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Activin-A limits Th17 pathogenicity and autoimmune neuroinflammation via CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases and Hif1-α-dependent pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12269-12280. [PMID: 32409602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918196117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), Th17 cells are critical drivers of autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and demyelination. Th17 cells exhibit functional heterogeneity fostering both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, tissue-protective functions. Still, the factors that control Th17 pathogenicity remain incompletely defined. Here, using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an established mouse MS model, we report that therapeutic administration of activin-A ameliorates disease severity and alleviates CNS immunopathology and demyelination, associated with decreased activation of Th17 cells. In fact, activin-A signaling through activin-like kinase-4 receptor represses pathogenic transcriptional programs in Th17-polarized cells, while it enhances antiinflammatory gene modules. Whole-genome profiling and in vivo functional studies revealed that activation of the ATP-depleting CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases is essential for activin-A-induced suppression of the pathogenic signature and the encephalitogenic functions of Th17 cells. Mechanistically, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, along with STAT3 and c-Maf, are recruited to promoter elements on Entpd1 and Nt5e (encoding CD39 and CD73, respectively) and other antiinflammatory genes, and control their expression in Th17 cells in response to activin-A. Notably, we show that activin-A negatively regulates the metabolic sensor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and key inflammatory proteins linked to pathogenic Th17 cell states. Of translational relevance, we demonstrate that activin-A is induced in the CNS of individuals with MS and restrains human Th17 cell responses. These findings uncover activin-A as a critical controller of Th17 cell pathogenicity that can be targeted for the suppression of autoimmune CNS inflammation.
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D'Angelo C, Reale M, Costantini E, Di Nicola M, Porfilio I, de Andrés C, Fernández-Paredes L, Sánchez-Ramón S, Pasquali L. Profiling of Canonical and Non-Traditional Cytokine Levels in Interferon-β-Treated Relapsing-Remitting-Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1240. [PMID: 29915590 PMCID: PMC5994428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in which inflammation plays a key role in the induction, development, and progression. Most of the MS patients present with relapsing–remitting (RR) form, characterized by flare-ups followed by periods of recovery. Many inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been proposed as backers in MS pathogenesis, and the balance between these differing cytokines can regulate MS severity. Interferon (IFN)-β, a current disease-modifying therapy for MS, has demonstrated beneficial effects in reducing disease severity in MS patients. However, its immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory actions in MS are not wholly understood. The aim of the study was to define, in clinically stable patients with RR-MS, the serum concentration of several cytokines, canonical or not, and their modulation by IFN-β therapy. Methods Relapsing–remitting-MS patients were enrolled and diagnosed according to revised Mc Donald Diagnostic Criteria. A set of cytokines [including non-canonical neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and adipokines] and B-cell differentiation molecules, as potential biomarkers, were evaluated in 30 non-treated RR-MS patients compared to 30 IFN-β-treated MS patients and 30 age, gender, and body mass index-matched healthy controls (HC). Results Naïve MS patients showed significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-18, high-mobility group box protein-1, and IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) than MS-treated patients (p < 0.001 for all) and HC (p < 0.01). IFN-β therapy has significantly downmodulated IL-1β, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-18 to normal levels (p < 0.001), whereas it has decreased IL-18BP (p < 0.001). ACh was significantly higher in the IFN-β-treated than HC and non-treated MS patients (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed either in adipokines concentration or in B-cell-associated molecules among the three study groups. Conclusion Although more experimental evidence are required, we speculate that the efficacy of treatment of MS with IFN-β is mediated, at least in part, by its ability to work on several levels to slow down the disease progression. Proposed actions include the modulation of IL-1–inflammasome axis and modulation of ACh, B-cell activating factor/a proliferation-inducing ligand system, and several adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara D'Angelo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Italo Porfilio
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clara de Andrés
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Fernández-Paredes
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Livia Pasquali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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The role of laquinimod in modulation of the immune response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Lessons from gene expression signatures. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 283:11-6. [PMID: 26004150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laquinimod, is a potential oral immunomodulatory drug, for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). We analyzed the blood-transcriptional changes in RRMS patients (who participated in the ALLEGRO clinical trial) at one and six months after laquinimod treatment using gene expression microarrays. The molecular effects of laquinimod were enhanced by duration of treatment and showed down-regulation of inflammatory responses mainly via TGFb signaling, and of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as of cellular movement, including adhesion, migration and leukocyte extravasation signaling. Our results demonstrate that laquinimod suppresses inflammation through down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and arrest of leukocyte extravasation and thereby could attenuate disease activity in RRMS patients.
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Abstract
In 1993, interferon (IFN)-beta(1b) for subcutaneous injection became the first US FDA-approved immunomodulatory treatment for multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS. In this review of IFN-beta(1b), we first present a short introduction to multiple sclerosis and currently available therapeutics. We then summarize current knowledge about the biochemical structure of IFN-beta(1b), as well as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, including data on putative mechanisms underlying therapeutic as well as adverse effects. Furthermore, a critical review of ongoing and recently published clinical trials investigating IFN-beta(1b) in multiple sclerosis will be provided. Main topics are: trials investigating IFN-beta(1b) after a first clinical event, at higher dosages or in comparison to once-weekly subcutaneous IFN-beta(1a) injections, 16 years of long-term follow-up, IFN-beta(1b) in Japanese patients, the role of neutralizing antibodies, biomarkers for the prediction of therapy response, IFN-beta(1b) and pregnancy, and IFN-beta(1b) treatment of children with multiple sclerosis. Finally, we discuss how novel drugs, especially monoclonal antibodies and orally administered immunosuppressants, might soon challenge the position of this well-established agent on the multiple sclerosis therapeutics market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Buttmann
- Julius-Maximilians University, Department of Neurology, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Kürtüncü M, Tüzün E, Türkoğlu R, Petek-Balcı B, İçöz S, Pehlivan M, Birişik Ö, Ulusoy C, Shugaiv E, Akman-Demir G, Eraksoy M. Effect of short-term interferon-β treatment on cytokines in multiple sclerosis: Significant modulation of IL-17 and IL-23. Cytokine 2012; 59:400-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Arababadi MK, Mosavi R, Khorramdelazad H, Yaghini N, Zarandi ER, Araste M, Pourali R, Nekhei Z, Kennedy D. Cytokine patterns after therapy with Avonex®, Rebif®, Betaferon® and CinnoVex™ in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis in Iranian patients. Biomark Med 2010; 4:755-9. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Several lines of evidence exist which suggest that changes in the expression of circulating cytokines are linked to the development or reoccurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of relevant cytokines after therapy with IFN-β formulations in MS patients. Materials & methods: In this study, blood samples were collected from 70 MS patients undergoing four different types of IFN-β formulation treatment and 100 healthy controls. After 24 months of treatment, the serum levels of IL-17A, IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-10 in patients and healthy controls were analyzed by ELISA. Results: Our results demonstrated that serum levels of IL-17A were significantly higher in patients treated with CinnoVex™ and Avonex® when compared with healthy controls. Serum levels of IL-10 were significantly decreased after therapy with CinnoVex, whereas serum levels of IFN-β were elevated. No difference in serum levels of IL-12 were detected between patients and controls. Conclusion: Results of our study suggest that CinnoVex and Avonex modulate the immune system less than Rebif® and Betaferon® in MS patients, and an elevated dose of CinnoVex and Avonex may be required for better regulation of the immune system in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology & Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Microbiology & Immunology School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Molecular-Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Reza Mosavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Narges Yaghini
- Department of Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rezazadeh Zarandi
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology & Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Microbiology & Immunology School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Molecular-Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Majid Araste
- Samenoalaeme Special Diseases Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Reza Pourali
- Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Zohre Nekhei
- Samenoalaeme Special Diseases Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Derek Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular & Physical Science, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
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Krakauer M, Sorensen P, Khademi M, Olsson T, Sellebjerg F. Increased IL-10 mRNA and IL-23 mRNA expression in multiple sclerosis: interferon-beta treatment increases IL-10 mRNA expression while reducing IL-23 mRNA expression. Mult Scler 2008; 14:622-30. [PMID: 18424480 DOI: 10.1177/1352458507087136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon (IFN)-beta therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been suggested to promote a deviation from T lymphocyte production of pathogenic Th1 cytokines to less detrimental Th2 cytokines, but this is still controversial. We studied patterns of in vivo blood mononuclear cell (MNC) and whole blood cytokine and transcription factor mRNA expression before and during IFN-beta therapy in MS. METHODS Twenty patients with relapsing-remitting MS were sampled before and after 3 months of treatment with IFN-beta along with 15 healthy volunteers. An additional 39 patients and 50 healthy volunteers served to confirm initial findings. mRNA was analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS We found elevated expression of interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-10 in untreated MS patients. IFN-beta therapy increased IL-10 and decreased IL-23 expression independently of any Th1 or Th2 cytokines. The largest changes in cytokine mRNA levels occurred early (~9-12 h) after an IFN-beta injection. CONCLUSION We found no evidence of a Th1- or Th2-mRNA-promoting effect of IFN-beta therapy. The therapeutic effect of IFN-beta is more likely attributable to the induction of the regulatory cytokine IL-10. The elevated IL-23 mRNA levels in MS patients are noteworthy in view of the newly discovered IL-23-driven Th17 T-cell subset, which is crucial in animal models of MS. Since IFN-beta therapy resulted in decreased IL-23 mRNA levels, the Th17 axis could be another target of IFN-beta therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krakauer
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Chitnis T, Khoury SJ. Cytokine shifts and tolerance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Res 2004; 28:223-39. [PMID: 14713716 DOI: 10.1385/ir:28:3:223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of both multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Effective treatments for both diseases have been shown to alter cytokines in the central nervous system and in activated mononuclear cells. EAE is an animal model that mimics many aspects of multiple sclerosis, and has been widely used to study the mechanisms of disease and therapeutic approaches to multiple sclerosis. Cytokines play an important role in regulation of disease expression in EAE, and in tolerance to disease induction. In this review, we will summarize the current findings on the role of cytokine shifts in the induction of tolerance in EAE. In addition, we will discuss modulation of EAE by altered expression of members of the cytokineregulated Jak/STAT intracellular signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Chitnis
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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