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Egashira S, Tanaka T, Yamashiro T, Saito S, Abe S, Yoshimoto T, Fukuma K, Ishiyama H, Yamaguchi E, Hattori Y, Ogata S, Nishimura K, Koga M, Toyoda K, Debette S, Ihara M. High pillow and spontaneous vertebral artery dissection: A case-control study implicating "Shogun pillow syndrome". Eur Stroke J 2024; 9:501-509. [PMID: 38284382 DOI: 10.1177/23969873231226029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The underlying causes of spontaneous vertebral artery dissection (sVAD) remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to determine whether high-pillow usage is associated with an increased risk of sVAD and evaluate the frequency of sVAD attributable to high-pillow usage. PATIENTS AND METHODS This case-control study identified patients with sVAD and age- and sex-matched non-sVAD controls (case-to-control ratio: 1:1) treated at a certified comprehensive stroke center in Japan between 2018 and 2023. The pillow height used at the onset of the index disease was measured and classified into three categories between 12 and 15 cm boundaries. Univariable logistic regression was performed to assess the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of high-pillow usage for sVAD development. A subgroup of sVAD attributable to high-pillow usage was defined with the following three conditions: high-pillow usage (⩾12 or ⩾15 cm); no minor preceding trauma; and wake-up onset. RESULTS Fifty-three patients with sVAD and 53 non-sVAD controls (42% women, median age: 49 years) were identified. High-pillow usage (⩾12 and ⩾15 cm) was more common in the sVAD group than in the non-sVAD group (34 vs 15%; OR = 2.89; 95%CI = 1.13-7.43 and 17 vs 1.9%; OR = 10.6; 95%CI = 1.30-87.3, respectively). The subgroup of sVAD attributed to high-pillow usage (⩾12 and ⩾15 cm) was found in 11.3% (95%CI = 2.7%-19.8%) and 9.4% (95%CI = 1.5%-17.3%), respectively. CONCLUSION High-pillow usage was associated with an increased risk of sVAD and accounted for approximately 10% of all sVAD cases. This tentative subgroup of sVAD may represent a distinct spectrum of disease-Shogun pillow syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Egashira
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamashiro
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Soichiro Abe
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fukuma
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiyama
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Eriko Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Soshiro Ogata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Nishimura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Larson AS, Bathla G, Brinjikji W, Lanzino G, Cheek-Norgan EH, Aubry MC, Huston J, Benson JC. A review of histopathologic and radiologic features of non-atherosclerotic pathologies of the extracranial carotid arteries. Neuroradiol J 2024:19714009241242592. [PMID: 38557110 DOI: 10.1177/19714009241242592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the carotid arteries can be classified into different categories based on their origin. Atherosclerotic carotid disease remains the most encountered arterial wall pathology. However, other less-common non-atherosclerotic diseases can have detrimental clinical consequences if not appropriately recognized. The underlying histological features of each disease process may result in imaging findings that possess features that are obvious of the disease. However, some carotid disease processes may have histological characteristics that manifest as non-specific radiologic findings. The purpose of this manuscript is to review various non-atherosclerotic causes of carotid artery disease as well as their histologic-radiologic characteristics to aid in the appropriate recognition of these less-commonly encountered pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Waleed Brinjikji
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lanzino
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, USA
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Gunduz ME, Kadirvel R, Kallmes DF, Pezzini A, Keser Z. Spontaneous cervical artery dissection: is it really a connective tissue disease? A comprehensive review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1241084. [PMID: 37885478 PMCID: PMC10598645 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1241084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCeAD) is an important cause of stroke in young adults. The underlying pathophysiology remains unclear, without validated biomarkers to identify subjects at risk. Previous studies suggested the role of abnormalities in the connective component of the arterial wall. Purpose To assess dermal ultrastructural aberrations of connective tissue by skin biopsy and genetic variations in sCeAD patients. Method We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases until August 2023 with PRISMA guidelines. Original articles assessing skin biopsy in sCeAD patients were included. Two reviewers independently conducted the screening. Findings We included 16 studies compromising 459 patients. Thirteen studies assessed ultrastructural changes and found aberrations of collagen and elastic fibers, described as irregular contours and calibers of collagen fibrils, composite flower-like fibrils, fragmented moth-eaten elastin, and microcalcifications, cumulatively in 50.5% of patients. Seven studies showed no causative mutations in collagen type I, III, V, or elastin genes. One study showed linkage between connective tissue alterations and mutation on chromosomes 15q2 and 10q26 using genome-wide linkage analysis, while another study found significant copy number variant enrichments in genes involved in extracellular matrix (COL5A2/COL3A1/SNTA1) and collagen fibril organizations (COL5A2/COL3A1). Finally, differential expression of extracellular proteins was linked to connective tissue disorder in patients with recurrent sCeAD using a quantitative proteomics approach. Conclusion Current literature supports the hypothesis that an underlying, subclinical connective tissue disorder, likely genetically determined, may predispose to arterial wall weakness and sCeAD. Further studies with larger sample sizes and robust methodology are needed to better define the role of connective tissue in sCeAD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Enes Gunduz
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - David F. Kallmes
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alessandro Pezzini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Zafer Keser
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Tarsia J, Vidal G, Zweifler RM. Arterial Dissection, Fibromuscular Dysplasia, and Carotid Webs. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Piening K, Piening NM, Chiou A. Internal carotid artery dissection following self-manipulation: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2022; 10:2050313X221122451. [PMID: 36090533 PMCID: PMC9459454 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x221122451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial dissections are a common cause of stroke in young patients. Dissection occurs
when the structure of the arterial wall is compromised, allowing blood to collect between
layers as an intramural hematoma. Symptoms of cervical artery dissection may include pain,
Horner syndrome, cranial and cervical neuropathies, and pulsatile tinnitus. Treatment
varies depending on the severity of symptoms but generally includes anticoagulation with
surgical therapy reserved for patients with progressive neurologic symptoms or symptom
recurrence while on maximum medical therapy. Here, we present the case of a traumatic
internal carotid artery dissection with significant narrowing of the artery in a healthy
26-year-old female after self-manipulation of the neck. She developed Horner syndrome
secondary to her dissection. Our patient was initially treated with anticoagulation and
transitioned to clopidogrel and atorvastatin for outpatient treatment. Six-month follow-up
computed tomography angiography showed complete resolution of her dissection. She had
overall significant improvement in her symptoms with only mild residual ptosis on the
follow-up examination. While the presentation of a patient with neurologic sequelae from a
cervical artery dissection causing stroke is a well-known phenomenon, the mechanical cause
in this particular case is rare. There have been several case reports in the literature
detailing cervical artery dissections following cervical manipulative therapy by trained
professionals (i.e. chiropractors, physical therapists, osteopathic physicians) but none
occurring from self-manipulation of the neck. This case report details successful
treatment of a rare case of internal carotid dissection following self-manipulation with
appropriate medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Piening
- Department of Surgery, The University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas M Piening
- Department of Surgery, The University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Andy Chiou
- Department of Surgery, The University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
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Prasad N, Mitra A, Shlobin NA, Azad HA, Cloney MB, Hopkins BS, Jahromi BS, Potts MB, Dahdaleh NS. Traumatic and Spontaneous Vertebral Artery Dissections: An Analysis of Tertiary-Center 310 Patient Cohort. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021; 21:343-350. [PMID: 34392360 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebral artery dissections (VADs) are rare yet potentially devastating events. While the etiology of these events is either traumatic or spontaneous, there is a paucity of quantitative literature comparing the two. OBJECTIVE To identify differences in predisposing factors, event characteristics, and clinical outcomes between traumatic VADs (tVADs) and spontaneous VADs (sVADs). METHODS We retrospectively identified patients with VADs presenting to our institution at VAD onset with at least a 3-mo follow-up. Demographics, event characteristics, treatment details, and neurological outcomes as modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores were collected. RESULTS Of the 310 patients sustaining 366 VADs total, 187 (60.3%) patients experienced a total of 221 (60.4%) sVADs and 123 (39.7%) patients experienced a total of 145 (39.6%) tVADs. sVADs were more likely to occur in the intracranial course of the artery (P = .042) and have a lower mRS at discharge, 3-month, and last clinical follow-up (P = 003, .002, and .001, respectively). tVADs were more likely associated with concomitant fractures (P < .001). CONCLUSION Despite similar patient populations, tVADs are associated with higher mRS scores at all time points. Although further study is needed, this may suggest other concomitant trauma rather than the VAD itself is contributing to worse neurological status in patients with tVADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikil Prasad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Akash Mitra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan A Shlobin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hooman A Azad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael B Cloney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin S Hopkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Babak S Jahromi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew B Potts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nader S Dahdaleh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a potentially catastrophic injury that may occur during sports participation. A comprehensive review is needed to collate documented cases to improve understanding and inform future preventative approaches. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to understand the extent of VAD in sport and characterise trends suggestive of mechanisms of injury. METHODS Electronic databases were searched using terms related to VAD and sport. Records were included if they described one or more cases of VAD attributed to sport. RESULTS A total of 79 records described 128 individual cases of VAD in sport, of which 118 were confirmed by imaging or autopsy and included in analyses. Cases were attributed to 43 contact and non-contact sports. The median age of cases was 33 years (IQR 22-44), and 75% were male. There were 22 cases of fatal injury, of which ten involved an impact to the mastoid region and seven involved an impact to the head or neck. Non-fatal cases of VAD were attributed to impact to the head or neck (not mastoid region), movement or held position without impact, and in some cases no reported incident. CONCLUSIONS VAD attributed to sports participation is uncommonly reported and the mechanisms are varied. Impact to the mastoid region is consistently implicated in fatal cases and should be the focus of injury prevention strategies in sport. Efforts may also be directed at improving the prognosis of cases with delayed presentation through clinical recognition and imaging. The review was registered on the international prospective register for systematic reviews ( http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO ) (CRD42018090543).
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Demetrious JS. Spontaneous cervical artery dissection: a fluoroquinolone induced connective tissue disorder? Chiropr Man Therap 2018; 26:22. [PMID: 30002812 PMCID: PMC6036697 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-018-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous cervical artery dissections more often manifest in young people and have been associated with catastrophic consequences. Some indeterminate risk factors have been identified, making the diagnosis of developing dissections quite difficult. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics have been recognized for their degradative effects on connective tissue. Recent studies have implicated fluoroquinolones in the genesis of aortic artery aneurysms. It is the purpose of this paper to provide reasoning for a testable hypothesis of whether fluoroquinolones constitute a risk factor associated with cervical artery dissections. Methods A PubMed search was conducted to investigate whether cervical artery dissection has been associated with fluoroquinolone use. An assessment of risk factors was made of hereditary connective tissue disorders, infection, and seasonal predisposition related to cervical artery dissection. These factors were considered in conjunction with reports of connective tissue toxicity associated with fluoroquinolone medications. Results It appears that no reported cases of cervical artery dissection have previously been correlated with fluoroquinolone use. Heritable connective tissue disorders, infection, seasonal predisposition and condition latencies are associated with fluoroquinolone medications. Several recent articles have implicated fluoroquinolones with aortic dissections and aneurysm. Conclusion A causal relationship of fluoroquinolone antibiotics to cervical artery dissection is plausible. The suppositions developed in this paper are insufficient to suggest that fluoroquinolones currently represent an established risk factor in the development of cervical artery dissections. Fluoroquinolones may indeed be a novel and previously unrecognized cause of cervical artery dissections.
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Do KH, Leggit JC, Galifianakis A. Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysm with Snowboarding: A Case Report. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17:16-19. [PMID: 29315103 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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State-of-art in surgical treatment of dissecting posterior circulation intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurg Rev 2016; 41:31-45. [PMID: 27215913 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-016-0749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrobasilar (VB) intracranial dissecting aneurysms (IDAs) pose difficult therapeutic issues and are especially among the most difficult to manage surgically. There are, however, some cases where selective aneurysm obliteration by endovascular approach is impossible or is associated with an unacceptable risk of morbidity. This is particularly true when the aneurysm is dissecting, giant, or has a large neck. In such cases, surgical treatment may be the only alternative. Optimal management of these lesions is therefore challenging and treatment decisions have to be made on a case-by-case basis. Ideal treatment should be a complete surgical excision of the lesion; however, this procedure might only be possible after distal and proximal vessel wall occlusion which might not be tolerated by the patient depending on the location of the aneurysm. Therefore, formulation of recommendations concerning the surgical strategy remains still difficult due to inconsistency of surgical outcomes. The literature describing surgical strategy of VB IDAs is varying in quality and content, and many studies deal with only a few patients. In the presented review, the authors summarize the current knowledge on the incidence, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic procedures with special emphasis on surgical treatment of IDAs in posterior circulation.
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Giossi A, Ritelli M, Costa P, Morotti A, Poli L, Del Zotto E, Volonghi I, Chiarelli N, Gamba M, Bovi P, Tomelleri G, Carletti M, Checcarelli N, Meneghetti G, Morra M, Chinaglia M, De Giuli V, Colombi M, Padovani A, Pezzini A. Connective tissue anomalies in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Neurology 2014; 83:2032-7. [PMID: 25355826 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of connective tissue abnormalities in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissections (sCeAD). METHODS We systematically assessed clinically detectable signs of connective tissue aberration in a series of consecutive patients with sCeAD and of age- and sex-matched patients with ischemic stroke unrelated to CeAD (non-CeAD IS) by a standard examination protocol including 68 items, and performed extensive molecular investigation for hereditary connective tissue disorders in all patients with sCeAD. RESULTS The study group included 84 patients with sCeAD (mean age, 44.5 ± 7.8 years; 66.7% men) and 84 patients with non-CeAD IS. None of the patients with sCeAD met clinical or molecular diagnostic criteria for established hereditary connective tissue disorder. Connective tissue abnormalities were detected more frequently in the group of patients with sCeAD than in the group of those with non-CeAD IS (mean number of pathologic findings, 4.5 ± 3.5 vs 1.9 ± 2.3; p < 0.001). Eighty-one patients (96.4%) in the sCeAD group had at least one detectable sign compared with 55 patients (66.7%) in the group with non-CeAD IS (p < 0.001). Skeletal, ocular, and skin abnormalities, as well as craniofacial dysmorphisms, were the clinical signs more strongly associated with sCeAD. Signs suggesting connective tissue abnormality were also more frequently represented in patients with sCeAD than in patients with traumatic CeAD (28.6%, p < 0.001; mean number of pathologic findings, 1.7 ± 3.7, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Connective tissue abnormalities are frequent in patients with sCeAD. This reinforces the hypothesis that systemic aberrations of the connective tissue might be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giossi
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Marco Ritelli
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Paolo Costa
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Andrea Morotti
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Loris Poli
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Elisabetta Del Zotto
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Irene Volonghi
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Nicola Chiarelli
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Massimo Gamba
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Paolo Bovi
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Giampaolo Tomelleri
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Monica Carletti
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Nicoletta Checcarelli
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Giorgio Meneghetti
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Michele Morra
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Mauro Chinaglia
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Valeria De Giuli
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Marina Colombi
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Alessandro Pezzini
- From the U.O. Neurologia (A.G.), Istituto Clinico S. Anna, Brescia; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali (P.C., A.M., L.P., I.V., V.D.G., A. Padovani, A. Pezzini), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia; U.O. di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale (E.D.Z.), IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milano; Stroke Unit (M.G.), Neurologia Vascolare, Spedali Civili di Brescia; U.O. Neurologia (P.B., G.T., M. Carletti), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Borgo Trento, Verona; U.O.C. Neurologia (N. Checcarelli), Ospedale Valduce, Como; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze (G.M.), Università di Padova; U.O.C. Neurologia (M.M.), Ospedale di Arzignano; S.O.C. Neurologia (M. Chinaglia), Ospedale di Rovigo; and Sezione di Biologia e Genetica (M.R., N. Chiarelli, M. Colombi), Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italia.
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Bodensteiner JB. Editorial comment: Stroke following chiropractic manipulation. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2014; 21:127-8. [PMID: 25149946 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Since the skin and the central and/or peripheral nervous system share a common source (the ectoderm), numerous genetic and acquired diseases (infectious, tumoral or autoimmune disorders) equally affect both. Neurologic diseases or symptoms such as stroke, cerebral or medullary vascular malformations, peripheral, brain or medullary tumors, epilepsy, ataxia, neurologic infections, or cognitive disorders (dementia, mental retardation) may be associated with specific cutaneous manifestations of which the discovery can facilitate the final diagnosis, thereby leading to specific treatment and/or genetic investigations. Careful examination of the skin, hair, and nails by the neurologist is consequently of the utmost importance; when unusual abnormalities of the skin are discovered or when greater expertise is required, consultation with a dermatologist is frequently advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gérard Guillet
- Department of Dermatology, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
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Clinical outcomes of patients with vertebral artery dissection treated endovascularly: a meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 2014; 37:569-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-014-0541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cohen JE, Rajz G, Valarezo J, Umansky F, Spektor S. Endovascular stenting for the treatment of post-traumatic aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Neurol Res 2013; 26:662-5. [PMID: 15327756 DOI: 10.1179/016164104225016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal dilatations occur at any level of carotid dissection, but typically at the distal subcranial segment. These aneurysms may grow, compress cervical structures, rupture or constitute a potential source of thrombo-embolic complications. When conservative and/or medical treatment failed or is contraindicated, a more aggressive therapy, such as endovascular stenting should be considered. We report the successful use endovascular stenting for the treatment of post-traumatic dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery and discuss the potential of different stents types.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Cohen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Mohan IV. Current optimal assessment and management of carotid and vertebral spontaneous and traumatic dissection. Angiology 2013; 65:274-83. [PMID: 23401625 DOI: 10.1177/0003319712475154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dissection of the internal carotid or vertebral artery has been recognized as a cause of stroke in young patients. It is disproportionate in its representation as a cause of stroke in this age group. Intimal tears, intramural hematomas, and dissection aneurysms may be the result of trauma or may occur spontaneously. Spontaneous dissection may be the result of inherent arterial weakness or in association with other predisposing factors. Clinical diagnosis is often difficult, but increased awareness and a range of modern investigations such as computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may aid in diagnosis. Management options include antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and surgical or endovascular procedures. Prognosis is variable, and dissection may be asymptomatic but may lead to profound neurological deficit and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin V Mohan
- 1Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ali MS, Amenta PS, Starke RM, Jabbour PM, Gonzalez LF, Tjoumakaris SI, Flanders AE, Rosenwasser RH, Dumont AS. Intracranial vertebral artery dissections: evolving perspectives. Interv Neuroradiol 2012; 18:469-83. [PMID: 23217643 DOI: 10.1177/159101991201800414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial vertebral artery dissection (VAD) represents the underlying etiology in a significant percentage of posterior circulation ischemic strokes and subarachnoid hemorrhages. These lesions are particularly challenging in their diagnosis, management, and in the prediction of long-term outcome. Advances in the understanding of underlying processes leading to dissection, as well as the evolution of modern imaging techniques are discussed. The data pertaining to medical management of intracranial VADs, with emphasis on anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, is reviewed. Surgical intervention is discussed, including, the selection of operative candidates, open and endovascular procedures, and potential complications. The evolution of endovascular technology and techniques is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lleva P, Ahluwalia BS, Marks S, Sahni R, Tenner M, Risucci DA, Lai HM, Li J. Traumatic and spontaneous carotid and vertebral artery dissection in a level 1 trauma center. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:1112-4. [PMID: 22705134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare traumatic and spontaneous carotid artery dissection (CAD) and vertebral artery dissection (VAD) with respect to age, pre-morbid risk factors, and site of dissection. Chart review was performed for 49 patients with CAD and VAD admitted to Westchester Medical Center, a level 1 trauma center, from 1999 to 2007. Presentation was categorized into traumatic (n=28, 57%) or spontaneous dissection (n=21, 43%). Pre-morbid risk factors were analyzed. Location of dissection was identified and categorized into four possible segments. Patients with spontaneous dissection were likely to be over the age of 50 years (p<0.05), and had significantly higher proportions of coronary artery disease (33% compared to 7%, p<0.05), hypertension (57% compared to 18%; p<0.01), and hypercholesterolemia (29% compared to 0%; p<0.01). Of the 49 patients, 42 had imaging studies available for segmental analysis. In both traumatic CAD and VAD, dissection at Segment III (corresponds with the first and second cervical vertebrae), was the most common site (37.5% and 50%, respectively, p<0.05). In contrast, Segment I (origin of the vessel to the fifth cervical vertebrae) was the most common site for spontaneous CAD and VAD (55% and 77%, respectively, p<0.05). This cross-sectional study suggests that etiology plays an important role in the location of dissection. Traumatic CAD and VAD occur most commonly in Segment III. Spontaneous CAD and VAD occur most commonly in Segment I and are associated with increasing age and premorbid cerebrovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lleva
- Department of Neurology, Munger Pavilion, 4th Floor, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Abstract
Carotid artery dissection is a cause of stroke, especially in young and middle-aged patients. A dissection occurs when there is an intimal tear or rupture of the vasa vasorum, leading to an intramural hematoma, which is thought to result from trauma or can occur spontaneously, and is likely multifactorial, involving environmental and intrinsic factors. The clinical diagnosis of carotid artery dissection can be challenging, with common presentations including pain, partial Horner syndrome, cranial nerve palsies, or cerebral ischemia. With the use of noninvasive imaging, including magnetic resonance and computed tomography angiography, the diagnosis of carotid dissection has increased in frequency. Treatment options include thrombolysis, antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy, endovascular or surgical interventions. The choice of appropriate therapy remains controversial as most carotid dissections heal on their own and there are no randomized trials to compare treatment options.
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Levy M, Arfi-Levy E, Maimon S. Therapeutic and diagnostic implication of inadequate circle of willis in a patient with acute spontaneous bilateral internal carotid artery dissection: case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Neurol 2012; 4:1-9. [PMID: 22379478 PMCID: PMC3290011 DOI: 10.1159/000335003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Emphasizing the therapeutic and diagnostic implications of concomitant inadequate collaterals from the circle of Willis in a rare case of spontaneous acute bilateral internal carotid artery dissection (BICAD) following 5 days of isolated rigorous cough (pertussis like). Case Description A 45-year-old male has been referred to our department with rapid neurological deterioration consisting of dysarthria and severe left hemiparesis following 5 days of isolated rigorous cough. CTA demonstrated BICAD, a tiny anterior communicating artery and no bilateral posterior communicating artery. The patient had no personal or familial risk factors. Infectious, traumatic, vascular and connective tissue diseases were ruled out. Results Neurological deterioration persisted despite immediate provision of continuous ‘full-heparinization’ with concomitant rigorous control of blood pressure. Endovascular treatment consisting of bilateral stenting was undertaken. Ten days later, the patient was discharged with mild hemiparesis and resuming normal activity after 3 months. Conclusions BICAD with concomitant inadequate collaterals from the circle of Willis may predispose to hypoperfusion which might not respond to the usual conservative treatment prompting for flow reestablishment. Moreover, isolated rigorous cough can cause acute spontaneous BICAD even among patients without any risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Pham MH, Rahme RJ, Arnaout O, Hurley MC, Bernstein RA, Batjer HH, Bendok BR. Endovascular Stenting of Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissections: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:856-66; discussion 866. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318209ce03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Carotid and vertebral artery dissections are a leading cause of stroke in young individuals.
OBJECTIVE:
To examine the published safety and efficacy of endovascular stenting for extracranial artery dissection.
METHODS:
We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify all cases of endovascular management of extracranial carotid and vertebral artery dissections.
RESULTS:
For carotid dissections, our review yielded 31 published reports including 140 patients (153 vessels). Reported etiologies were traumatic (48%, n = 64), spontaneous (37%, n = 49), and iatrogenic (16%, n = 21). The technical success rate of stenting was 99%, and the procedural complication rate was 1.3%. Mean angiographic follow-up was 12.8 months (range, 2-72 months) and revealed in-stent stenosis or occlusion in 2% of patients. Mean clinical follow-up was 17.7 months (range, 1-72 months), and neurological events were seen in 1.4% of patients. For vertebral artery dissections, our review revealed 8 reports including 10 patients (12 vessels). Etiologies were traumatic (60%, n = 6), spontaneous (20%, n = 2), and iatrogenic (20%, n = 2). There was a 100% technical success rate. The mean angiographic follow-up period was 7.5 months (range, 2-12 months). No new neurological events were reported during a mean clinical follow-up period of 26.4 months (range, 3-55 months).
CONCLUSION:
Endovascular management of extracranial arterial dissection continues to evolve. Current experience shows that this treatment option is safe and technically feasible. Prospective randomized trials compared with medical management are needed to further elucidate the role of stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Pham
- Departments of *Neurological Surgery, ‡Radiology, and §Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and McGaw Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rudy J. Rahme
- Departments of *Neurological Surgery, ‡Radiology, and §Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and McGaw Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Omar Arnaout
- Departments of *Neurological Surgery, ‡Radiology, and §Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and McGaw Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael C. Hurley
- Departments of *Neurological Surgery, ‡Radiology, and §Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and McGaw Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard A. Bernstein
- Departments of *Neurological Surgery, ‡Radiology, and §Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and McGaw Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - H. Hunt Batjer
- Departments of *Neurological Surgery, ‡Radiology, and §Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and McGaw Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bernard R. Bendok
- Departments of *Neurological Surgery, ‡Radiology, and §Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and McGaw Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Bornak A, Milner R. Diagnosing and Treating Atypical Arterial Pathologies of Aortic Arch Vessels: Dissection and Fibromuscular Dysplasia. Semin Vasc Surg 2011; 24:36-43. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Zweifler RM, Silverboard G. Arterial Dissections and Fibromuscular Dysplasia. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fusco MR, Harrigan MR. Cerebrovascular Dissections—A Review Part I: Spontaneous Dissections. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:242-57; discussion 257. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182012323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
abstract
Spontaneous cerebrovascular dissections are subintimal or subadventitial cervical carotid and vertebral artery wall injuries and are the cause of as many as 2% of all ischemic strokes. Spontaneous dissections are the leading cause of stroke in patients younger than 45 years of age, accounting for almost one fourth of strokes in this population. A history of some degree of trivial trauma is present in nearly one fourth of cases. Subsequent mortality or neurological morbidity is usually the result of distal ischemia produced by emboli released from the injury site, although local mass effect produced by arterial dilation or aneurysm formation also can occur. The gold standard for diagnosis remains digital subtraction angiography. Computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and ultrasonography are complementary means o evaluation, particularly for injury screening or treatment follow-up. The annual rate of stroke after injury is approximately 1% or less per year. The currently accepted method of therapy remains antithrombotic medication, either in the form of anticoagulation or antiplatelet agents; however, no class I medical evidence exists to guide therapy. Other options for treatment include thrombolysis and endovascular therapy, although the efficacy and indications for these methods remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Fusco
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mark R. Harrigan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Dittrich R, Nassenstein I, Harms S, Maintz D, Heindel W, Kuhlenbäumer G, Ringelstein EB. Arterial elongation (“redundancy”) is not a feature of spontaneous cervical artery dissection. J Neurol 2010; 258:250-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Spontaneous and traumatic cervical artery dissection is a common cause of stroke in the young. It generally carries an excellent prognosis if treatment is initiated early. Antiplatelet therapy may be as effective as or safer than warfarin, although no randomized prospective studies have addressed the issue of optimal medical therapy. Rarely, endovascular therapy may be indicated for the treatment of ruptured aneurysms or to prevent recurrent ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Abou-Chebl
- Section of Stroke and Neurological Critical Care, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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30
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Kim YK, Schulman S. Cervical artery dissection: pathology, epidemiology and management. Thromb Res 2009; 123:810-21. [PMID: 19269682 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical artery dissection is often treated with anticoagulants to prevent ischemic stroke. The risk-benefit ratio of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy is unclear. OBJECTIVES To provide an educational review of current data on the disease to explain the rationale for the treatment options and to explore the results of management studies in order to determine if anticoagulation is justified. METHODS We searched the databases MEDLINE and EMBASE as well as bibliographies for information on anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents in cervical, i.e. carotid and/or vertebral artery, dissection. RESULTS There are no randomized controlled trials on the treatment. One systematic review from 2003 identified 20 case series or cohort studies. We identified 9 additional studies with a total of 1,033 patients. Of those, 731 received anticoagulation sometimes followed by platelet inhibition vs. 282 patients treated with antiplatelet agents alone. The rate of ischemic stroke was 2.3% vs. 6.9% and bleeding complications were reported in 0.7% vs. 0%. CONCLUSION It cannot be excluded that there is a net benefit from anticoagulant therapy in cervical dissection, but the studies are flawed by considerable bias. Very ill patients at a high risk of ischemic stroke may have been given aspirin due to fear of hemorrhagic complications. A randomized controlled trial is planned and will be crucial to resolve this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ki Kim
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
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31
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Abstract
The increasing use and safety of noninvasive imaging in recent years has revealed the surprising frequency of dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries (cervical arterial dissection [CAD]) as a cause of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This review is an overview of current concepts and practice of patients with CAD, but our ideas are constantly evolving with new discoveries from neurovascular imaging and medical and surgical management in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith K Menon
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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32
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Park KW, Park JS, Hwang SC, Im SB, Shin WH, Kim BT. Vertebral artery dissection: natural history, clinical features and therapeutic considerations. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2008; 44:109-15. [PMID: 19096659 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2008.44.3.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When a tear occurs in one of the major cervicocerebral arteries and allows blood to enter the wall of the artery and split its layers, the result is either stenosis or aneurysmal dilatation of the vessel. Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is an infrequent occurrence but is a leading cause of stroke in young and otherwise healthy patients. This article discusses recent developments in understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of VAD and the various clinical manifestations, methods of diagnosis, and approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Woong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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33
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Neau JP, Godeneche G. [Cerebrovascular diseases and... skin abnormalities that disclose the diagnosis]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008; 164:846-51. [PMID: 18762305 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In many cases, the diagnostic work-up after a stroke can be greatly enhanced by a thorough examination of the skin, since vasculitis or vasculopathies, even if inherited, may affect cerebral vessels and the skin. Skin abnormalities differ depending on familial history, age of the patient, stroke subtype (cerebral infarct or hemorrhage), and etiology (cervical dissection, cardiac myxoma or small artery disease...).
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Neau
- Service de neurologie, CHU La-Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers cedex 05, France.
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34
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Assessment of skin extensibility and joint hypermobility in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15:650-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Gdynia HJ, Kühnlein P, Ludolph AC, Huber R. Connective tissue disorders in dissections of the carotid or vertebral arteries. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15:489-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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A novel COL3A1 gene mutation in patient with aortic dissected aneurysm and cervical artery dissections. Heart Vessels 2008; 23:144-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-007-1027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Dissecting aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system. A comprehensive review on natural history and treatment options. Neurosurg Rev 2008; 31:131-40; discussion 140. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-008-0124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Waidelich JM, Bullough AS, Mhyre JM. Internal carotid artery dissection: an unusual cause of postpartum headache. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17:61-5. [PMID: 17693076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of postpartum headache caused by internal carotid artery dissection in a 36-year-old woman following uneventful epidural analgesia for spontaneous labor and vaginal delivery. Cervicocerebral arterial dissection requires rapid diagnosis and anticoagulation to prevent thrombus formation and to avoid secondary cerebral thromboembolism. Fortunately, our patient suffered ischemic symptoms, but no permanent neurologic deficit. Anesthesiologists should consider carotid artery dissection in the differential diagnosis of postpartum headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Waidelich
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0048, USA
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39
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Caplan LR. Dissections of brain-supplying arteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:34-42. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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40
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Perdu J, Boutouyrie P, Bourgain C, Stern N, Laloux B, Bozec E, Azizi M, Bonaiti-Pellié C, Plouin PF, Laurent S, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Jeunemaitre X. Inheritance of arterial lesions in renal fibromuscular dysplasia. J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21:393-400. [PMID: 17330059 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that patients with renal fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) have asymptomatic carotid lesions and that familial forms may occur. The objective of this study was to test whether carotid lesions could be detected in relatives of familial cases. High-resolution echotracking of the carotid artery was performed in 47 relatives of 13 cases from six families. This non-invasive investigation led to a semiquantitative arterial score that was compared with that obtained for 47 controls matched for age and sex and that for 125 sporadic cases. Familial resemblance was tested by using a generalized estimating equation approach taking into account the clustering of scores in families. As expected, FMD cases had a significantly higher score than controls (4.02 vs 2.52, P<10(-5)). Familial cases were not significantly different from sporadic cases. Of interest, the 47 apparently healthy relatives of familial cases had also a high carotid score (4.17), very significantly higher than that of controls (2.52, P<10(-5)) even though lower than the corresponding index FMD cases (4.81, P=0.01). Segregation analysis showed that 52% of the descendants of subjects with a score >4 had a score >4, a proportion consistent with autosomal-dominant transmission of the trait. Altogether these results strengthen the hypothesis of renal FMD being a systemic arterial disease and argue for a familial resemblance that may be due to a major genetic effect. The carotid score obtained by high-resolution echotracking may provide a non-invasive surrogate marker for renal FMD of potential value for use in linkage strategies on large pedigrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perdu
- AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
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41
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Chandra A, Suliman A, Angle N. Spontaneous Dissection of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries: the 10-year UCSD Experience. Ann Vasc Surg 2007; 21:178-85. [PMID: 17349360 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2006.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries without antecedent trauma remains unclear. The goal of this 10-year review was to examine factors regarding presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for all patients at our institution who were diagnosed with spontaneous carotid dissections (SCD) or spontaneous vertebral dissections (SVD) with no prior trauma history. A retrospective chart analysis was performed involving all discharges from UCSD Medical Center from 1995 to 2005. Patients were selected for inclusion based on the diagnosis of carotid or vertebral dissection with no associated traumatic or iatrogenic cause for their presentation. Characteristics of these patients' medical risk factors, presenting symptoms, diagnostic method and time, treatment, and outcomes were analyzed. A total of 20 patients (10 male, age 44.8 +/- 12.9 yrs; 10 female, age 39.6 +/- 14.9 yrs) were included for study. These patients represented 12 cases of SCD and nine SVD. On presentation, a majority of patients with both SVD and SCD reported headache as their primary complaint while a significantly higher rate of nausea (25% vs. 67%, p < 0.01) was reported in SVD. SVD was associated with a significantly longer diagnostic time (11 hr vs. 16 hr, p < 0.01). The most commonly performed diagnostic exam in both SCD and SVD was magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Anticoagulation was the primary treatment in 11 of 12 SCD and all nine SVD. One patient with persistent, symptomatic bilateral carotid dissection after anticoagulation was treated with stent placement resulting in unilateral intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Length of stay was significantly longer in SVD (5 d vs. 7 d, p < 0.02). A significantly higher incidence of persistent neurologic deficits on discharge was seen in SCD (71% vs. 33%, p < 0.02). Radiographic evidence of cerebral infarction on discharge had a stronger correlation with clinical deficits in SCD. Although there were only two cases, those treated with endovascular therapy in the setting of SCD suffered complications related to the intervention. On discharge, there did not seem to be a correlation between persistent neurologic deficits and radiographic evidence of infarction in SVD reflecting that recovery after these episodes may not be predictable based on the appearance of the infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Chandra
- Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCSD Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92103-8402, USA
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42
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Guillon B, Peynet J, Bertrand M, Benslamia L, Bousser MG, Tzourio C. Do Extracellular-Matrix-Regulating Enzymes Play a Role in Cervical Artery Dissection? Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 23:299-303. [PMID: 17199088 DOI: 10.1159/000098331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An underlying extracellular matrix defect is suspected in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection (SCAD). We test the hypothesis that levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9, and elastase, extracellular-matrix-regulating enzymes involved in the vascular wall remodeling process, are modified in SCAD. METHODS The authors prospectively and consecutively recruited 47 patients with SCAD and 52 patients with an ischemic stroke from another cause in 2 centers, and measured their plasmatic level of MMP-2, MMP-9 and elastase 3 months after the vascular event. RESULTS Patients with SCAD had a higher mean MMP-2 level compared with controls [379.2 (SD = 76.6) vs. 355.9 (75.1) ng/ml; p = 0.11] and had more frequently a high level of MMP-2 (>326 ng/ml) than controls (77.8 vs. 54.5%, p = 0.019). This association was stronger in patients with multiple dissection than single artery dissection or controls (84.6, 75.0 and 54.5%, respectively, p = 0.018). The levels of MMP-9 and elastase were similar in cases and controls, but more patients had a high level of these enzymes in the group with multiple dissections than in the group with single artery dissection or controls. CONCLUSION Patients with SCAD have higher plasma levels of proteases, particularly MMP-2. The association is stronger in patients with multiple dissections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Guillon
- Department of Neurology, Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France.
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43
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Martin JJ, Hausser I, Lyrer P, Busse O, Schwarz R, Schneider R, Brandt T, Kloss M, Schwaninger M, Engelter S, Grond-Ginsbach C. Familial Cervical Artery Dissections. Stroke 2006; 37:2924-9. [PMID: 17053184 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000248916.52976.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Genetic risk factors are thought to play a role in the etiology of spontaneous cervical artery dissections (CAD). However, familial CAD is extremely rare. In this study we analyzed patients with familial CAD and asked the question whether familial CAD has particular features.
Methods—
Seven families with 15 CAD patients were recruited. All patients were carefully investigated by a neurologist, a neuroradiologist, and a dermatologist for clinical characteristics. From 11 patients a skin biopsy was performed to study the morphology of the connective tissue and to analyze the coding sequences of COL3A1, COL5A1, COL5A2, and part of COL1A1.
Results—
The mean age of the patients (n=15, 9 women) at their first dissection was 36.2 years (median age 32 years, range 18 to 59). Two patients had bilateral CAD. One patient had a right and a left internal carotid artery dissection in successive weeks, another patient had 5 dissections over a period of 8 years. A high intrafamilial correlation was found between the affected vessels (ie, the carotid and the vertebral arteries) and between ages at the first dissection. In 1 patient we found clear and reproducible ultrastructural abnormalities in the skin biopsy, but the second patient from the family was not studied, because he died as a result of CAD before this study. The dermal connective tissue aberrations in the examined patient were similar to mild findings in patients with vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS type IV), but might be iatrogenic and related to long-term corticosteroid inhalation therapy. All other analyzed patients showed normal connective tissue morphology. In patients from 6 families we analyzed the whole coding sequence of COL3A1, COL5A1, and COL5A2, and from part of COL1A1. A missense mutation in the COL3A1 gene (leading to a G157S substitution in type III procollagen) was detected in both patients from 1e family. Two patients from another family carried a rare nonsynonymous coding polymorphism in COL5A1 (D192N); 1 of them carried also a rare variant in COL5A2 (T12337).
Conclusions—
Familial CAD patients are young and probably are at high risk for recurrent or multiple CAD. Ultrastructural alterations of the dermal connective tissue might not be an important risk factor for familial CAD. However, the finding of a COL3A1 mutation revealed the presence of an inherited connective tissue disorder in 1 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Martin
- Department of Neurology, Sanatorio Allende, Hipólito Irigoyen 384, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentine.
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Flis CM, Jäger HR, Sidhu PS. Carotid and vertebral artery dissections: clinical aspects, imaging features and endovascular treatment. Eur Radiol 2006; 17:820-34. [PMID: 16871383 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-006-0346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracranial arterial dissections are a recognised cause of stroke, particularly in young adults. Clinical diagnosis may be difficult, and the classical triad of symptoms is uncommon. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of extracranial arterial dissections, and this review provides a detailed discussion of the relative merits and limitations of currently available imaging modalities. Conventional arteriography has been the reference standard for demonstrating an intimal flap and double lumen, which are the hallmarks of a dissection, and for detecting complications such as stenosis, occlusion or pseudoaneurysm. Noninvasive vascular imaging methods, such as ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) are increasingly replacing conventional angiography for the diagnosis of carotid and vertebral dissections. Ultrasound provides dynamic and "real-time" information regarding blood flow. Source data of MRA and CTA and additional cross-sectional images can provide direct visualisation of the mural haematoma and information about the vessel lumen. Anticoagulation to prevent strokes is the mainstay of medical treatment, but randomised trials to define the optimal treatment regime are lacking. Surgery has a limited role in management of dissections, but endovascular procedures are gaining importance for treatment of complications and if medical management fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Flis
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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45
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Kyprianou IG, Nessim M, Elsherbiny S. Reversible visual loss in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and the role of vascular imaging. Eur J Emerg Med 2006; 13:39-40. [PMID: 16374248 DOI: 10.1097/00063110-200602000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection is a condition that can have lethal consequences. The condition should be considered in young male patients who present with a stroke. At presentation, headaches, cerebral ischaemic episodes and oculosympathetic paresis are the most commonly encountered manifestations. The diagnosis is confirmed with angiography. Here, we present a middle-aged male gardener with rheumatoid arthritis and signs of vertebral artery dissection to highlight the importance of diagnosis and discuss the controversies in management.
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Kuhlenbäumer G, Konrad C, Krämer S, Kis B, Nabavi D, Dittrich R, Ringelstein EB. The collagen 1A2 polymorphism rs42524, which is associated with intracranial aneurysms, shows no association with spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77:124-5. [PMID: 16361613 PMCID: PMC2117412 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.065847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
There are a large variety of non-atherosclerotic causes of ischemic stroke in the young. Arterial dissection, most commonly associated with non-traumatic causes, is among the most common. Both the carotid and vertebrobasilar circulations can be affected. The vasculitidies represent a rare, but potentially treatable series of conditions that can lead to stroke through diverse mechanisms. Moyamoya is a nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory, nonamyloid vasculopathy characterized by chronic progressive stenosis or occlusion of the distal internal carotid arteries and/or proximal portions of the middle and/or anterior cerebral arteries. Moyamoya can be idiopathic (moyamoya disease) or the result of other conditions. An appreciation of the unusual causes of stroke in the young is important when considering secondary prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Camilo
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke Center for Cerebrovascular Disease, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Rubinstein SM, Peerdeman SM, van Tulder MW, Riphagen I, Haldeman S. A systematic review of the risk factors for cervical artery dissection. Stroke 2005; 36:1575-80. [PMID: 15933263 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000169919.73219.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cervical artery dissection (CAD) is a recognized cause of ischemic stroke among young and middle-aged individuals. The pathogenesis of dissections is unknown, although numerous constitutional and environmental risk factors have been postulated. To better understand the quality and nature of the research on the pathogenesis of CAD, we performed a systematic review of its risk factors. METHODS PubMed [MEDLINE (1966 to February 22, 2005)] and Embase (1980 to February 22, 2005) were searched to identify studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality of the primary studies. Relevant data were extracted, including the risk factor(s) investigated, characteristics of the study population, and strength of the association(s). RESULTS Thirty-one case-control studies were included for analysis. Selection bias, lack of control for confounding, and inadequate method of data analysis were the most common identified methodological shortcomings. Strong associations were reported from individual studies for the following risk factors: aortic root diameter >34 mm (odds ratio [OR=14.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2 to 63.6), migraine (ORadj, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.5 to 8.6), relative diameter change (>11.8%) during the cardiac cycle of the common carotid artery (ORadj, 10.0; 95% CI, 1.8 to 54.2), and trivial trauma (in the form of manipulative therapy of the neck) (ORadj, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 11). A weak association was found for homocysteine (2 studies: ORcrude, unknown; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.52; ORcrude, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.7), and recent infection (ORadj, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.67 to 3.80). Two studies had conflicting findings for low levels of alpha1-antitrypsin, with the methodologically stronger study suggesting no association with CAD. CONCLUSIONS CAD is a multi-factorial disease. Many of the reviewed studies contained 2 or more major sources of bias commonly found in case-control studies. Only one study (of homocysteine) used healthy controls, a robust sample size, and had a low risk of biased results. The relationship between atherosclerosis and CAD has been insufficiently examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney M Rubinstein
- Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Calvet D, Boutouyrie P, Touze E, Laloux B, Mas JL, Laurent S. Increased Stiffness of the Carotid Wall Material in Patients With Spontaneous Cervical Artery Dissection. Stroke 2004; 35:2078-82. [PMID: 15243148 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000136721.95301.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cause of spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD) is largely unknown. An underlying connective tissue disorder has often been postulated, but arterial mechanical properties have rarely been studied. The study aim was to determine the elastic properties of a cervical artery, the common carotid artery, and a distal muscular artery, the radial artery in sCAD patients. METHODS We studied 32 patients with previous sCAD (median delay: 2.2 years) and 32 control subjects with similar age and blood pressure. Internal diameter, intima-media thickness, distensibility, and Young's elastic modulus were determined at the site of the right and left common carotid arteries and the radial artery using noninvasive high-resolution echotracking systems. RESULTS In patients with previous sCAD, cross-sectional distensibility and compliance of the affected carotid artery did not differ from those of the contralateral carotid artery. Young's elastic modulus (ie, the stiffness of the wall material) was 58% higher (0.44+/-0.32 versus 0.28+/-0.15 kPa.10(3), P<0.001) and circumferential wall stress was 14% higher (56+/-12 versus 49+/-12 kPa, P<0.001) in sCAD patients than in controls. The highest tertile of common carotid artery Young's elastic modulus was associated with an 8-fold higher risk of sCAD. Aortic stiffness, assessed from the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and radial artery parameters did not differ between sCAD and controls. CONCLUSIONS Carotid arteries, but not aorta and radial artery, displayed abnormal elastic properties in sCAD patients. Higher stiffness of carotid wall material and circumferential wall stress could increase the risk of dissection in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Calvet
- Department of Pharmacology and INSERM EMI 0107, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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Lelong DC, Logak M. Pathogenesis of spontaneous cervico-cerebral artery dissection. A hypothesis and a review of the literature. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:453-7. [PMID: 14975522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of spontaneous cervico-cerebral artery dissection remains speculative due to the rarity of histopathological observations, which often correspond to late stage lesions. Transposition of theoretic data from experimental models, study of pathologies with morphological lesions of the same type, and review of some clinical cases, suggest a sequence for the pathological events leading to arterial dissection. Arterial dysplasia, aneurysms and dissections could all result from vascular remodeling in response to endothelial injury. It induces morphologic changes of the internal elastic lamina, smooth muscle cell proliferation, various matrix abnormalities involving the fibrillary components or their enzymatic regulation, arterial wall neoangiogenesis and dissection. Endothelial dysfunction could so play a key role in the imbalance between arterial degenerative and reparative processes and the initiation of cervico-cerebral artery dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Lelong
- INSERM E 9935, Robert Debré Hospital, 48 Boulevard Serurier, 75019 Paris, France.
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