1
|
Leroux A, Rzasa-Lynn R, Crainiceanu C, Sharma T. Wearable Devices: Current Status and Opportunities in Pain Assessment and Management. Digit Biomark 2021; 5:89-102. [PMID: 34056519 PMCID: PMC8138140 DOI: 10.1159/000515576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the possibilities and opportunities for using wearable devices that measure physical activity and physiometric signals in conjunction with ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data to improve the assessment and treatment of pain. METHODS We considered studies with cross-sectional and longitudinal designs as well as interventional or observational studies correlating pain scores with measures derived from wearable devices. A search was also performed on studies that investigated physical activity and physiometric signals among patients with pain. RESULTS Few studies have assessed the possibility of incorporating wearable devices as objective tools for contextualizing pain and physical function in free-living environments. Of the studies that have been conducted, most focus solely on physical activity and functional outcomes as measured by a wearable accelerometer. Several studies report promising correlations between pain scores and signals derived from wearable devices, objectively measured physical activity, and physical function. In addition, there is a known association between physiologic signals that can be measured by wearable devices and pain, though studies using wearable devices to measure these signals and associate them with pain in free-living environments are limited. CONCLUSION There exists a great opportunity to study the complex interplay between physiometric signals, physical function, and pain in a real-time fashion in free-living environments. The literature supports the hypothesis that wearable devices can be used to develop reproducible biosignals that correlate with pain. The combination of wearable devices and EMA will likely lead to the development of clinically meaningful endpoints that will transform how we understand and treat pain patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leroux
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachael Rzasa-Lynn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ciprian Crainiceanu
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tushar Sharma
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Solcà M, Ronchi R, Bello-Ruiz J, Schmidlin T, Herbelin B, Luthi F, Konzelmann M, Beaulieu JY, Delaquaize F, Schnider A, Guggisberg AG, Serino A, Blanke O. Heartbeat-enhanced immersive virtual reality to treat complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2018; 91:e479-e489. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo develop and test a new immersive digital technology for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) that combines principles from mirror therapy and immersive virtual reality and the latest research from multisensory body processing.MethodsIn this crossover double-blind study, 24 patients with CRPS and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were immersed in a virtual environment and shown a virtual depiction of their affected limb that was flashing in synchrony (or in asynchrony in the control condition) with their own online detected heartbeat (heartbeat-enhanced virtual reality [HEVR]). The primary outcome measures for pain reduction were subjective pain ratings, force strength, and heart rate variability (HRV).ResultsHEVR reduced pain ratings, improved motor limb function, and modulated a physiologic pain marker (HRV). These significant improvements were reliable and highly selective, absent in control HEVR conditions, not observed in healthy controls, and obtained without the application of tactile stimulation (or movement) of the painful limb, using a readily available biological signal (the heartbeat) that is most often not consciously perceived (thus preventing placebo effects).ConclusionsNext to these specific and well-controlled analgesic effects, immersive HEVR allows the application of prolonged and repeated doses of digital therapy, enables the automatized integration with existing pain treatments, and avoids application of painful bodily cues while minimizing the active involvement of the patient and therapist.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class III evidence that HEVR reduces pain and increases force strength in patients with CRPS.
Collapse
|
3
|
Utzinger ML. Enhancing Heart Rate Variability. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
4
|
Karri J, Zhang L, Li S, Chen YT, Stampas A, Li S. Heart Rate Variability: A Novel Modality for Diagnosing Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Physiol 2017; 8:495. [PMID: 28769815 PMCID: PMC5513934 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heart rate variability (HRV), the physiological variance in the heart's R-R interval length, can be analyzed to produce various parameters reflective of one's autonomic balance. HRV analysis may be used to capture those autonomic aberrations associated with chronic neuropathic pain (NP) in spinal cord injury (SCI). This study assesses the capacity of HRV parameters to diagnose NP in an SCI cohort. Methods: An electrocardiogram (ECG) was collected at rest from able bodied participants (AB, n = 15), participants with SCI only (SCI-NP, n = 11), and those with SCI and NP (SCI+NP, n = 20). HRV parameters were analyzed using conventional time and frequency analysis. Results: At rest, there were no heart rate differences amongst groups. However, SCI+NP participants demonstrated lower overall HRV, as determined by the SDNN time domain parameter, compared to either AB (p < 0.01) or SCI-NP (p < 0.05) groups. Moreover, AB and SCI-NP participants were statistically comparable for all HRV time and frequency domain parameters. Additional analyses demonstrated no differences in HRV parameters between T4, above vs. T5, below SCI groups (for all parameters: p > 0.15) or between C8, above vs. T1, below SCI groups (p > 0.30). Conclusions: Participants with SCI and NP exhibit a lower overall HRV, which can be determined by HRV time domain parameter SDNN. HRV analysis is an innovative modality with the capacity for objective quantification of chronic NP in participants with SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Karri
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann HospitalHouston, TX, United States
| | - Larry Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann HospitalHouston, TX, United States
| | - Shengai Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann HospitalHouston, TX, United States
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann HospitalHouston, TX, United States
| | - Argyrios Stampas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann HospitalHouston, TX, United States
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann HospitalHouston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Fischer JE, Thayer JF. The Association of (Effective and Ineffective) Analgesic Intake, Pain Interference and Heart Rate Variability in a Cross-Sectional Occupational Sample. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 16:2261-70. [DOI: 10.1111/pme.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
6
|
Tejman-Yarden S, Levi O, Beizerov A, Parmet Y, Nguyen T, Saunders M, Rudich Z, Perry JC, Baker DG, Moeller-Bertram T. Heart rate analysis by sparse representation for acute pain detection. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:595-606. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
7
|
Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Ellis RJ, Warth M, Hillecke TK, Thayer JF. Lowered Parasympathetic Activity in Apparently Healthy Subjects with Self-Reported Symptoms of Pain: Preliminary Results from a Pilot Study. Pain Pract 2014; 15:314-8. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koenig
- School of Therapeutic Sciences; SRH University Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marc N. Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine; Mannheim Medical Faculty; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Robert J. Ellis
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Marco Warth
- School of Therapeutic Sciences; SRH University Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Thomas K. Hillecke
- School of Therapeutic Sciences; SRH University Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychology; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen SP, Yang AC, Fuh JL, Wang SJ. Autonomic dysfunction in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes. J Headache Pain 2013; 14:94. [PMID: 24274860 PMCID: PMC4177393 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autonomic imbalance may play an important role in the pathogenesis of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes (RCVS). This study aimed to assess the autonomic function by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with RCVS. Methods Patients with RCVS and age- and gender-matched controls were consecutively recruited. All patients (both ictal and remission stage) and controls underwent 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings. HRV measures covering time and frequency domains were used to assess autonomic functioning. Results Thirty-nine patients with RCVS and 39 controls completed the study. Compared to the controls, RCVS patients during the ictal stage showed reductions in parasympathetic-related indices, including the root mean square of difference of consecutive interbeat intervals (RMSSD) (22.1 ± 7.0 vs. 35.2 ± 14.2, p < 0.001), the percentage of adjacent intervals that varied by more than 50 ms (pNN50) (3.7 ± 3.4 vs. 10.6 ± 8.1, p < 0.001), and high-frequency power (HF) (5.82 ± 0.73 vs. 6.77 ± 0.74; p < 0.001), and increased low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio (index of sympathovagal balance) (3.38 ± 1.32 vs. 2.48 ± 1.07; p =0.001). These HRV indices improved partially but remained significantly different from controls during remission. Conclusions Decreased parasympathetic modulations and accentuated sympathetic activity might be a biological trait in patients with RCVS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Pin Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Koenig J, Jarczok M, Ellis R, Hillecke T, Thayer J. Heart rate variability and experimentally induced pain in healthy adults: A systematic review. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:301-14. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Koenig
- School of Therapeutic Sciences; SRH University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - M.N. Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health; Social and Preventive Medicine; Mannheim Medical Faculty; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - R.J. Ellis
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston USA
| | - T.K. Hillecke
- School of Therapeutic Sciences; SRH University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - J.F. Thayer
- Department of Psychology; The Ohio State University; Columbus USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Painful diabetic polyneuropathy (PDPN) is generally considered a variant of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) but the identification of distinctive aspects that characterize painful compared with painless DPN has however been addressed in many studies, mainly with the purpose of better understanding the mechanisms of neuropathic pain in the scenario of peripheral nerve damage of DPN, of determining risk markers for pain development, and also of recognizing who might respond to treatments. This review is aimed at examining available literature dealing with the issue of similarities and differences between painful and painless DPN in an attempt to respond to the question of whether painful and painless DPN are the same disease or not and to address the conundrum of why some people develop the insensate variety of DPN whilst others experience distressing pain. Thus, from the perspective of comparing painful with painless forms of DPN, this review considers the clinical correlates of PDPN, its distinctive framework of symptoms, signs, and nerve functional and structural abnormalities, the question of large and small fiber involvement, the peripheral pain mechanisms, the central processing of pain and some new insights into the pathogenesis of pain in peripheral polyneuropathies and PDPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Spallone
- Endocrinology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fagundes ADA, Reis MCR, Salles M, Licurci MGB. Immediate Effects of Acupuncture for Managing Myofascial Trigger-Point Pain: A Pilot Study. Med Acupunct 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/acu.2012.0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra de Almeida Fagundes
- Respiratory Phisiotherapy Laboratory, Health Science Faculty, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil
- Institute for Research and Development,Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana César Ribeiro Reis
- Respiratory Phisiotherapy Laboratory, Health Science Faculty, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil
- Institute for Research and Development,Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Salles
- Institute for Research and Development,Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Enhancing Heart Rate Variability. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Paine P, Worthen SF, Gregory LJ, Thompson DG, Aziz Q. Personality differences affect brainstem autonomic responses to visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21:1155-e98. [PMID: 19538443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brainstem autonomic nuclei integrate interoceptive inputs including pain, with descending modulation, to produce homeostatic and defence outputs. Cardiac Vagal Control is especially implicated in psychophysiological processes for both health and disease and is indexed non-invasively by heart rate variability. The study aim was to determine the nature of psychophysiological response profiles for visceral pain. Nineteen healthy subjects had electrocardiographic recordings at rest and during 10 painful oesophageal balloon distensions. Cardiac Vagal Control originating from nucleus ambiguus (CVC(NA)) was determined by polynomial filter application to the electrocardiogram inter-beat interval series. Heart rate and 'Cardiac Sympathetic Index (CSI)' were also determined. Psychological state and trait, including neuroticism and extroversion, were assessed. Subjects who increased CVC(NA) to pain were more neurotic, anxious and sensory sensitive than those who decreased CVC(NA.) Cluster analysis identified two psychophysiological groups: Group 1 (n = 11) demonstrated lower baseline CVC(NA) (P = 0.0001), higher heart rate (P = 0.02) and CSI (P = 0.015), pain tolerance at lower balloon volumes (P = 0.04), but attenuated heart rate response to pain (P = 0.01). Group 2 (n = 8) had the converse profile. Neuroticism scores were higher (P = 0.0004) and extroversion lower (P = 0.01) for group 1 than group 2. Two distinct psychophysiological response profiles to visceral pain exist that are influenced by personality. These may reflect different psychobiological bases for active and passive defence repertoires. Prevalence and clinical relevance of these endophenotypes as vulnerability factors for pain and emotion disorders warrant further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Paine
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Hope Hospital, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Enhancing Heart Rate Variability. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2954-0.50100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Rassias AJ, Holzberger PT, Givan AL, Fahrner SL, Yeager MP. Decreased physiologic variability as a generalized response to human endotoxemia*. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:512-9. [PMID: 15753741 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000155908.46346.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effect in normal human volunteers of transient systemic inflammation on the variability in time-series behaviors of widely divergent physiologic measures of the human inflammatory response. DESIGN Prospective study of human volunteers who were tested on 2 consecutive days, a control day and a treatment day. Each participant served as his or her own control. SETTING Critical care facility of a university medical center. SUBJECTS Subjects were eight healthy human volunteers. INTERVENTIONS Participant subjects were tested on both a baseline day with no intervention and on a treatment day when they received 4 ng/kg intravenous Escherichia coli endotoxin. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Continuous electrocardiographic recordings and serial blood sampling (performed every 5 mins) were used to create time-series of heart rate (R-R intervals), neutrophil function (phagocytosis), and plasma cortisol concentrations. For each primary measure, we recorded a significant increase in the regularity (decreased variability) of the functional measurement as assessed by the statistical entity, approximate entropy. CONCLUSIONS Increased regularity, or decreased variability, of organ functions is a generalized response to systemic inflammation that occurs in widely divergent systems during endotoxemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athos J Rassias
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathophysiology explaining pain in diabetic neuropathy (DN) is still unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty patients with peripheral DN (17 men and 13 women; mean age 52.4 +/- 2.5 years) were investigated. Fifteen patients had neuropathic pain, and 15 patients were free of pain. Patients were followed over 2 years and examined at the beginning and thereafter every 6 months. Clinical severity and painfulness of the DN were assessed by the neuropathy impairment score and visual analog scales (VASs). Cold and warm perception thresholds as well as heat pain thresholds were obtained for evaluation of Adelta- and C-fibers. Nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) and vibratory thresholds were recorded for analysis of thickly myelinated fibers. Moreover, for assessment of cardiac vagal function, heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated. In order to reduce day-to-day variability of pain, mean values of the five time points over 2 years were calculated and used for further analysis. Data were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group of healthy volunteers. RESULTS There were significant differences regarding electrophysiological studies, HRV and quantitative sensory testing (QST) between patients and healthy control subjects (P < 0.001). Generally, patients with neuropathic pain were indistinguishable from pain-free patients. In the pain group, however, VAS pain ratings were correlated to the impairment of small-fiber function (cold detection thresholds, P = 0.02; warm detection thresholds, P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS Intensity of pain in painful DN seems to depend on small nerve fiber damage and deafferentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun H Krämer
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) measurement is an important tool in cardiac care that can provide clinicians and researchers with a 24-hour noninvasive measure of autonomic nervous system activity. Sleep and wake have profoundly different effects on HRV patterns and therefore significant implications for HRV interpretation. This article provides a brief overview of the processes underlying HRV, the standard measures of HRV, a basic overview of wake and sleep, the HRV patterns associated with different sleep and wake states, and the patterns of HRV exhibited in common cardiac conditions. The article concludes with an overview of some general health history factors that are important to consider when interpreting HRV patterns in the clinical and research setting.
Collapse
|