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Cioccari L, Luethi N, Bailey M, Shehabi Y, Howe B, Messmer AS, Proimos HK, Peck L, Young H, Eastwood GM, Merz TM, Takala J, Jakob SM, Bellomo R. The effect of dexmedetomidine on vasopressor requirements in patients with septic shock: a subgroup analysis of the Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation [SPICE III] Trial. Crit Care 2020; 24:441. [PMID: 32678054 PMCID: PMC7367420 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic shock is associated with decreased vasopressor responsiveness. Experimental data suggest that central alpha2-agonists like dexmedetomidine (DEX) increase vasopressor responsiveness and reduce catecholamine requirements in septic shock. However, DEX may also cause hypotension and bradycardia. Thus, it remains unclear whether DEX is hemodynamically safe or helpful in this setting. METHODS In this post hoc subgroup analysis of the Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE III) trial, an international randomized trial comparing early sedation with dexmedetomidine to usual care in critically patients receiving mechanical ventilation, we studied patients with septic shock admitted to two tertiary ICUs in Australia and Switzerland. The primary outcome was vasopressor requirements in the first 48 h after randomization, expressed as noradrenaline equivalent dose (NEq [μg/kg/min] = noradrenaline + adrenaline + vasopressin/0.4). RESULTS Between November 2013 and February 2018, 417 patients were recruited into the SPICE III trial at both sites. Eighty-three patients with septic shock were included in this subgroup analysis. Of these, 44 (53%) received DEX and 39 (47%) usual care. Vasopressor requirements in the first 48 h were similar between the two groups. Median NEq dose was 0.03 [0.01, 0.07] μg/kg/min in the DEX group and 0.04 [0.01, 0.16] μg/kg/min in the usual care group (p = 0.17). However, patients in the DEX group had a lower NEq/MAP ratio, indicating lower vasopressor requirements to maintain the target MAP. Moreover, on adjusted multivariable analysis, higher dexmedetomidine dose was associated with a lower NEq/MAP ratio. CONCLUSIONS In critically ill patients with septic shock, patients in the DEX group received similar vasopressor doses in the first 48 h compared to the usual care group. On multivariable adjusted analysis, dexmedetomidine appeared to be associated with lower vasopressor requirements to maintain the target MAP. TRIAL REGISTRATION The SPICE III trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01728558 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cioccari
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Nora Luethi
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bailey
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yahya Shehabi
- Critical Care and Perioperative Services, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Clinical School of Medicine, University New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Belinda Howe
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna S Messmer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helena K Proimos
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leah Peck
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen Young
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn M Eastwood
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias M Merz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CVICU), Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jukka Takala
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan M Jakob
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Petitjeans F, Leroy S, Pichot C, Geloen A, Ghignone M, Quintin L. Hypothesis: Fever control, a niche for alpha-2 agonists in the setting of septic shock and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome? Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:224-256. [PMID: 30393754 PMCID: PMC6209424 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1453771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During severe septic shock and/or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients present with a limited cardio-ventilatory reserve (low cardiac output and blood pressure, low mixed venous saturation, increased lactate, low PaO2/FiO2 ratio, etc.), especially when elderly patients or co-morbidities are considered. Rescue therapies (low dose steroids, adding vasopressin to noradrenaline, proning, almitrine, NO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, etc.) are complex. Fever, above 38.5-39.5°C, increases both the ventilatory (high respiratory drive: large tidal volume, high respiratory rate) and the metabolic (increased O2 consumption) demands, further limiting the cardio-ventilatory reserve. Some data (case reports, uncontrolled trial, small randomized prospective trials) suggest that control of elevated body temperature ("fever control") leading to normothermia (35.5-37°C) will lower both the ventilatory and metabolic demands: fever control should simplify critical care management when limited cardio-ventilatory reserve is at stake. Usually fever control is generated by a combination of general anesthesia ("analgo-sedation", light total intravenous anesthesia), antipyretics and cooling. However general anesthesia suppresses spontaneous ventilation, making the management more complex. At variance, alpha-2 agonists (clonidine, dexmedetomidine) administered immediately following tracheal intubation and controlled mandatory ventilation, with prior optimization of volemia and atrio-ventricular conduction, will reduce metabolic demand and facilitate normothermia. Furthermore, after a rigorous control of systemic acidosis, alpha-2 agonists will allow for accelerated emergence without delirium, early spontaneous ventilation, improved cardiac output and micro-circulation, lowered vasopressor requirements and inflammation. Rigorous prospective randomized trials are needed in subsets of patients with a high fever and spiraling toward refractory septic shock and/or presenting with severe ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Petitjeans
- Critical Care, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Desgenettes, Lyon, France
| | - S. Leroy
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hôpital Avicenne, Paris-Bobigny, France
| | - C. Pichot
- Critical Care, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Desgenettes, Lyon, France
| | - A. Geloen
- Physiology, INSA de Lyon (CARMeN, INSERM U 1060), Lyon-Villeurbanne, France
| | - M. Ghignone
- Critical Care, JF Kennedy Hospital North Campus, WPalm Beach, Fl, USA
| | - L. Quintin
- Critical Care, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Desgenettes, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Postoperative hypertension is an acute, transient increase in blood pressure that develops within 30 to 90 minutes following a surgical procedure and typically lasts for 4 to 8 hours after surgery. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg. The increase in blood pressure is primarily due to increased systemic vascular resistance brought about by reflex changes in humoral factors, including increased levels of catecholamines, renin, and serotonin as well as alterations in baroreceptor function and carotid reflexes. Potential complications of untreated postoperative hypertension include depressed left ventricular performance, increased myocardial oxygen demand resulting in ischemic episodes, cerebrovascular accidents, arrhythmias, and suture line disruption and bleeding. Despite longstanding recognition that high blood pressure is a frequent complication after surgery, formal guidelines for the treatment of postoperative hypertension have not been developed. Postoperative hypertension is a pathophysiological state that requires rapid assessment and appropriate treatment. Several pharmacologic agents are available to achieve and maintain normotension after surgery, including nitrovasodilators (nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside), adrenergic blocking agents, and dihydroperidine calcium channel antagonists. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and fenoldopam also have been used. Each has its own distinct mechanism of action and adverse effect profile. In cardiac surgery, nicardipine is as effective as nitrovasodilators and offers coronary selectivity. In patients who are hypertensive after neurosurgical procedures, avoid direct-acting vasodilators, which may exacerbate increased intracranial pressure; β-adrenergic receptor antagonists and ACEIs are the preferred agents in these patients. More data are needed to define roles and benefits of fenoldopam in managing postoperative hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S. Lewis
- Surgical Intensive Care, Department of Anesthesia, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke’s Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL,
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Leroy S, Aladin L, Laplace C, Jalem S, Rosenthal JM, Abrial A, Quintin L. Introduction of a centrally anti-hypertensive, clonidine, reduces noradrenaline requirements in septic shock caused by necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 35:377.e3-377.e5. [PMID: 27641246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Leroy
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Pointe à Pitre Hospital, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies; Unité Mixte Internationale 233, IRD-INSERM U1175-University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Linda Aladin
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Pointe à Pitre Hospital, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Christophe Laplace
- Pediatric Surgery, Pointe à Pitre Hospital, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Sonia Jalem
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Pointe à Pitre Hospital, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Jean-Marc Rosenthal
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Pointe à Pitre Hospital, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Aude Abrial
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Pointe à Pitre Hospital, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies
| | - Luc Quintin
- Physiology, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Yu T, Li Q, Liu L, Guo F, Longhini F, Yang Y, Qiu H. Different effects of propofol and dexmedetomidine on preload dependency in endotoxemic shock with norepinephrine infusion. J Surg Res 2015; 198:185-91. [PMID: 26081003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify whether propofol (PROP) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) differentially affect preload dependency in an endotoxemic model based on evaluations of the systemic vascular system and cardiac function. METHODS Animals were prepared under PiCCO monitoring (BL), and endotoxemic shock was induced using an intravenous bolus of lipopolysaccharide (055:B5) in 16 New Zealand ketamine-anesthetized rabbits. After fluid resuscitation and norepinephrine infusion (SD0), the animals were randomized to PROP (n = 8) or DEX (n = 8) sedation at two incremental doses (SD1 and SD2). The mean arterial pressure and the central venous pressure were monitored. Pulse pressure variation (PPV) was assessed to evaluate preload dependency. Global end-diastolic volume, vascular resistance, mean systemic filling pressure, and cardiac function index were assessed at each time point. RESULTS PPV progressively and significantly increased with increasing infusion rates of PROP (SD1 versus SD0, P < 0.01; SD2 versus SD0, P < 0.001; and SD2 versus SD1, P = 0.024) but not DEX. PPV was higher at SD1 and SD2 in the PROP group than in the DEX group (P < 0.001). PROP increased the heart rate without affecting cardiac contractility or vascular resistance. In contrast, DEX decreased heart contractility and increased vascular resistance at the highest dose. However, neither drug affected mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, mean systemic filling pressure, global end-diastolic volume, or venous return. CONCLUSIONS PROP more effectively increased PPV than DEX in an endotoxemic shock model after fluid resuscitation during norepinephrine infusion. DEX, but not PROP, at the highest dose influenced vascular resistance and heart contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengmei Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Federico Longhini
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine Increase the Pressor Response to Norepinephrine in Experimental Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:e431-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182986248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pichot C, Petitjeans F, Ghignone M, Quintin L. Is there a place for pressure-support ventilation and high positive end-expiratory pressure combined to alpha-2 agonists early in severe diffuse acute respiratory distress syndrome? Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:732-7. [PMID: 23561575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with a high mortality linked primarily to co-morbidities (sepsis, cardiac failure, multiple organ failure, etc.). When the lung is the single failing organ, quick resolution of ARDS should skip some complications arising from a prolonged stay in the critical care unit. In severe ARDS (PaO2/FIO2=P/F<100 with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ≥ 5 cm H2O), current recommendations are to intubate the trachea of the patient and use mechanical ventilation, low tidal volume, high PEEP, prone positioning and possibly neuromuscular blockade in association with intravenous sedation. Another strategy is possible. Firstly, spontaneous ventilation (SV) coupled with pressure support (PS) ventilation and high PEEP is possible from tracheal intubation onwards, with the possible exception of the short period following immediately tracheal intubation. Secondly, using alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (e.g. clonidine, dexmedetomidine) can provide first-line sedation from the beginning of mechanical ventilation, as they preserve respiratory drive, lower oxygen consumption and pulmonary hypertension and increase diuresis. Alpha-2 agonists are to be supplemented, if appropriate, by drugs devoid of effect on respiratory drive (neuroleptics, etc.). The expected benefits would be to prevent acquired diaphragmatic weakness, accumulation of sedation, cognitive dysfunction, and presumably improved outcome. This hypothesis should be tested in a double blind randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pichot
- Department of Physiology, University of Lyon, EA 4612: Neurocardiology, Lyon, France
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Pichot C, Longrois D, Ghignone M, Quintin L. [Dexmedetomidine and clonidine: a review of their pharmacodynamy to define their role for sedation in intensive care patients]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 31:876-96. [PMID: 23089375 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists ("alpha-2 agonists") present multiple pharmacodynamic effects: rousable sedation, decreased incidence of delirium in the setting of critical care, preservation of respiratory drive, decreased whole body oxygen consumption, decreased systemic and pulmonary arterial impedance, improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, preserved vascular reactivity to exogenous catecholamines, preserved vasomotor baroreflex with lowered set point, preserved kidney function, decreased protein catabolism. These pharmacodynamic effects explain the interest for these drugs in the critical care setting. However, their exact role for sedation in critically ill-patients remains open for further studies. Given the few double-blind randomized multicentric trials available, the present non exhaustive analysis of the literature aims at presenting the utilization of alpha-2 agonists as potential first-line sedative agents, in the critical care setting. Suggestions regarding the use of alpha-2 agonists as sedatives are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pichot
- Physiologie (EA 4612 : neurocardiologie), campus de la Doua, université de Lyon, 8, rue R.-Dubois, 69622 Lyon-Villeurbanne, France
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pichot
- Critical Care Unit, Memorial Hospital, St Lô, France
| | - M. Ghignone
- Critical Care Unit, Columbia Hospital, WPalm Beach, FL, USA
| | - L. Quintin
- Physiology (CNRS UMR 5123), University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Pichot C, Géloën A, Ghignone M, Quintin L. Alpha-2 agonists to reduce vasopressor requirements in septic shock? Med Hypotheses 2011; 75:652-6. [PMID: 20817367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the unsolved problems of septic shock is the poor responsiveness, or reduced vascular reactivity, to vasopressors used to increase blood pressure (BP). Attempts to restore vascular reactivity with NO inhibitors or low dose steroids have met with little success. Low vascular reactivity, which may lead to refractory shock and death, is linked to desensitization or down-regulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Our working hypothesis is that the use of alpha-2 agonists (e.g. clonidine or dexmedetomidine) in septic shock, in addition to the state-of-the-art treatment (including volume load and vasopressors), will reduce the vasopressor requirements needed to restore adequate BP. This counter-intuitive proposal is based on the fact that alpha-2 agonists will reduce the massive release of endogenous catecholamines. A decrease in plasma endogenous catecholamine concentrations will be followed by reduced down-regulation of alpha-1 receptors and/or a gradual re-sensitization of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. In turn, this will lead to lowered vasopressor requirement, with respect to dose and duration. Our hypothesis, based on a reverse "denervation hypersensitivity", is at variance with accepted treatments, which rest only on volume load and vasopressors and emphasizes restoration of blood pressure per se. Several observations in the cardiology and anesthesia setting have shown increased vascular reactivity following alpha-2 agonist administration. Our preliminary observations in the setting of septic shock again suggest such increased vascular reactivity. Improved outcome was also observed. Rigorous work is warranted to verify reduced vasopressor requirement and improved outcome, when an alpha-2 agonist is combined with state-of -the-art treatment of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pichot
- Critical Care Unit, Memorial Hospital, St Lô, France
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Hwang GS. Anesthesia and autonomic nervous system: is measurement of heart rate variability, blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity useful in anesthesiology specialty? Korean J Anesthesiol 2008. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2008.55.3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Sam Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Madden KM, Levy WC, Stratton JR. Normal Aging Impairs Upregulation of the Beta-adrenergic but not the Alpha-Adrenergic Response: Aging and Adrenergic Upregulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 48:153-9. [PMID: 17086093 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000246405.89380.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if centrally reducing sympathetic tone with clonidine will reverse the downregulation in the alpha-adrenergic (alphaAR) and beta-adrenergic (betaAR) responses seen with normal aging. METHODS Twelve rigorously screened young adult (mean age, 26 years) and 15 older adult (mean age, 69 years) subjects were studied before and after using the clonidine patch (TTS-2) for 2 weeks. betaAR (isoproterenol at 35 ng/kg/min) and alphaAR (phenylephrine at 1.0 microg/kg/min) were assessed using radionuclide measures of end diastolic, end systolic, and stroke volume indices, cardiac index, and ejection fraction. RESULTS Clonidine reduced resting plasma norepinephrine and this reduction was greater in older subjects (-47 +/- 3 versus -26 +/- 6%, P = 0.001). After 2 weeks of clonidine patch, upregulation of the betaAR was significantly higher in young subjects for heart rate (+10.7 +/- 1.5 versus +4.6 +/- 1.5 bpm; P = 0.01). There was no significant age-associated difference in the upregulation of the alphaAR with clonidine for systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure or systemic vascular resistance. CONCLUSIONS With aging, there is an impaired resensitization of the chronotropic betaAR response with central sympathetic downregulation that is not seen with the alphaAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Madden
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Baillard C. Conduite à tenir concernant le traitement médicamenteux des patients adressés pour chirurgie programmée. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 24:1360-74. [PMID: 16099124 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on potential drug interactions between anaesthetic drugs or techniques and chronic medications in patients scheduled for surgery. The vast majority of therapeutics can be continued until the morning of surgery. However, for some drugs such as ACE inhibitors, there is strong evidence to recommend their discontinuation prior to surgery. When juged necessary, interruption of chronic therapeutic needs to be anticipated and planned. In the other hand, for other drugs such as beta-blockers or L-Dopa, acute withdrawal is associated with documented adverse outcome. As a result, such drugs have to be continuing throughout the operative period. Although a general consensus exists for many medications, there are still controverses as to the management of antithrombotic drugs and some central nervous system agents. Advances in anaesthesia include knowledge on the mechanisms involved in drug interactions, which allows us to improve the preoperative management of chronic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baillard
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, UPRES 39-04, hôpital Avicenne, 125, avenue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny, France.
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Gaining control: can we reduce perioperative cardiovascular complications? Can J Anaesth 2001; 48:R63-R66. [PMID: 27688140 DOI: 10.1007/bf03028181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are common in patients at risk for coronary disease undergoing surgery. The role of hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and impaired parasympathetic control mechanisms in the genesis and consequences of perioperative myocardial ischemia has been discussed. Sympathetic blocking drugs of the beta blocker and alpha2 agonist classes have been used extensively in the perioperative setting to control hemodynamic responses and reduce episodes of myocardial ischemia. To date, perioperative beta blockade is the only strategy shown to improve long-term outcome after surgery in this population.
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Quintin L, Ghignone M. Risks associated with peri-operative use of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1053/bean.2000.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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