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Abstract
Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) is an elegant gel electrophoretic analytical tool for comparative protein assessment. It is based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) separation of fluorescently labeled protein extracts. The tagging procedures are designed to not interfere with the chemical properties of proteins with respect to their pI and electrophoretic mobility, once a proper labeling protocol is followed. The use of an internal pooled standard makes 2D-DIGE a highly accurate quantitative method enabling multiple protein samples to be separated on the same two-dimensional gel. Technical limitations of this technique (i.e., underrating of low abundant, high molecular mass and integral membrane proteins) are counterbalanced by the incomparable separation power which allows proteoforms and unknown PTM (posttranslational modification) identification. Moreover, the image matching and cross-gel statistical analysis generates robust quantitative results making data validation by independent technologies successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy.
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2
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Marcus K, Lelong C, Rabilloud T. What Room for Two-Dimensional Gel-Based Proteomics in a Shotgun Proteomics World? Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8030017. [PMID: 32781532 PMCID: PMC7563651 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was instrumental in the birth of proteomics in the late 1980s. However, it is now often considered as an outdated technique for proteomics—a thing of the past. Although this opinion may be true for some biological questions, e.g., when analysis depth is of critical importance, for many others, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics still has a lot to offer. This is because of its robustness, its ability to separate proteoforms, and its easy interface with many powerful biochemistry techniques (including western blotting). This paper reviews where and why two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics can still be profitably used. It emerges that, rather than being a thing of the past, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics is still highly valuable for many studies. Thus, its use cannot be dismissed on simple fashion arguments and, as usual, in science, the tree is to be judged by the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty & Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Proteindiagnostics (PRODI) Ruhr-University Bochum Gesundheitscampus, 4 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Cécile Lelong
- CBM UMR CNRS5249, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 17 rue des Martyrs, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France;
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, UMR 5249, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-438-783-212
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Zheng S, Qian Z, Jiang F, Ge D, Tang J, Chen H, Yang J, Yao Y, Yan J, Zhao L, Li H, Yang L. CircRNA LRP6 promotes the development of osteosarcoma via negatively regulating KLF2 and APC levels. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4126-4138. [PMID: 31396323 PMCID: PMC6684910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the biological functions of circLRP6 in the progression of osteosarcoma. CircLRP6 level in OS was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Correlation between circLRP6 level with survival of OS patients was evaluated. Cell counting kit-8 and Transwell assay were conducted to detect proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities of OS cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis in OS cells influenced by circLRP6 were evaluated by flow cytometry. RNA immunoprecipitation was conducted to verify the binding relationship between circLRP6 with LSD1 and EZH2. Finally, the interaction between LSD1, EZH2 and promoter regions of KLF2, APC was clarified by chromatin immunoprecipitation. CircLRP6 level markedly increased in OS tissues. Besides, OS patients with high expression of circLRP6 showed shorter disease-free survival and over-all survival than those with low expression. CircLRP6 knockdown suppressed proliferative, migratory and invasive rates of OS cells. Moreover, circLRP6 knockdown induced apoptosis and arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase. The interaction between circLRP6 with LSD1 and EZH2 mediates their binding to the promoter regions of KLF2 and APC. Knockdown of circLRP6 weakened the binding abilities of LSD1, EZH2 to KLF2, APC. APC overexpression inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and arrested cell cycle. Moreover, the tumor-suppressor effect of downregulated circLRP6 on OS could be reversed by APC knockdown. Collectively, circLRP6 was highly expressed in OS and served as an oncogene by binding to LSD1 and EZH2 to inhibit expressions of KLF2 and APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnai Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dawei Ge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi Third People’s HospitalWuxi 214000, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yilun Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Junwei Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nantong UniversityTaizhou 225300, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, Jiangsu, PR China
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Blundon M, Ganesan V, Redler B, Van PT, Minden JS. Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1855:229-247. [PMID: 30426421 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8793-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) is a modified form of 2D electrophoresis (2D E) that allows one to compare two or three protein samples simultaneously on the same gel. The proteins in each sample are covalently tagged with different color fluorescent dyes that are designed to have no effect on the relative migration of proteins during electrophoresis. Proteins that are common to the samples appear as "spots" with a fixed ratio of fluorescent signals, whereas proteins that differ between the samples have different fluorescence ratios. With conventional imaging systems, DIGE is capable of reliably detecting as little as 0.2 fmol of protein, and protein differences down to ± 15%, over a ~10,000-fold protein concentration range. DIGE combined with digital image analysis therefore greatly improves the statistical assessment of proteome variation. Here we describe a protocol for conducting DIGE experiments, which takes 2-3 days to complete. We have further improved upon 2D DIGE by introducing in-gel equilibration to improve protein retention during transfer between the first and second dimensions of electrophoresis and by developing a fluorescent gel imaging system with a millionfold dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachi Blundon
- Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vinitha Ganesan
- Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brendan Redler
- Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Phu T Van
- Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Minden
- Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Popow O, Paulo JA, Tatham MH, Volk MS, Rojas-Fernandez A, Loyer N, Newton IP, Januschke J, Haigis KM, Näthke I. Identification of Endogenous Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Interaction Partners and β-Catenin-Independent Targets by Proteomics. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1828-1841. [PMID: 31160382 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) is the most frequently mutated gene in colorectal cancer. APC negatively regulates the Wnt signaling pathway by promoting the degradation of β-catenin, but the extent to which APC exerts Wnt/β-catenin-independent tumor-suppressive activity is unclear. To identify interaction partners and β-catenin-independent targets of endogenous, full-length APC, we applied label-free and multiplexed tandem mass tag-based mass spectrometry. Affinity enrichment-mass spectrometry identified more than 150 previously unidentified APC interaction partners. Moreover, our global proteomic analysis revealed that roughly half of the protein expression changes that occur in response to APC loss are independent of β-catenin. Combining these two analyses, we identified Misshapen-like kinase 1 (MINK1) as a putative substrate of an APC-containing destruction complex. We validated the interaction between endogenous MINK1 and APC and further confirmed the negative, and β-catenin-independent, regulation of MINK1 by APC. Increased Mink1/Msn levels were also observed in mouse intestinal tissue and Drosophila follicular cells expressing mutant Apc/APC when compared with wild-type tissue/cells. Collectively, our results highlight the extent and importance of Wnt-independent APC functions in epithelial biology and disease. IMPLICATIONS: The tumor-suppressive function of APC, the most frequently mutated gene in colorectal cancer, is mainly attributed to its role in β-catenin/Wnt signaling. Our study substantially expands the list of APC interaction partners and reveals that approximately half of the changes in the cellular proteome induced by loss of APC function are mediated by β-catenin-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Popow
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - João A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael H Tatham
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie S Volk
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Rojas-Fernandez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe) and Institute of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nicolas Loyer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P Newton
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Januschke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Inke Näthke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Dorr KM, Conlon FL. Proteomic-based approaches to cardiac development and disease. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 48:150-157. [PMID: 30711722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Congenital malformations, or structural birth defects, are now the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States and Europe (Dolk et al., 2010; Heron et al., 2009). Of the congenital malformations, congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common (Dolk et al., 2010; Heron et al., 2009). Thus, a molecular understanding of heart development is an essential goal for improving clinical approaches to CHD. However, CHDs are commonly a result of genetic defects that manifest themselves in a spatial and temporal manner during the early stages of embryogenesis, leaving them mostly intractable to mass spectrometry-based analysis. Here, we describe the technologies and advancements in the field of mass spectrometry over the past few years that have begun to provide insights into the molecular and cellular basis of CHD and prospects for these types of approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Dorr
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Frank L Conlon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Tacchelly-Benites O, Wang Z, Yang E, Benchabane H, Tian A, Randall MP, Ahmed Y. Axin phosphorylation in both Wnt-off and Wnt-on states requires the tumor suppressor APC. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007178. [PMID: 29408853 PMCID: PMC5800574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of Wnt signal transduction initiates the development of 90% of colorectal cancers, the majority of which arise from inactivation of the tumor suppressor Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). In the classical model for Wnt signaling, the primary role of APC is to act, together with the concentration-limiting scaffold protein Axin, in a “destruction complex” that directs the phosphorylation and consequent proteasomal degradation of the transcriptional activator β-catenin, thereby preventing signaling in the Wnt-off state. Following Wnt stimulation, Axin is recruited to a multiprotein “signalosome” required for pathway activation. Whereas it is well-documented that APC is essential in the destruction complex, APC’s role in this complex remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate in Drosophila that Axin exists in two distinct phosphorylation states in Wnt-off and Wnt-on conditions, respectively, that underlie its roles in the destruction complex and signalosome. These two Axin phosphorylation states are catalyzed by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), and unexpectedly, completely dependent on APC in both unstimulated and Wnt-stimulated conditions. In a major revision of the classical model, we show that APC is essential not only in the destruction complex, but also for the rapid transition in Axin that occurs after Wnt stimulation and Axin’s subsequent association with the Wnt co-receptor LRP6/Arrow, one of the earliest steps in pathway activation. We propose that this novel requirement for APC in Axin regulation through phosphorylation both prevents signaling in the Wnt-off state and promotes signaling immediately following Wnt stimulation. The Wnt signal transduction pathway directs fundamental cellular processes during development and in homeostasis. Wnt signaling is deregulated in 90% of colorectal cancers, most of which are triggered by inactivation of the tumor suppressor Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). In the classical model, APC’s sole role in Wnt signaling is to target the transcriptional coactivator β-catenin for phosphorylation and subsequent degradation, and thereby to inhibit signaling in the unstimulated state. However, the mechanisms by which APC functions remain unknown. Herein, we provide evidence in Drosophila that supports a major role for APC in the direct regulation of the scaffold protein Axin in both Wnt-on and Wnt-off conditions. Our results indicate that APC promotes Axin phosphorylation, which is required not only to inhibit signaling in the unstimulated state, but also to activate signaling following Wnt stimulation. These unanticipated findings support a more active and multifaceted role for APC in Wnt signaling than previously known, and force revision of the current model for APC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Tacchelly-Benites
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Zhenghan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Eungi Yang
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Hassina Benchabane
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Ai Tian
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Randall
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Yashi Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Abstract
Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) is an advanced and elegant gel electrophoretic analytical tool for comparative protein assessment. It is based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) separation of fluorescently labeled protein extracts. The tagging procedures are designed to not interfere with the chemical properties of proteins with respect to their pI and electrophoretic mobility, once a proper labeling protocol is followed. The two-dye or three-dye systems can be adopted and their choice depends on specific applications. Furthermore, the use of an internal pooled standard makes 2-D DIGE a highly accurate quantitative method enabling multiple protein samples to be separated on the same two-dimensional gel. The image matching and cross-gel statistical analysis generates robust quantitative results making data validation by independent technologies successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gelfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via f.lli Cervi, 93, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
- U.O. Proteomica clinica, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097, San Donato, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, CNR, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via f.lli Cervi, 93, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy
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Hao Y, Zhang J, Shan G, Zhang N, Jin W, Nan K. Establishment of optimal regulatory network of colorectal cancer based on p42.3 protein. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:1781-1786. [PMID: 29551923 PMCID: PMC5851908 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: to establish regulatory network of colorectal cancer involving p42.3 protein and to provide theoretical evidence for deep functional exploration of p42.3 protein in the onset and development of colorectal cancer. Methods: with protein similarity algorithm, reference protein set of p42.3 cell apoptosis was built according to structural features of p42.3. GO and KEGG databases were used to establish regulatory network of tumor cell apoptosis involving p42.3; meanwhile, the largest possible working pathway that involves p42.3 protein was screened out based on Bayesian network theory. Besides, GO and KEGG were used to build regulatory network on early diagnosis gene markers for colorectal cancer including WWOX, K-ras, COX-2, p53, APC, DCC and PTEN, at the same time, a regulatory network of colorectal cancer cell apoptosis which involves p42.3 was established. Results: cell apoptotic regulatory network that p42.3 participates in primarily consists of Bcl-2 family genes and the largest possible pathway is p42.3 → FKBP → Bcl-2 centered as FKBP protein. Combined with colorectal cancer regulatory network that involves early diagnosis gene markers, it can be predicted that p42.3 is most likely to regulate the colorectal cancer cell apoptosis through FKBP → Bcl-2 → Bax → caspase-9 → caspase-3 pathway. Conclusion: the colorectal cancer apoptosis network based on p42.3 established in the study provides theoretical evidence for deep exploration of p42.3 regulatory mechanism and molecular targeting treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Hao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guoyong Shan
- Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710077, China
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Hao Y, Shan G, Nan K. Establishment of apoptotic regulatory network for genetic markers of colorectal cancer. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:466-476. [PMID: 28386169 PMCID: PMC5372377 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose is to screen out genetic markers applicable to early diagnosis for colorectal cancer and to establish apoptotic regulatory network model for colorectal cancer, thereby providing theoretical evidence and targeted therapy for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Taking databases including CNKI, VIP, Wanfang data, Pub Med, and MEDLINE as main sources of literature retrieval, literatures associated with genetic markers applied to early diagnosis of colorectal cancer were searched to perform comprehensive and quantitative analysis by Meta analysis, hence screening genetic markers used in early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were employed to establish apoptotic regulatory network model based on screened genetic markers, and then verification experiment was conducted. Through Meta analysis, seven genetic markers were screened out, including WWOX, K-ras, COX-2, p53, APC, DCC and PTEN, among which DCC shows highest diagnostic efficiency. GO analysis of genetic markers found that six genetic markers played role in biological process, molecular function and cellular component. It was indicated in apoptotic regulatory network built by KEGG analysis and verification experiment that WWOX could promote tumor cell apoptotic in colorectal cancer and elevate expression level of p53. The apoptotic regulatory model of colorectal cancer established in this study provides clinically theoretical evidence and targeted therapy for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Hao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710077, China
- Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Guoyong Shan
- Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710077, China
- Corresponding author.
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