator for clinical diagnosis and for monitoring patient improvement. Serial urinary creatine excretion and serum enzyme studies were of value in differenting steroid myopathy from a flare of myositis in patients with connective tissue disease. Diagnosis and effective management were achieved by the use of readily available laboratory and clinical procedures without resorting to muscle biopsy.
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Shoji S, Takagi A, Sugita H, Toyokura Y. Muscle glycogen metabolism in steroid-induced myopathy of rabbits. Exp Neurol 1974; 45:1-7. [PMID: 4278199 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(74)90095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ketelsen UP, Freund-Mölbert E, Struck E. Zur Pathomorphologie der Corticoidmyopathie. Ultrastrukturelle Veränderungen des Plasmalemms der Skelett- und Herzmuskelzelle im Vergleich zur intrazellulären Reaktion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(74)80094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hudgson P, Bradley WG, Jenkison M. Familial "mitochondrial" myopathy. A myopathy associated with disordered oxidative metabolism in muscle fibres. 1. Clinical, electrophysiological and pathological findings. J Neurol Sci 1972; 16:343-70. [PMID: 4114165 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(72)90197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bradley WG, Jenkison M, Park DC, Hudgson P, Gardner-Medwin D, Pennington RJ, Walton JN. A myopathy associated with lipid storage. J Neurol Sci 1972; 16:137-54. [PMID: 4114004 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(72)90083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Aguayo AJ, Hudgson P. Observations on the short-term effects of chloroquine on skeletal muscle. An experimental study in the rabbit. J Neurol Sci 1970; 11:301-25. [PMID: 5471915 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(70)90080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Standish SM, Eversole LR. Regenerative changes in rat tongue muscle following crushing injury. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1970; 30:87-98. [PMID: 5269812 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(70)90017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Peter JB, Verhaag DA, Worsfold M. Studies of steroid myopathy. Examination of the possible effect of triamcinolone on mitochondria and sarcotubular vesicles of rat skeletal muscle. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19:1627-36. [PMID: 4254782 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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David DS, Grieco MH, Cushman P. Adrenal glucocorticoids after twenty years. A review of their clinically relevant consequences. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1970; 22:637-711. [PMID: 5006493 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(70)90078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mastaglia FL, McCollum JP, Larson PF, Hudgson P. Steroid myopathy complicating McArdle's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970; 33:111-20. [PMID: 4313853 PMCID: PMC493416 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.33.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bray GM, Banker BQ. An ultrastructural study of degeneration and necrosis of muscle in the dystrophic mouse. Acta Neuropathol 1970; 15:34-44. [PMID: 4907318 DOI: 10.1007/bf00690687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kaufman MA, Roizin L, Gold G. Neuropathology. PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 1967; 26:97-121. [PMID: 4363629 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9662-6.50008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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