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Turkistani A, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Elhussieny O, AL-Farga A, Aqlan F, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The functional and molecular roles of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75 NTR) in epilepsy. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2024; 16:11795735241247810. [PMID: 38655152 PMCID: PMC11036928 DOI: 10.1177/11795735241247810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder manifested by recurring unprovoked seizures resulting from an imbalance in the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. The process of epileptogenesis involves a complex interplay between the reduction of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the enhancement of excitatory glutamate. Pro-BDNF/p75NTR expression is augmented in both glial cells and neurons following epileptic seizures and status epileptics (SE). Over-expression of p75NTR is linked with the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and augmentation of pro-BDNF/p75NTR is implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. However, the precise mechanistic function of p75NTR in epilepsy has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, this review aimed to revise the mechanistic pathway of p75NTR in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Turkistani
- Department of pharmacology and toxicology, Collage of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Professor in department of clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Professor in department of clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K. Albuhadily
- Professor in department of clinical pharmacology and medicine, college of medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Omnya Elhussieny
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, Egypt
| | - Ammar AL-Farga
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudia Arbia
| | - Faisal Aqlan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb Governorate, Yemen
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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2
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Kang Q, Zhu Z, Liu Z, Li F, He Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Lei S, Yuan Z, Zhu X. A novel hydrogen sulfide donor reduces neuroinflammation and seizures by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Neurosci Res 2024; 199:21-29. [PMID: 37442198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder worldwide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been found to have anti-seizure effects. However, its mechanism remains to be explored. In the present study, we showed that a novel H2S donor attenuated neuroinflammation by up-regulating ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) expression to reduce seizures. The novel H2S donor significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and increased the expression of IL-10 in LPS-treated BV2 cells and the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. The modulatory effects of the H2S donor on inflammatory cytokines were prevented by glibenclamide, a common KATP channels blocker. The H2S donor promoted the expression of KATP channel subunits SUR2 and Kir6.1 in LPS-treated BV2 cells and the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice. In addition, the H2S donor reduced the electroencephalography amplitude of hippocampal epileptic waves and reduced seizures in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice, which were also attenuated by glibenclamide. These results indicated that the novel H2S donor reduced seizures and regulated microglial inflammatory cytokines by activating KATP channels, which may provide a prospective therapeutic strategy for the anti-seizure effects of H2S donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Kang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziting Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510120 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongrui Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xutao Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuisheng Lei
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Dermatology, The Fifth Afliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zishu Yuan
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Madhamanchi K, Madhamanchi P, Jayalakshmi S, Panigrahi M, Patil A, Phanithi PB. Dopamine and Glutamate Crosstalk Worsen the Seizure Outcome in TLE-HS Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4952-4965. [PMID: 37209264 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), accompanied by hippocampal sclerosis (HS), is the most common form of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Nearly 20% of the patients showed seizure recurrence even after surgery, and the reasons are yet to be understood. Dysregulation of neurotransmitters is evident during seizures, which can induce excitotoxicity. The present study focused on understanding the molecular changes associated with Dopamine (DA) and glutamate signaling and their possible impact on the persistence of excitotoxicity and seizure recurrence in patients with drug-resistant TLE-HS who underwent surgery. According to the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) suggested classification for seizure outcomes, the patients (n = 26) were classified as class 1 (no seizures) and class 2 (persistent seizures) using the latest post-surgery follow-up data to understand the prevalent molecular changes in seizure-free and seizure-recurrence patient groups. Our study uses thioflavin T assay, western blot analysis, immunofluorescence assays, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays. We have observed a substantial increase in the DA and glutamate receptors that promote excitotoxicity. Patients who had seizure recurrence showed a significant increase in (pNR2B, p < 0.009; and pGluR1, p < 0.01), protein phosphatase1γ (PP1γ; p < 0.009), protein kinase A (PKAc; p < 0.001) and dopamine-cAMP regulated phospho protein32 (pDARPP32T34; p < 0.009) which are critical for long-term potentiation (LTP), excitotoxicity compared to seizure-free patients and controls. A significant increase in D1R downstream kinases like PKA (p < 0.001), pCAMKII (p < 0.009), and Fyn (p < 0.001) was observed in patient samples compared to controls. Anti-epileptic DA receptor D2R was found to be decreased in ILAE class 2 (p < 0.02) compared to class 1. Since upregulation of DA and glutamate signaling supports LTP and excitotoxicity, we believe it could impact seizure recurrence. Further studies about the impact of DA and glutamate signaling on the distribution of PP1γ at postsynaptic density and synaptic strength could help us understand the seizure microenvironment in patients. Dopamine, Glutamate signal crosstalk. Diagram representing the PP1γ regulation by NMDAR negative feedback inhibition signaling (green circle-left) and D1R signal (red circle-middle) domination over PP1γ though increased PKA, pDARPP32T34, and supports pGluR1, pNR2B in seizure recurrent patients. D1R-D2R hetero dimer activation (red circle-right) increases cellular Ca2+ and pCAMKIIα activation. All these events lead to calcium overload in HS patients and excitotoxicity, particularly in patients experiencing recurrent seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Madhamanchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Pradeep Madhamanchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
- Govt. Degree College for Men's, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, 532001, India
| | - Sita Jayalakshmi
- Department of Neurology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manas Panigrahi
- Department of Neurology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anuja Patil
- Department of Neurology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prakash Babu Phanithi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
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Yao Q, Zhang H, Standish C, Grube J, Mañas A, Xiang J. Expression profile of the proapoptotic protein Bax in the human brain. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:209-220. [PMID: 35951115 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bax is a well-known universal proapoptotic protein. Bax protein is detected in almost all human organs, and its expression levels can be correlated with disease progression and therapeutic efficacy in certain settings. Interestingly, increasing evidence has shown that mature neuronal cell death is often not typical apoptosis. Most results on the expression of Bax proteins (predominantly Baxα) in the human brain come from disease-oriented studies, and the data on Bax protein expression in the normal brain are limited and lack consistency due to many variable factors. Here, we analyzed Bax RNA and protein expression data from multiple databases and performed immunostaining of over 80 samples from 25 healthy subjects across 7 different brain regions. We found that Bax protein expression was heterogeneous across brain regions and individual subjects. Both neurons and glial cells, such as astrocytes, could be Bax positive, but Bax positivity appeared to be highly selective, even within the same cell type in the same region. Furthermore, Bax proteins could be localized in the cytosol (evenly spread or concentrated to one region), nucleus or nucleolus depending on the cell type. Such variation and distribution in Bax expression suggest that Bax may function differently in the human brain than in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- Department of Biology, Lewis College of Science and Letters, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Huaiyuan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lewis College of Science and Letters, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Collin Standish
- Department of Biology, Lewis College of Science and Letters, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Joshua Grube
- Department of Biology, Lewis College of Science and Letters, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Adriana Mañas
- Department of Biology, Lewis College of Science and Letters, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Jialing Xiang
- Department of Biology, Lewis College of Science and Letters, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
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Ghosh C, Westcott R, Perucca E, Hossain M, Bingaman W, Najm I. Cytochrome P450-mediated antiseizure medication interactions influence apoptosis, modulate the brain BAX/Bcl-X L ratio and aggravate mitochondrial stressors in human pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:983233. [PMID: 36515436 PMCID: PMC9441576 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.983233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polytherapy with antiseizure medications (ASMs) is often used to control seizures in patients suffering from epilepsy, where about 30% of patients are pharmacoresistant. While drug combinations are intended to be beneficial, the consequence of CYP-dependent drug interactions on apoptotic protein levels and mitochondrial function in the epileptic brain remains unclear. We examined the interactions of ASMs given prior to surgery in surgically resected brain tissues and of three ASMs (lacosamide, LCM; oxcarbazepine, OXC; levetiracetam LEV) in isolated brain cells from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (n = 23). We divided the patients into groups-those who took combinations of NON-CYP + CYP substrate ASMs, NON-CYP + CYP inducer ASMs, CYP substrate + CYP substrate or CYP substrate + CYP inducer ASMs-to study the 1) pro- and anti-apoptotic protein levels and other apoptotic signaling proteins and levels of reactive oxygen species (reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation) in brain tissues; 2) cytotoxicity at blood-brain barrier epileptic endothelial cells (EPI-ECs) and subsequent changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in normal neuronal cells, following treatment with LCM + OXC (CYP substrate + CYP inducer) or LCM + LEV (CYP substrate + NON-CYP-substrate) after blood-brain barrier penetration, and 3) apoptotic and mitochondrial protein targets in the cells, pre-and post-CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole and drug treatments. We found an increased BAX (pro-apoptotic)/Bcl-XL (anti-apoptotic) protein ratio in epileptic brain tissue after treatment with CYP substrate + CYP substrate or inducer compared to NON-CYP + CYP substrate or inducer, and subsequently decreased glutathione and elevated lipid peroxidation levels. Further, increased cytotoxicity and Mito-ID levels, indicative of compromised mitochondrial membrane potential, were observed after treatment of LCM + OXC in combination compared to LCM + LEV or these ASMs alone in EPI-ECs, which was attenuated by pre-treatment of CYP inhibitor, ketoconazole. A combination of two CYP-mediated ASMs on EPI-ECs resulted in elevated caspase-3 and cytochrome c with decreased SIRT3 levels and activity, which was rescued by CYP inhibition. Together, the study highlights for the first time that pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins levels are dependent on ASM combinations in epilepsy, modulated via a CYP-mediated mechanism that controls free radicals, cytotoxicity and mitochondrial activity. These findings lead to a better understanding of future drug selection choices offsetting pharmacodynamic CYP-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rosemary Westcott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australia and Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammed Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - William Bingaman
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Imad Najm
- Australia and Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Lin H, Lin WH, Lin F, Liu CY, Che CH, Huang HP. Potential Pleiotropic Genes and Shared Biological Pathways in Epilepsy and Depression Based on GWAS Summary Statistics. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:6799285. [PMID: 35463244 PMCID: PMC9019309 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6799285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated the overlapping genetic foundation of epilepsy and depression. However, the detailed pleiotropic genetic etiology and neurobiological pathways have not been well understood, and there are many variants with underestimated effect on the comorbidity of the two diseases. Utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of epilepsy (15,212 cases and 29,677 controls) and depression (170,756 cases and 329,443 controls) from large consortia, we assessed the integrated gene-based association with both diseases by Multimarker Analysis of Genomic Annotation (MAGMA) and Fisher's meta-analysis. On the one hand, shared genes with significantly altered transcripts in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data sets were considered as possible pleiotropic genes. On the other hand, the pathway enrichment analysis was conducted based on the gene lists with nominal significance in the gene-based association test of each disease. We identified a total of two pleiotropic genes (CD3G and SLCO3A1) with gene expression analysis validated and interpreted twenty-five common biological process supported with literature mining. This study indicates the potentially shared genes associated with both epilepsy and depression based on gene expression, meta-data analysis, and pathway enrichment strategy along with traditional GWAS and provides insights into the possible intersecting pathways that were not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Wan-Hui Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chang-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chun-Hui Che
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Hua-Pin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
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7
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Upaganlawar AB, Wankhede NL, Kale MB, Umare MD, Sehgal A, Singh S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Najda A, Nurzyńska-Wierdak R, Bungau S, Behl T. Interweaving epilepsy and neurodegeneration: Vitamin E as a treatment approach. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112146. [PMID: 34507113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder, affecting nearly 50 million people worldwide. The condition can be manifested either due to genetic predisposition or acquired from acute insult which leads to alteration of cellular and molecular mechanisms. Evaluating the latest and the current knowledge in regard to the mechanisms underlying molecular and cellular alteration, hyperexcitability is a consequence of an imbalanced state wherein enhance excitatory glutamatergic and reduced inhibitory GABAergic signaling is considered to be accountable for seizures associated damage. However, neurodegeneration contributing to epileptogenesis has become increasingly appreciated. The components at the helm of neurodegenerative alterations during epileptogenesis include GABAergic neuronal and receptor changes, neuroinflammation, alteration in axonal transport, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and other cellular as well as functional changes. Targeting neurodegeneration with vitamin E as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective may prove to be one of the therapeutic approaches useful in managing epilepsy. In this review, we discuss and converse about the seizure-induced episodes as a link for the development of neurodegenerative and pathological consequences of epilepsy. We also put forth a summary of the potential intervention with vitamin E therapy in the management of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohit D Umare
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
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Karabulut S, Taskiran AS. Effect of Pre-Treatment with Acetaminophen on Hippocampal Oxidative, Inflammatory, and Apoptotic Parameters in PTZ-Induced Acute Seizure Mice Model. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Buainain RP, Boschiero MN, Camporeze B, de Aguiar PHP, Marson FAL, Ortega MM. Single-Nucleotide Variants in microRNAs Sequences or in their Target Genes Might Influence the Risk of Epilepsy: A Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1645-1658. [PMID: 33666796 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide variant (SNV) is a single base mutation at a specific location in the genome and may play an import role in epilepsy pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to review case-control studies that have investigated the relationship between SNVs within microRNAs (miRs) sequences or in their target genes and epilepsy susceptibility from January 1, 2010 to October 31, 2020. Nine case-control studies were included in the present review. The mainly observed SNVs associated with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) risk were SNVs n.60G > C (rs2910164) and n.-411A > G (rs57095329), both located at miR-146a mature sequence and promoter region, respectively. In addition, the CC haplotype (rs987195-rs969885) and the AA genotype at rs4817027 in the MIR155HG/miR-155 tagSNV were also genetic susceptibility markers for early-onset epilepsy. MiR-146a has been observed as upregulated in human astrocytes in epileptogenesis and it regulates inflammatory process through NF-κB signaling by targeting tumor necrosis factor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) gene. The SNVs rs2910164 and rs57095329 may modify the expression level of mature miR-146a and the risk for epilepsy and SNVs located at rs987195-rs969885 haplotype and at rs4817027 in the MIR155HG/miR-155 tagSNV could interfere in the miR-155 expression modulating inflammatory pathway genes involved in the development of early-onset epilepsy. In addition, SNVs rs662702, rs3208684, and rs35163679 at 3'untranslated region impairs the ability of miR-328, let-7b, and miR-200c binding affinity with paired box protein PAX-6 (PAX6), BCL2 like 1 (BCL2L1), and DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) target genes. The SNV rs57095329 might be correlated with DRE when a larger number of patients are evaluated. Thus, we concluded that the main drawback of most of studies is the small number of individuals enrolled, which lacks sample power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Parissi Buainain
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, USF, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus Negri Boschiero
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, USF, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Camporeze
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, USF, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Pires de Aguiar
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, USF, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil.,Departament of Neurosurgery, Hospital Santa Paula, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Lima Marson
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, USF, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marques Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, USF, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, 12916-900, Brazil.
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10
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Singh T, Goel RK. Epilepsy Associated Depression: An Update on Current Scenario, Suggested Mechanisms, and Opportunities. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1305-1321. [PMID: 33665775 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most frequent psychiatric comorbidities associated with epilepsy having a major impact on the patient's quality of life. Several screening tools are available to identify and follow up psychiatric disorders in epilepsy. Out of various psychiatric disorders, people with epilepsy (PWE) are at greater risk of developing depression. This bidirectional relationship further hinders pharmacotherapy of comorbid depression in PWE as some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) worsen associated depression and coadministration of existing antidepressants (ADs) to alleviate comorbid depression has been reported to worsen seizures. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are first choice of ADs and are considered safe in PWE, but there are no high-quality evidences. Similar to observations in people with depression, PWE also showed pharmacoresistant to available SSRI/SNRIs, which further complicates the disease prognosis. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials are necessary to report efficacy and safety of available ADs in PWE. We should also move beyond ADs, and therefore, we reviewed common pathological mechanisms such as neuroinflammation, dysregulated hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, altered neurogenesis, and altered tryptophan metabolism responsible for coexistent relationship of epilepsy and depression. Based on these common pertinent pathways involved in the genesis of epilepsy and depression, we suggested novel targets and therapeutic approaches for safe management of comorbid depression in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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He C, Su C, Zhang W, Zhou Q, Shen X, Yang J, Shi N. Modulatory Potential of LncRNA Zfas1 for Inflammation and Neuronal Apoptosis in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:215-223. [PMID: 33635011 PMCID: PMC7934098 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate whether lncRNA ZFAS1 is involved in neuronal apoptosis and inflammation in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-six TLE patients were recruited, and their peripheral venous blood was gathered to determine Zfas1 expression with polymerase chain reaction. Neurons were separated from hippocampal tissue of newborn SD rats, and si-Zfas1 or pcDNA3.1-Zfas1 was transfected into the neurons. Inflammatory cytokines released by neurons were determined, and neuronal activities were evaluated through MTT assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Serum levels of Zfas1 were higher in TLE patients than in healthy controls (p<0.05). Furthermore, Zfas1 expression in neurons was raised by pcDNA3.1-Zfas1 and declined after silencing of Zfas1 (p<0.05). Transfection of pcDNA-Zfas1 weakened the viability and proliferation of neurons and increased neuronal apoptosis (p<0.05). Meanwhile, pcDNA3.1-Zfas1 transfection promoted lipopolysaccharide-induced release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (p<0.05), and boosted NF-κB activation by elevating the expression of NF-κB p65, pIκBα, and IKKβ in neurons (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that lncRNA ZFAS1 exacerbates epilepsy development by promoting neuronal apoptosis and inflammation, implying ZFAS1 as a promising treatment target for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China.
| | - Caixia Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Wentong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
| | - Naixian Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univeristy, Suzhou, China
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Vega-García A, Orozco-Suárez S, Villa A, Rocha L, Feria-Romero I, Alonso Vanegas MA, Guevara-Guzmán R. Cortical expression of IL1-β, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and 9, SEMA-3a, NT-3 and P-glycoprotein as biological markers of intrinsic severity in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2021; 1758:147303. [PMID: 33516813 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is the most common epilepsy induced by previous cerebral injury, and one out of three mTLE patients develops drug resistance (DR). AIM To assess the expression of Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, IL1-β, SEMA-3a, NT-3 and P-glycoprotein in the temporal cortex and their relationship with the progression of mTLE-DR clinical features in patients with mTLE-DR. METHOD Tissue samples from 17 patients were evaluated for protein expression by Western blot and the relationships of the evaluated proteins with the clinical features of the mTLE were assessed through hierarchical cluster analysis. RESULTS The mTLE-DR group showed significantly higher P-glycoprotein, Bcl-2 and Caspase-9 levels ***p < 0.0001, ****p < 0.0001 and ***p < 0.0002, respectively, than the autopsy control group. Four patient clusters were identified: Clusters 1 and 3 showed relationships among the age of mTLE onset, duration of mTLE-DR, average number of epileptic seizures per week, number of previous antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and increased expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Neurotrophin-3 and Semaphorin-3a. Clusters 2 and 4 showed relationships among the mTLE onset age, current age, average number of epileptic seizures per week, number of previous AEDs and increased expression of IL1-β, Bcl-2, P-glycoprotein, Caspase-3 and NT-3. CONCLUSION The relationships among the clinical data the age of mTLE onset, DR duration, number of previous AEDs, and average number of seizures per week and the expression of proteins involved in neuronal death, neuroinflammation and aberrant connection formation, as which are biological markers in the cerebral temporal cortex, are important factors in the progression and severity of mTLE-DR and support the intrinsic severity hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vega-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - S Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - A Villa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - L Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - I Feria-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - M A Alonso Vanegas
- Unidad de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suarez", Ciudad de México, Mexico; Centro Internacional de Cirugía de Epilepsia, HMG Hospital Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - R Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Hu C, Wang S, Liu L. Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 alleviates the progression of epilepsy by regulating the miR-181a/BCL-2 axis in vitro. Life Sci 2020; 267:118935. [PMID: 33359246 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in regulating epilepsy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibly regulatory mechanism of small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) on epilepsy. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was utilized to detect the expression of SNHG1, microRNA (miR)-181a, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2). Through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined. The viability and apoptosis of CTX-TNA2 cells were measured using MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Western blot assay was performed to analyze the protein levels of Bcl-2, BCL2-associated X, and Caspase-3. The relationships between miR-181a and SNHG1/BCL-2 were confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS SNHG1 expression was down-regulated in EP tissues and kainic acid (KA)-induced CTX-TNA2 cells. The apoptosis and release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2) in KA-induced CTX-TNA2 cells were suppressed by SNHG1 overexpression and promoted by miR-181a up-regulation. In addition, we confirmed that SNHG1 targeted miR-181a, whereas BCL-2 was a target gene of miR-181a. Negative correlations between SNHG1 and miR-181a, as well as miR-181a and BCL-2 were exhibited. Both the up-regulation of miR-181a and down-regulation of BCL-2 reversed the inhibiting effects of SNHG1 on apoptosis and inflammatory response of KA-induced CTX-TNA2 cells, and the promoting effect upon cell viability. CONCLUSIONS SNHG1 alleviated the progression of EP by modulating the miR-181a/BCL-2 axis in vitro, thus SNHG1 could act as a possible therapeutic target for treating EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongling Hu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China; Department of Neural Tumor, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, No. 181, Hanyu Road, Chongqing City 400030, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neural Tumor, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, No. 181, Hanyu Road, Chongqing City 400030, China.
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Juvale IIA, Che Has AT. Possible interplay between the theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1998-2026. [PMID: 33306252 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the oldest known neurological disorders and is characterized by recurrent seizure activity. It has a high incidence rate, affecting a broad demographic in both developed and developing countries. Comorbid conditions are frequent in patients with epilepsy and have detrimental effects on their quality of life. Current management options for epilepsy include the use of anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, or a ketogenic diet. However, more than 30% of patients diagnosed with epilepsy exhibit drug resistance to anti-epileptic drugs. Further, surgery and ketogenic diets do little to alleviate the symptoms of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of pharmacoresistant epilepsy to design newer and more effective anti-epileptic drugs. Several theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy have been suggested over the years, the most common being the gene variant hypothesis, network hypothesis, multidrug transporter hypothesis, and target hypothesis. In our review, we discuss the main theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and highlight a possible interconnection between their mechanisms that could lead to the development of novel therapies for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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15
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Abstract
Epilepsy is considered a major serious chronic neurological disorder, characterized by recurrent seizures. It is usually associated with a history of a lesion in the nervous system. Irregular activation of inflammatory molecules in the injured tissue is an important factor in the development of epilepsy. It is unclear how the imbalanced regulation of inflammatory mediators contributes to epilepsy. A recent research goal is to identify interconnected inflammation pathways which may be involved in the development of epilepsy. The clinical use of available antiepileptic drugs is often restricted by their limitations, incidence of several side effects, and drug interactions. So development of new drugs, which modulate epilepsy through novel mechanisms, is necessary. Alternative therapies and diet have recently reported positive treatment outcomes in epilepsy. Vitamin D (Vit D) has shown prophylactic and therapeutic potential in different neurological disorders. So, the aim of current study was to review the associations between different brain inflammatory mediators and epileptogenesis, to strengthen the idea that targeting inflammatory pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat epilepsy. In addition, neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of Vit D in clinical and preclinical studies of epilepsy were reviewed.
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Apoptotic Markers Are Increased in Epilepsy Patients: A Relation with Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Ala16Val Polymorphism and Seizure Type through IL-1 β and IL-6 Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6250429. [PMID: 32219137 PMCID: PMC7079223 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6250429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The MnSOD Ala16Val single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been associated with different diseases. However, there are scarcely studies relating this SNP in epilepsy, a neurologic disease that involves some interacting pathways, such as apoptotic and inflammatory factors. In this sense, we decided to investigate the relationship of MnSOD Ala16Val SNP with apoptotic markers in epilepsy and its relation with inflammatory pathway and seizure type. Ninety subjects were evaluated (47 epilepsies; 43 controls) by questionnaires and laboratorial exams. We observed a higher percentage of VV genotype in the epilepsy group when compared to the control group. IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, and caspase-3 levels were increased in the epilepsy group (VV genotype). Furthermore, an important correlation between IL-1β vs. caspase-1 and IL-6 vs. caspase-3 was observed in the epilepsy group (VV genotype). The epilepsy group which presented generalized seizures also demonstrated a positive correlation between IL-1β vs. CASP1 and IL-6 vs. CASP3. Thus, it is a plausible propose that epilepsy patients with VV genotype and generalized seizures present a worse inflammatory and apoptotic status. Our findings suggest that the knowledge of MnSOD Ala16Val polymorphism existence is important to evaluate molecular mechanisms associated to seizure and improve the treatment of these patients.
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17
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Taalab YM, Fathi Mohammed W, Helmy MA, Othman AA, Darwish M, Hassan I, Abbas M. Cannabis Influences the Putative Cytokines-Related Pathway of Epilepsy among Egyptian Epileptic Patients. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120332. [PMID: 31757102 PMCID: PMC6955862 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to investigate: (1) the prevalence of cannabis among epileptic patients seen at Mansoura University Hospital, (2) serum levels and gene expression of cytokines in epilepsy patients and the controls. and (3) the possibility that cannabis use affects the cytokine levels in epilepsy patients, triggering its future use in treatment. We recruited 440 epilepsy patients and 200 controls matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. Of the epileptic patients, 37.5% demonstrated lifetime cannabis use with a mean duration of 15 ± 73 years. Serum levels of interleukin IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were analyzed and gene expression analysis was conducted only for those cytokines that were different between groups in the serum analysis. The “Epilepsy-only” patients had significantly higher serum and mRNA levels of IL-1α, β, IL-2,6,8, and TNF-α compared to the controls and the “Cannabis+Epilepsy” group (p = 0.0001). IL-10 showed significantly lower levels in the “Epilepsy-only” patients compared to the controls and “Cannabis+Epilepsy” (p = 0.0001). Cannabis use is prevalent among epilepsy patients. Epilepsy is characterized by a pro-inflammatory state supported by high serum and gene expression levels. Cannabis users demonstrated significantly lower levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to epilepsy non-cannabis users which might contribute to its use in the treatment of resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen M. Taalab
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (Y.M.T.); (M.A.H.)
- Institute of Forensic and Traffic Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wessam Fathi Mohammed
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (W.F.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Manar A. Helmy
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (Y.M.T.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Alyaa A.A. Othman
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (Y.M.T.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Mohamed Darwish
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim Hassan
- Movement and Training Science Department, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +491-630-803-435
| | - Mohammed Abbas
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (W.F.M.); (M.A.)
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18
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Toscano ECDB, Vieira ÉLM, Portela ACDC, Reis JLJ, Caliari MV, Giannetti AV, Gonçalves AP, Siqueira JM, Suemoto CK, Leite REP, Nitrini R, Teixeira AL, Rachid MA. Bcl-2/Bax ratio increase does not prevent apoptosis of glia and granular neurons in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropathology 2019; 39:348-357. [PMID: 31392787 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is usually associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS), characterized by gliosis and neuronal loss, mainly in the cornus ammonis (CA). Regardless the type of HS, gliosis is associated with neuronal loss. Indeed, glial reactivation seems to induce both neuronal and glial apoptosis. Anti-apoptotic mechanisms are also activated in order to contain the cell death in chronic epilepsy. However, the role of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in human TLE is unclear, mainly in relation to glial death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reactive gliosis areas in parallel with Bcl-2/Bax ratio and active caspase 3 immunoreactivity in hippocampi of TLE patients in comparison with control hippocampi. We also sought to investigate whether the levels of these markers were correlated with TLE clinical parameters. Paraffin-embedded sclerotic and control hippocampi were collected for immunohistochemical analyses of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), human leucocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR), neuronal nuclei protein (NeuN), Bax, Bcl-2 and active caspase 3. Sclerotic hippocampi presented higher immunoreactivity areas of GFAP and HLA-DR than controls, with similar values in HS types 1 and 2. Bcl-2 protein expression was increased in epileptic hippocampi, while Bax expression was similar to controls. Despite Bcl2/Bax ratio increase, granular neurons and glia exhibited active caspase 3 expression in TLE hippocampi, while controls did not show staining for the same marker. In conclusion, glial and neuronal death is increased in sclerotic hippocampi, independently of HS type, and co-localized with gliosis. Furthermore, Bcl-2/Bax ratio increase does not prevent expression of active caspase 3 by glia and granular neurons in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana C de Brito Toscano
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Érica L M Vieira
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C D C Portela
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joice L J Reis
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre V Giannetti
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana P Gonçalves
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Nuclei of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment - Felício Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José M Siqueira
- Nuclei of Advanced Epilepsy Treatment - Felício Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia no Envelhecimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Milene A Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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19
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Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:459-472. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Xiao W, Wu Y, Wang J, Luo Z, Long L, Deng N, Ning S, Zeng Y, Long H, Xiao B. Network and Pathway-Based Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism of miRNA in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7022-7031. [PMID: 30968344 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a complex disease with its pathogenetic mechanism still unclear. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of miRNA (miRSNPs) are SNPs located on miRNA genes or target sites of miRNAs, which have been proved to be associated with neuropsychic disease development by interfering with miRNA-mediated regulatory function. In this study, we integrated TLE-related risk genes and risk pathways multi-dimensionally based on public data resources. Furthermore, we systematically screened candidate functional miRSNPs for TLE and constructed a TLE-associated pathway-based miRSNP switching network, which included 92 miRNAs that target 12 TLE risk pathways. Moreover, we dissected thoroughly the correlation between 5 risk genes of 4 risk pathways and TLE development. Additionally, the biological function of several candidate miRSNPs were validated by luciferase reporter assay. In silico approach facilitates to select potential "miRSNP-miRNA-risk gene-pathway" axis for experimental validation, which provided new insights into the mechanism of miRSNPs as potential genetic risk factors of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yanhao Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jianjian Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Na Deng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Hongyu Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Guna V, Saha L, Bhatia A, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Berberine in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Model in Rat. J Epilepsy Res 2018; 8:66-73. [PMID: 30809499 PMCID: PMC6374532 DOI: 10.14581/jer.18011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Berberine (BBR) is derived from the Berberis species and has demonstrated beneficial effects in various neurodegenerative disorders in animal models. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiepileptic, antioxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects of BBR in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model of epilepsy in rats. Methods A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive BBR (100 mg/kg, oral), sodium valproate (200 mg/kg, i.p.), or saline (0.9% NaCl, i.p.) followed by PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) on alternate days until the animal developed kindling or for 10 weeks. Histopathological examination of the hippocampus; DNA fragmentation study; tests for malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione; and gene expression studies (nrf2, bcl-2, bax, and caspase 3) were conducted on whole brain tissue after 10 weeks or kindling. Results The percentage of kindled animals, histopathological score, malondialdehyde level, and caspase 3 gene expression were significantly lower in the BBR group than in the PTZ group. Superoxide dismutase levels, reduced glutathione levels, and bcl-2 gene expression were significantly higher in the BBR group than in the PTZ group. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the anti-epileptogenic effect of BBR, which may be due to antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of the PTZ-induced kindling model of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Guna
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amitava Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Bartolini L, Piras E, Sullivan K, Gillen S, Bumbut A, Lin CTM, Leibovitch EC, Graves JS, Waubant EL, Chamberlain JM, Gaillard WD, Jacobson S. Detection of HHV-6 and EBV and Cytokine Levels in Saliva From Children With Seizures: Results of a Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study. Front Neurol 2018; 9:834. [PMID: 30344507 PMCID: PMC6182262 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: One third of children with epilepsy are refractory to medications. Growing data support a role of common childhood infections with neurotropic viruses and inflammation in epileptogenesis. Our objective was to determine the frequency of Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection and cytokine levels in saliva from children with seizures compared to healthy controls and to controls with a febrile illness without seizures. Methods: In this cross-sectional multi-center study, we collected saliva from 115 consecutive children with acute seizures (cases), 51 children with a fever and no seizures or underlying neurological disease (fever controls) and 46 healthy children (healthy controls). Specimens were analyzed by a novel droplet digital PCR for HHV-6 and EBV viral DNA and a bead-based immunoassay for neuroinflammatory cytokines. Results: Cases included febrile seizures (n = 30), acute seizures without (n = 53) and with fever (n = 4) in chronic epilepsy, new onset epilepsy (n = 13), febrile status epilepticus (n = 3), and first lifetime seizure (n = 12). HHV-6 DNA was found in 40% of cases vs. 37% fever controls and 35% healthy controls, with no statistically significant differences. EBV DNA was also detected with no differences in 17% cases, 16% fever controls, and 28% healthy controls. IL-8 and IL-1β were increased in saliva of 32 random samples from cases compared with 30 fever controls: IL-8 cases mean (SD): 1158.07 pg/mL (1427.41); controls 604.92 (754.04); p = 0.02. IL-1β 185.76 (230.57); controls 86.99 (187.39); p = 0.0002. IL-1β level correlated with HHV6 viral load (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Increase in inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the onset of acute seizures and saliva could represent an inexpensive and non-invasive method for detection of viral DNA and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bartolini
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Clinical Epilepsy Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eleonora Piras
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Kathryn Sullivan
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sean Gillen
- Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Adrian Bumbut
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Cheng-Te Major Lin
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emily C Leibovitch
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer S Graves
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuelle L Waubant
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James M Chamberlain
- Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - William D Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Wang L, Song LF, Chen XY, Ma YL, Suo JF, Shi JH, Chen GH. MiR-181b inhibits P38/JNK signaling pathway to attenuate autophagy and apoptosis in juvenile rats with kainic acid-induced epilepsy via targeting TLR4. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:112-122. [PMID: 29808547 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of miR-181b in alterations of apoptosis and autophagy in the kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptic juvenile rats via modulating TLR4 and P38/JNK signaling pathway. METHODS Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to testify the targeting relationship between miR-181b and TLR4. After intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) of KA, rats were injected with miR-181b agomir and TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242). The TLR-4 activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also administered into rats immediately after injection with miR-181b agomir. Quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used for detections of miR-181b and TLR4 expressions, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Nissl staining for observation of the hippocampus morphological changes, and TUNEL staining for apoptosis analysis. Moreover, western blot was determined to detect TLR4 and P38/JNK pathway proteins, as well as autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins. RESULTS TLR4 was identified as a direct target of miR-181b using Dual-luciferase reporter assay. KA rats injected with miR-181b agomir or TAK-242 had improved learning and memory abilities, reduced seizure severity of Racine's scale, and lessened neuron injury. Additionally, miR-181b agomir or TAK-242 could significantly inhibit P38/JNK signaling, decrease LC3II/I, Beclin-1, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, Bax, and cleaved caspases-3, but increase p62 and Bcl-2 expression. No significances were found between KA group and KA + miR-181b + LPS group. CONCLUSION MiR-181b could inhibit P38/JNK signaling pathway via targeting TLR4, thereby exerting protective roles in attenuating autophagy and apoptosis of KA-induced epileptic juvenile rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Fang Song
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Li Ma
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fang Suo
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
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Khadrawy YA, Sawie HG, Hosny EN. Neuroprotective effect of curcumin nanoparticles against rat model of status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 15:jcim-2017-0117. [PMID: 29570450 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2017-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The present study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of curcumin nanoparticles (Cur-NP) on the rat model of status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine.
Methods
In the present study, animals were divided into three groups: control animals, rat model of SE induced by a single dose of pilocarpine (380 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally, and rat model of SE that received a daily intraperitoneal injection of Cur-NP (50 mg/kg) for four consecutive days prior to pilocarpine administration.
Results
The present results revealed a state of oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of rat model of SE as compared to control. This was evident from the significant increase in lipid peroxidation and the significant decrease in reduced glutathione and nitric oxide. In addition, a significant increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 was detected in the two studied brain regions of rat model of SE. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and Na+/K+-ATPase decreased significantly in the cortex and hippocampus of rat model of SE. Protection with Cur-NP prevented oxidative stress and improved the elevated level of caspase-3 in the hippocampus and cortex and the hippocampal TNF-α to nonsignificant changes. Although Cur-NP prevented the decrease in AchE activity in the two studied brain regions, it failed to return Na+/K+-ATPase activity to its normal value.
Conclusions
It is clear from the present findings that Cur-NP could prevent the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and cell death that were induced during SE. This in turn may help in ameliorating the subsequent cascades of events that follow SE and its development into epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein G Sawie
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman N Hosny
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Giza, Egypt
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Cui ZQ, Li WL, Luo Y, Yang JP, Qu ZZ, Zhao WQ. Methylene Blue Exerts Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective Effects on Self-Sustaining Status Epilepticus (SSSE) Induced by Prolonged Basolateral Amygdala Stimulation in Wistar Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:161-169. [PMID: 29307885 PMCID: PMC5771162 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate the potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of methylene blue (MB) on self-sustaining status epilepticus (SSSE) induced by prolonged basolateral amygdala stimulation (BLA) in Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) the Control group (rats without any treatment); (2) the Sham group (rats received electrode implantation but without electrical stimulation); (3) the SSSE group (rats received electrode implantation and additional electrical stimulation); and (4) the SSSE+MB group (rats received 1 mg/kg MB intraperitoneal injection 5 min after SSSE). SSSE models were established by prolonged BLA stimulation. The severities of SSSE were assessed by the number of separate seizures and the accumulated time of seizures. The variations of malondialdehyde/glutathione (MDA/GSH) were assessed 24 h after the establishment of SSSE. Nissl staining was performed to detect the surviving neurons in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, and Western blotting assays were used to detect Caspase-3 (CASP3), B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), and BCL2-associated X protein (BAX). RESULTS Compared with the SSSE group, treatment with MB (1) markedly reduced the number and accumulated time of seizure activities; (2) significantly attenuated the increase of MDA and the decrease of GSH hippocampal levels; (3) markedly improved the cell morphology and alleviated the neuronal loss in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions; (4) significantly attenuated the increase of CASP3 and BAX and the decrease of BCL2 hippocampal levels. CONCLUSIONS MB has a protective effect in the SSSE model and may be useful as an adjuvant for preventing or treating epilepsy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-qiang Cui
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Wen-ling Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Reproductive Genetic, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Ji-peng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-zhen Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Wen-qing Zhao
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
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Effect of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine on serum neuron-specific enolase in focal seizures: A randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy Res 2017; 138:5-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lin WH, Li XF, Lin MX, Zhou Y, Huang HP. Novel insights into the effect of paroxetine administration in pilocarpine‑induced chronic epileptic rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8245-8252. [PMID: 28983622 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of paroxetine intervention in epilepsy, and its association with the expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) and hippocampal apoptosis. Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control vehicle (n=6) and epileptic (n=24) groups. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced via systemic injection of pilocarpine, and seizure activity was monitored via video electroencephalogram. The epileptic group was then randomly divided into two groups; Four weeks following SE induction, paroxetine (5 mg/kg/day; SE + paroxetine group) or normal saline (SE group) was intraperitoneally injected for 4 weeks. Brain tissue was collected to evaluate apoptosis via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‑end labeling. SERT, B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) and brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression levels were evaluated by western blotting, and miR‑16 expression was evaluated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Paroxetine did not affect the mortality of the pilocarpine‑induced chronic epileptic rats. Spontaneous recurrent seizures (SSRs) were observed 7‑28 days following SE induction. The frequency and stage of the SSRs were reduced by paroxetine administration. Apoptotic cells were observed in the epileptic hippocampus. Following paroxetine intervention, the staining intensity and number of apoptotic cells were significantly decreased. Expression levels of BDNF and Bcl‑2 were lower in the SE group compared with the vehicle group. The former was not altered by paroxetine injection; however, the latter was increased. In the SE group, SERT expression was not altered in the raphe nucleus but was decreased in the hippocampus. Following paroxetine administration, SERT expression was decreased in the raphe nucleus and increased in the hippocampus. In the SE group, miR‑16 expression was decreased in the raphe nucleus and increased in the hippocampus. Following paroxetine administration, miR‑16 expression was not altered in the raphe nucleus but was reduced in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the seizures and hippocampal apoptosis observed in chronic epileptic rats were alleviated by paroxetine treatment. This effect may be associated with the reduced Bcl‑2 and BDNF expression and the modulation of SERT expression. The alterations in miR‑16 expression may provide a potential explanation for the modulation of apoptosis; however, further research is required to determine the complete underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hui Lin
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Neuroscience Research Center of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Pin Huang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Skardoutsou A, Primikiris P, Tsentidis C, Marmarinos A, Gourgiotis D. Bcl-2 and caspase-9 serum levels in children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy and active seizures. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2017. [PMID: 28643990 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.17.04787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study we investigated the levels of proapoptotic caspase-9 and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in the sera of children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy and tried to relate the findings to the patients' clinical parameters. METHODS This retrospective study consisted of 118 children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy, categorized according to type and number of seizures, duration of the disease and the control of seizures and 30 age- and sex-matched controls. The relapse of seizures was taken into consideration. RESULTS Mean serum level between Bcl-2 and caspase-9 was significantly higher only in Bcl-2 patients, compared to controls (P≤0.0001) and (P=0.987) respectively. Significant difference in Bcl-2 level was found among the different types of focal seizures. Caspase-9 level was statistically different in patients with two or more seizures per month compared to those with one seizure per month (P=0.048). No correlation was found between Bcl-2 and caspase-9 levels and age, gender, seizure frequency, total number of seizures and the duration of epilepsy. No significant difference was found in patients with and without drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS Bcl-2 displays an association with apoptosis and highlights the potential of being a surrogate biomarker for active seizures and epilepsy. There is a significant difference in Bcl-2 serum level among the different types of focal seizures. Proapoptotic caspase-9 cannot act as a marker of active seizures and epilepsy. Caspase-9 serum level is increased acutely in controlled cases after a single relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Skardoutsou
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Primikiris
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Tsentidis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University Medical School, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece -
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Cerebrospinal fluid microRNAs are potential biomarkers of temporal lobe epilepsy and status epilepticus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3328. [PMID: 28607431 PMCID: PMC5468228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need for diagnostic biomarkers of epilepsy and status epilepticus to support clinical examination, electroencephalography and neuroimaging. Extracellular microRNAs may be potentially ideal biomarkers since some are expressed uniquely within specific brain regions and cell types. Cerebrospinal fluid offers a source of microRNA biomarkers with the advantage of being in close contact with the target tissue and sites of pathology. Here we profiled microRNA levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy or status epilepticus, and compared findings to matched controls. Differential expression of 20 microRNAs was detected between patient groups and controls. A validation phase included an expanded cohort and samples from patients with other neurological diseases. This identified lower levels of miR-19b in temporal lobe epilepsy compared to controls, status epilepticus and other neurological diseases. Levels of miR-451a were higher in status epilepticus compared to other groups whereas miR-21-5p differed in status epilepticus compared to temporal lobe epilepsy but not to other neurological diseases. Targets of these microRNAs include proteins regulating neuronal death, tissue remodelling, gliosis and inflammation. The present study indicates cerebrospinal fluid contains microRNAs that can support differential diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy and status epilepticus from other neurological and non-neurological diseases.
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Up-regulated BAFF and BAFF receptor expression in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and a pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model. Seizure 2017; 48:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterised with seizures. The aetiology of the most generalised epilepsies cannot be explicitly determined and the seizures are pronounced to be genetically determined by disturbances of receptors in central nervous system. Besides, neurotransmitter distributions or other metabolic problems are supposed to involve in epileptogenesis. Lack of adequate data about pharmacological agents that have antiepileptogenic effects point to need of research on this field. Thus, in this review, inflammatory aspects of epileptogenesis has been focussed via considering several concepts like role of immune system, blood-brain barrier and antibody involvement in epileptogenesis. METHODS We conducted an evidence-based review of the literatures in order to evaluate the possible participation of inflammatory processes to epileptogenesis and also, promising agents which are effective to these processes. We searched PubMed database up to November 2015 with no date restrictions. RESULTS In the present review, 163 appropriate articles were included. Obtained data suggests that inflammatory processes participate to epileptogenesis in several ways like affecting fibroblast growth factor-2 and tropomyosin receptor kinase B signalling pathways, detrimental proinflammatory pathways [such as the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) system], mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, microglial activities, release of glial inflammatory proteins (such as macrophage inflammatory protein, interleukin 6, C-C motif ligand 2 and IL-1β), adhesion molecules that are suggested to function in signalling pathways between neurons and microglia and also linkage between these molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION The literature research indicated that inflammation is a part of epileptogenesis. For this reason, further studies are necessary for assessing agents that will be effective in clinical use for therapeutic treatment of epileptogenesis.
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Meng DW, Liu HG, Yang AC, Zhang K, Zhang JG. Stimulation of Anterior Thalamic Nuclei Protects Against Seizures and Neuronal Apoptosis in Hippocampal CA3 Region of Kainic Acid-induced Epileptic Rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:960-6. [PMID: 27064042 PMCID: PMC4831532 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.179799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The antiepileptic effect of the anterior thalamic nuclei (ANT) stimulation has been demonstrated; however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic ANT stimulation on hippocampal neuron loss and apoptosis. Methods: Sixty-four rats were divided into four groups: The control group, the kainic acid (KA) group, the sham-deep brain stimulation (DBS) group, and the DBS group. KA was used to induce epilepsy. Seizure count and latency to the first spontaneous seizures were calculated. Nissl staining was used to analyze hippocampal neuronal loss. Polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were conducted to assess the expression of caspase-3 (Casp3), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), and Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) in the hippocampal CA3 region. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine the differences between the four groups. Results: The latency to the first spontaneous seizures in the DBS group was significantly longer than that in the KA group (27.50 ± 8.05 vs. 16.38 ± 7.25 days, P = 0.0005). The total seizure number in the DBS group was also significantly reduced (DBS vs. KA group: 11.75 ± 6.80 vs. 23.25 ± 7.72, P = 0.0002). Chronic ANT-DBS reduced neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA3 region (DBS vs. KA group: 23.58 ± 6.34 vs. 13.13 ± 4.00, P = 0.0012). After chronic DBS, the relative mRNA expression level of Casp3 was decreased (DBS vs. KA group: 1.18 ± 0.37 vs. 2.09 ± 0.46, P = 0.0003), and the relative mRNA expression level of Bcl2 was increased (DBS vs. KA group: 0.92 ± 0.21 vs. 0.48 ± 0.16, P = 0.0004). The protein expression levels of CASP3 (DBS vs. KA group: 1.25 ± 0.26 vs. 2.49 ± 0.38, P < 0.0001) and BAX (DBS vs. KA group: 1.57 ± 0.49 vs. 2.80 ± 0.63, P = 0.0012) both declined in the DBS group whereas the protein expression level of BCL2 (DBS vs. KA group: 0.78 ± 0.32 vs. 0.36 ± 0.17, P = 0.0086) increased in the DBS group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that chronic ANT stimulation could exert a neuroprotective effect on hippocampal neurons. This neuroprotective effect is likely to be mediated by the inhibition of apoptosis in the epileptic hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing 100050; Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Singh T, Goel RK. Managing epilepsy-associated depression: Serotonin enhancers or serotonin producers? Epilepsy Behav 2017; 66:93-99. [PMID: 28038393 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the major psychiatric comorbidities having a major impact on the quality of life in people with epilepsy (PWE). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered as safest therapy for the treatment of depression in PWE. Although administration of SSRIs increases the synaptic serotonin levels, it decreases the overall serotonin synthesis in the brain. Long-term therapy with SSRIs has been reported to decrease serotonin synthesis, which may be the possible reason for lessening of their antidepressant effect over time as well as elevated seizure outcomes observed in PWE. Thus the present scenario warrants streamlined studies to explore the safety and efficacy of SSRIs as well as approaches beyond SSRIs for treatment of depression in epilepsy. In this review, we outline the approaches which may restore serotonin levels rather than a pseudo enhancement of serotonin with SSRIs. The potential of various anti-inflammatory approaches such as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, inflammatory cytokine inhibitors, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors pertaining to their serotonin restoring effects is discussed as possible therapy for treatment of depression in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
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Liu L, Liu L, Shi J, Tan M, Xiong J, Li X, Hu Q, Yi Z, Mao D. MicroRNA-34b mediates hippocampal astrocyte apoptosis in a rat model of recurrent seizures. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:56. [PMID: 27514646 PMCID: PMC4981991 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent convulsions can cause irreversible astrocyte death, impede neuron regeneration, and further aggravate brain damage. MicroRNAs have been revealed as players in the progression of numerous diseases including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Particularly, microRNA has been found linked to seizure-induced neuronal death. In this study, a rat model of recurrent convulsions induced by flurothyl treatments was utilised to assess the alterations of microRNA expressions in hippocampus tissues. We also applied an in vitro model in which primary astrocytes were exposed to kainic acid to verify the targets of miR-34b-5p identified in the animal model. Results We discovered that miR-34b-5p, a member of the miR-34 family, increased significantly in flurothyl-treated rat hippocampus tissue. More surprisingly, this upregulation occurred concurrently with accumulating astrocyte apoptosis, indicating the involvement of miR-34b-5p in seizures caused astrocyte apoptosis. Results from the in vitro experiments further demonstrated that miR-34b-5p directly targeted Bcl-2 mRNA, translationally repressed Bcl-2 protein, and thus modulated cell apoptosis by influencing Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3. Conclusion Our findings prove microRNAs play a role in mediating recurrent convulsions-induced astrocyte death and further indicate that miR-34b-5p could acts as a regulator for astrocyte apoptosis induced by recurrent seizures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0291-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayun Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglin Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingpeng Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuwen Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding'an Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Zou M, Duan Y, Wang P, Gao R, Chen X, Ou Y, Liang M, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Wang L, Zhu H. DYT-40, a novel synthetic 2-styryl-5-nitroimidazole derivative, blocks malignant glioblastoma growth and invasion by inhibiting AEG-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27331. [PMID: 27251589 PMCID: PMC4890319 DOI: 10.1038/srep27331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) has been explored as a novel target for human glioma therapy, thus reflecting its potential contribution to gliomagenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of DYT-40, a novel synthetic 2-styryl-5-nitroimidazole derivative, on cell growth and invasion in glioblastoma (GBM) and uncovered the underlying mechanisms of this molecule. DYT-40 induces the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion of GBM cell lines. Furthermore, DYT-40 deactivates PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, suppresses AEG-1 expression, and inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation. DYT-40 reduced the tumor volumes in a rat C6 glioma model by apoptotic induction. Moreover, HE staining demonstrated that the glioma rat model treated with DYT-40 exhibited better defined tumor margins and fewer invasive cells to the contralateral striatum compared with the vehicle control and temozolomide-treated rats. Microscopic examination showed a decrease in AEG-1-positive cells in DYT-40-treated rats compared with the untreated controls. DYT-40-treatment increases the in vivo apoptotic response of glioma cells to DYT-40 treatment by TUNEL staining. In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of DYT-40 on growth and invasion in GBM suggest that DYT-40 might be a potential AEG-1 inhibitor to prevent the growth and motility of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongtao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xuguan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yingwei Ou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Mingxing Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhongchang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Dey A, Kang X, Qiu J, Du Y, Jiang J. Anti-Inflammatory Small Molecules To Treat Seizures and Epilepsy: From Bench to Bedside. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:463-484. [PMID: 27062228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a crucial component of brain innate immunity, neuroinflammation initially contributes to neuronal tissue repair and maintenance. However, chronic inflammatory processes within the brain and associated blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment often cause neurotoxicity and hyperexcitability. Mounting evidence points to a mutual facilitation between inflammation and epilepsy, suggesting that blocking the undesired inflammatory signaling within the brain might provide novel strategies to treat seizures and epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is primarily characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators in epileptogenic foci, among which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been extensively studied. Small molecules that specifically target these key proinflammatory perpetrators have been evaluated for antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic effects in animal models. These important preclinical studies provide new insights into the regulation of inflammation in epileptic brains and guide drug discovery efforts aimed at developing novel anti-inflammatory therapies for seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dey
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Xu Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jiange Qiu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Yifeng Du
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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de Vries EE, van den Munckhof B, Braun KPJ, van Royen-Kerkhof A, de Jager W, Jansen FE. Inflammatory mediators in human epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:177-90. [PMID: 26877106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests a role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that investigated inflammatory mediators in human epilepsy. Studies reporting on inflammatory mediators in serum, cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue of epilepsy patients were included. Studies comparing patients to controls were included in a meta-analysis. RESULTS 66 articles reporting on 1934 patients were included. IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α were the most extensively investigated proteins. Elevated levels for IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL8/IL-8 were reported in several different epilepsy etiologies and media, while other proteins were specifically increased for one etiology. IL-1α, IL-7 and IL-13, as well as the chemokines CCL2-5, -19 and -22, were increased exclusively in brain tissue. In an aggregate meta-analysis, we found significantly different protein levels for serum IL-6, IL-17 and CSF IL-1β and IL-10. CONCLUSION Inflammatory pathways are involved in epilepsy. Future studies may further clarify their role, and prove potential of targeted anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien E de Vries
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart van den Munckhof
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees P J Braun
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Annet van Royen-Kerkhof
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilco de Jager
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Continuous neurodegeneration and death pathway activation in neurons and glia in an experimental model of severe chronic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:54-66. [PMID: 26264964 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether seizures might determine the activation of cell death pathways and what could be the relevance of seizure-induced cell death in epilepsy are still highly debated issues. We recently developed an experimental model of acquired focal cortical dysplasia (the MAM-pilocarpine or MP rat) in which the occurrence of status epilepticus--SE--and subsequent seizures induced progressive cellular/molecular abnormalities and neocortical/hippocampal atrophy. Here, we exploited the same model to verify when, where, and how cell death occurred in neurons and glia during epilepsy course. We analyzed Fluoro Jade (FJ) staining and the activation of c-Jun- and caspase-3-dependent pathways during epilepsy, from few hours post-SE up to six months of spontaneous recurrent seizures. FJ staining revealed that cell injury in MP rats was not temporally restricted to SE, but extended throughout the different epileptic stages. The region-specific pattern of FJ staining changed during epilepsy, and FJ(+) neurons became more prominent in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA at chronic epilepsy stages. Phospho-c-Jun- and caspase-3-dependent pathways were selectively activated respectively in neurons and glia, at early but even more conspicuously at late chronic stages. Phospho-c-Jun activation was associated with increased cytochrome-c staining, particularly at chronic stages, and the staining pattern of cytochrome-c was suggestive of its release from the mitochondria. Taken together, these data support the content that at least in the MP rat model the recurrence of seizures can also sustain cell death mechanisms, thus continuously contributing to the pathologic process triggered by the occurrence of SE.
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P2X purinoceptors as a link between hyperexcitability and neuroinflammation in status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 49:8-12. [PMID: 25843343 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There remains a need for more efficacious treatments for status epilepticus. Prolonged seizures result in the release of ATP from cells which activates the P2 class of ionotropic and metabotropic purinoceptors. The P2X receptors gate depolarizing sodium and calcium entry and are expressed by both neurons and glia throughout the brain, and a number of subtypes are upregulated after status epilepticus. Recent studies have explored the in vivo effects of targeting ATP-gated P2X receptors in preclinical models of status epilepticus, with particular focus on the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). The P2X7R mediates microglial activation and the release of the proepileptogenic inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β. The receptor may also directly modulate neurotransmission and gliotransmission and promote the recruitment of immune cells into brain parenchyma. Data from our group and collaborators show that status epilepticus produced by intraamygdala microinjection of kainic acid increases P2X7R expression in the hippocampus and neocortex of mice. Antagonism of the P2X7R in the model reduced seizure severity, microglial activation and interleukin 1β release, and neuronal injury. Coadministration of a P2X7R antagonist with a benzodiazepine also provided seizure suppression in a model of drug-refractory status epilepticus when either treatment alone was minimally effective. More recently, we showed that status epilepticus in immature rats is also reduced by P2X7R antagonism. Together, these findings suggest that P2X receptors may be novel targets for seizure control and interruption of neuroinflammation after status epilepticus. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".
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40
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Lucchi C, Vinet J, Meletti S, Biagini G. Ischemic-hypoxic mechanisms leading to hippocampal dysfunction as a consequence of status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 49:47-54. [PMID: 25934585 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is one of the recognized primary precipitating events that can lead to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis. This type of epilepsy is characterized by poor response to drug treatment, often requiring surgical intervention to remove the mesial temporal regions involved in the seizure onset. However, even neurosurgery may not be completely successful. Thus, the prevention of hippocampal damage and epileptogenesis is currently evaluated as a possible alternative therapeutic approach to prevent the development of pharmacoresistant TLE. Lines of evidence suggest that ischemic-hypoxic lesions might occur in different brain regions, including the hippocampus, during SE. Especially in the hippocampal CA3 region, an ischemic-like lesion develops in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare and is mainly characterized by a loss of astrocytes and neuronal processes and increased immunostaining of pimonidazole which probes areas exposed to hypoxia. Interestingly, these mechanisms can contribute to neuronal cell loss and may be counteracted by drugs that can afford vascular protection, as in the case of ligands of the ghrelin receptor. Notably, some of the ghrelin receptor ligands possess a double edge effect, since they are anticonvulsant and vascular-protective, thus, potentially representing new tools to counteract the consequences of SE. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lucchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Vinet
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, AUSL Modena, Modena, Italy.
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Roseti C, van Vliet EA, Cifelli P, Ruffolo G, Baayen JC, Di Castro MA, Bertollini C, Limatola C, Aronica E, Vezzani A, Palma E. GABAA currents are decreased by IL-1β in epileptogenic tissue of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: implications for ictogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:311-320. [PMID: 26168875 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most prevalent form of adult focal onset epilepsy often associated with drug-resistant seizures. Numerous studies suggest that neuroinflammatory processes are pathologic hallmarks of both experimental and human epilepsy. In particular, the interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-1 receptor type 1 (R1) axis is activated in epileptogenic tissue, where it contributes significantly to the generation and recurrence of seizures in animal models. In this study, we investigated whether IL-1β affects the GABA-evoked currents (I(GABA)) in TLE tissue from humans. Given the limited availability of fresh human brain specimens, we used the "microtransplantation" method of injecting Xenopus oocytes with membranes from surgically resected hippocampal and cortical tissue from 21 patients with TLE and hippocampal sclerosis (HS), hippocampal tissue from five patients with TLE without HS, and autoptic and surgical brain specimens from 15 controls without epilepsy. We report the novel finding that pathophysiological concentrations of IL-1β decreased the I(GABA) amplitude by up to 30% in specimens from patients with TLE with or without HS, but not in control tissues. This effect was reproduced by patch-clamp recordings on neurons in entorhinal cortex slices from rats with chronic epilepsy, and was not observed in control slices. In TLE specimens from humans, the IL-1β effect was mediated by IL-1R1 and PKC. We also showed that IL-1R1 and IRAK1, the proximal kinase mediating the IL-1R1 signaling, are both up-regulated in the TLE compared with control specimens, thus supporting the idea that the IL-1β/IL-R1 axis is activated in human epilepsy. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism possibly underlying the ictogenic action of IL-1β, thus suggesting that this cytokine contributes to seizure generation in human TLE by reducing GABA-mediated neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierangelo Cifelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ruffolo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Amalia Di Castro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertollini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN-Heemstede), The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Palma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
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Serrano E, Kanner AM. Recent treatment advances and novel therapeutic approaches in epilepsy. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:61. [PMID: 26097734 PMCID: PMC4447056 DOI: 10.12703/p7-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the treatment of epilepsy. It includes five antiepileptic drugs that have been recently added to the pharmacologic armamentarium and surgical techniques that have been developed in the last few years. Finally, we review ongoing research that may have a potential role in future treatments of epilepsy.
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Oxidative stress associated with neuronal apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:293689. [PMID: 25614776 PMCID: PMC4295154 DOI: 10.1155/2014/293689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. Oxidative stress produced by free radicals may play a role in the initiation and progression of epilepsy; the changes in the mitochondrial and the oxidative stress state can lead mechanism associated with neuronal death pathway. Bioenergetics state failure and impaired mitochondrial function include excessive free radical production with impaired synthesis of antioxidants. This review summarizes evidence that suggest what is the role of oxidative stress on induction of apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy.
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Amada N, Yamasaki Y, Williams CM, Whalley BJ. Cannabidivarin (CBDV) suppresses pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced increases in epilepsy-related gene expression. PeerJ 2013; 1:e214. [PMID: 24282673 PMCID: PMC3840466 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, anticonvulsant effects of the plant cannabinoid, cannabidivarin (CBDV), have been reported in several animal models of seizure. However, these behaviourally observed anticonvulsant effects have not been confirmed at the molecular level. To examine changes to epilepsy-related gene expression following chemical convulsant treatment and their subsequent control by phytocannabinoid administration, we behaviourally evaluated effects of CBDV (400 mg/kg, p.o.) on acute, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ: 95 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced seizures, quantified expression levels of several epilepsy-related genes (Fos, Casp 3, Ccl3, Ccl4, Npy, Arc, Penk, Camk2a, Bdnf and Egr1) by qPCR using hippocampal, neocortical and prefrontal cortical tissue samples before examining correlations between expression changes and seizure severity. PTZ treatment alone produced generalised seizures (median: 5.00) and significantly increased expression of Fos, Egr1, Arc, Ccl4 and Bdnf. Consistent with previous findings, CBDV significantly decreased PTZ-induced seizure severity (median: 3.25) and increased latency to the first sign of seizure. Furthermore, there were correlations between reductions of seizure severity and mRNA expression of Fos, Egr1, Arc, Ccl4 and Bdnf in the majority of brain regions in the CBDV+PTZ treated group. When CBDV treated animals were grouped into CBDV responders (criterion: seizure severity ≤3.25) and non-responders (criterion: seizure severity >3.25), PTZ-induced increases of Fos, Egr1, Arc, Ccl4 and Bdnf expression were suppressed in CBDV responders. These results provide the first molecular confirmation of behaviourally observed effects of the non-psychoactive, anticonvulsant cannabinoid, CBDV, upon chemically-induced seizures and serve to underscore its suitability for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Amada
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Reading , Reading, Berkshire , UK ; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, The University of Reading , Reading, Berkshire , UK ; Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Co. Ltd. , Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima , Japan
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The effect of STAT3 inhibition on status epilepticus and subsequent spontaneous seizures in the pilocarpine model of acquired epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:73-85. [PMID: 24051278 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), which results in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rodents, activates the JAK/STAT pathway. In the current study, we evaluate whether brief exposure to a selective inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway (WP1066) early after the onset of SE affects the severity of SE or reduces later spontaneous seizure frequency via inhibition of STAT3-regulated gene transcription. Rats that received systemic WP1066 or vehicle at the onset of SE were continuously video-EEG monitored during SE and for one month to assess seizure frequency over time. Protein and/or mRNA levels for pSTAT3, and STAT3-regulated genes including: ICER, Gabra1, c-myc, mcl-1, cyclin D1, and bcl-xl were evaluated in WP1066 and vehicle-treated rats during stages of epileptogenesis to determine the acute effects of WP1066 administration on SE and chronic epilepsy. WP1066 (two 50mg/kg doses) administered within the first hour after onset of SE results in transient inhibition of pSTAT3 and long-term reduction in spontaneous seizure frequency. WP1066 alters the severity of chronic epilepsy without affecting SE or cell death. Early WP1066 administration reduces known downstream targets of STAT3 transcription 24h after SE including cyclin D1 and mcl-1 levels, known for their roles in cell-cycle progression and cell survival, respectively. These findings uncover a potential effect of the JAK/STAT pathway after brain injury that is physiologically important and may provide a new therapeutic target that can be harnessed for the prevention of epilepsy development and/or progression.
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Rowley S, Patel M. Mitochondrial involvement and oxidative stress in temporal lobe epilepsy. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:121-131. [PMID: 23411150 PMCID: PMC4043127 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A role for mitochondria and oxidative stress is emerging in acquired epilepsies such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). TLE is characterized by chronic unprovoked seizures arising from an inciting insult with a variable seizure-free "latent period." The mechanism by which inciting injury induces chronic epilepsy, known as epileptogenesis, involves multiple cellular, molecular, and physiological changes resulting in altered hyperexcitable circuitry. Whether mitochondrial and redox mechanisms contribute to epileptogenesis remains to be fully clarified. Mitochondrial impairment is revealed in studies from human imaging and tissue analysis from TLE patients. The collective data from animal models suggest that steady-state mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and resultant oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules occur during different phases of epileptogenesis. This review discusses evidence for the role of mitochondria and redox changes occurring in human and experimental TLE. Potential mechanisms by which mitochondrial energetic and redox mechanisms contribute to increased neuronal excitability and therapeutic approaches to target TLE are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Rowley
- Neuroscience Training Program and School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Neuroscience Training Program and School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Cell death and survival mechanisms are concomitantly active in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. Neuroscience 2013; 237:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rocha L. Interaction between electrical modulation of the brain and pharmacotherapy to control pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:211-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hypoxia markers are expressed in interneurons exposed to recurrent seizures. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 15:133-46. [PMID: 23073716 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An early but transient decrease in oxygen availability occurs during experimentally induced seizures. Using pimonidazole, which probes hypoxic insults, we found that by increasing the duration of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) from 30 to 120 min, counts of pimonidazole-immunoreactive neurons also increased (P < 0.01, 120 vs 60 and 30 min). All the animals exposed to SE were immunopositive to pimonidazole, but a different scenario emerged during epileptogenesis when a decrease in pimonidazole-immunostained cells occurred from 7 to 14 days, so that only 1 out of 4 rats presented with pimonidazole-immunopositive cells. Pimonidazole-immunoreactive cells robustly reappeared at 21 days post-SE induction when all animals (7 out of 7) had developed spontaneous recurrent seizures. Specific neuronal markers revealed that immunopositivity to pimonidazole was present in cells identified by neuropeptide Y (NPY) or somatostatin antibodies. At variance, neurons immunopositive to parvalbumin or cholecystokinin were not immunopositive to pimonidazole. Pimonidazole-immunopositive neurons expressed remarkable immunoreactivity to hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Interestingly, surgical samples obtained from pharmacoresistant patients showed neurons co-labeled by HIF-1α and NPY antibodies. These interneurons, along with parvalbumin-positive interneurons that were negative to HIF-1α, showed immunopositivity to markers of cell damage, such as high-mobility group box 1 in the cytoplasm and cleaved caspase-3 in the nucleus. These findings suggest that interneurons are continuously endangered in rodent and human epileptogenic tissue. The presence of hypoxia and cell damage markers in NPY interneurons of rats and patients presenting with recurrent seizures indicates a mechanism of selective vulnerability in a specific neuronal subpopulation.
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SUN JIAHANG, XIE CHUNCHENG, LIU WEI, LU DUNYUE, QIAO WEIDONG, HUANG QI, HUO ZHIHUI, SHEN HONG, LIN ZHIGUO. The effects of simvastatin on hippocampal caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression following kainate-induced seizures in rats. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:739-46. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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