1
|
Niu M, McGrath M, Sammon D, Gardner S, Morgan RM, Di Maio A, Liu Y, Bubeck D, Hohenester E. Structure of the transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) ectodomain and its apparent lack of hyaluronidase activity. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:76. [PMID: 37234743 PMCID: PMC10206443 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18937.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major polysaccharide component of the extracellular matrix. HA has essential functions in tissue architecture and the regulation of cell behaviour. HA turnover needs to be finely balanced. Increased HA degradation is associated with cancer, inflammation, and other pathological situations. Transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) is a cell surface protein that has been reported to degrade HA into ~5 kDa fragments and play an essential role in systemic HA turnover. Methods: We produced the soluble TMEM2 ectodomain (residues 106-1383; sTMEM2) in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and determined its structure using X-ray crystallography. We tested sTMEM2 hyaluronidase activity using fluorescently labelled HA and size fractionation of reaction products. We tested HA binding in solution and using a glycan microarray. Results: Our crystal structure of sTMEM2 confirms a remarkably accurate prediction by AlphaFold. sTMEM2 contains a parallel β-helix typical of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, but an active site cannot be assigned with confidence. A lectin-like domain is inserted into the β-helix and predicted to be functional in carbohydrate binding. A second lectin-like domain at the C-terminus is unlikely to bind carbohydrates. We did not observe HA binding in two assay formats, suggesting a modest affinity at best. Unexpectedly, we were unable to observe any HA degradation by sTMEM2. Our negative results set an upper limit for k cat of approximately 10 -5 min -1. Conclusions: Although sTMEM2 contains domain types consistent with its suggested role in TMEM2 degradation, its hyaluronidase activity was undetectable. HA degradation by TMEM2 may require additional proteins and/or localisation at the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muyuan Niu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly McGrath
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Douglas Sammon
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Scott Gardner
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rhodri Marc Morgan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antonio Di Maio
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Doryen Bubeck
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Erhard Hohenester
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niu M, McGrath M, Sammon D, Gardner S, Morgan RM, Bubeck D, Hohenester E. Structure of the transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) ectodomain and its lack of hyaluronidase activity. Wellcome Open Res 2023. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18937.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major polysaccharide component of the extracellular matrix. HA has essential functions in tissue architecture and the regulation of cell behaviour. HA turnover needs to be finely balanced. Increased HA degradation is associated with cancer, inflammation, and other pathological situations. Transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2) is a cell surface protein that has been reported to degrade HA into ~5 kDa fragments and play an essential role in systemic HA turnover. Methods: We produced the soluble TMEM2 ectodomain (residues 106-1383; sTMEM2) in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and determined its structure using X-ray crystallography. We tested sTMEM2 hyaluronidase activity using fluorescently labelled HA and size fractionation of reaction products. Results: Our crystal structure of sTMEM2 confirms a remarkably accurate prediction by AlphaFold. sTMEM2 contains a parallel β-helix typical of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, but an active site cannot be assigned with confidence. A lectin-like domain is inserted into the β-helix and predicted to be functional in carbohydrate binding. A second lectin-like domain at the C-terminus is unlikely to bind carbohydrates. Unexpectedly, we were unable to observe any HA degradation by sTMEM2. Our negative results set an upper limit for kcat of approximately 10-5 min-1. Conclusions: Although sTMEM2 contains domain types consistent with its suggested role in TMEM2 degradation, its hyaluronidase activity was undetectable. HA degradation by TMEM2 may require additional proteins and/or localisation at the cell surface.
Collapse
|
3
|
Scripture-Adams DD, Chesmore KN, Barthélémy F, Wang RT, Nieves-Rodriguez S, Wang DW, Mokhonova EI, Douine ED, Wan J, Little I, Rabichow LN, Nelson SF, Miceli MC. Single nuclei transcriptomics of muscle reveals intra-muscular cell dynamics linked to dystrophin loss and rescue. Commun Biol 2022; 5:989. [PMID: 36123393 PMCID: PMC9485160 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, dystrophin loss leads to chronic muscle damage, dysregulation of repair, fibro-fatty replacement, and weakness. We develop methodology to efficiently isolate individual nuclei from minute quantities of frozen skeletal muscle, allowing single nuclei sequencing of irreplaceable archival samples and from very small samples. We apply this method to identify cell and gene expression dynamics within human DMD and mdx mouse muscle, characterizing effects of dystrophin rescue by exon skipping therapy at single nuclei resolution. DMD exon 23 skipping events are directly observed and increased in myonuclei from treated mice. We describe partial rescue of type IIa and IIx myofibers, expansion of an MDSC-like myeloid population, recovery of repair/remodeling M2-macrophage, and repression of inflammatory POSTN1 + fibroblasts in response to exon skipping and partial dystrophin restoration. Use of this method enables exploration of cellular and transcriptomic mechanisms of dystrophin loss and repair within an intact muscle environment. Our initial findings will scaffold our future work to more directly examine muscular dystrophies and putative recovery pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre D Scripture-Adams
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin N Chesmore
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Florian Barthélémy
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Wang
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shirley Nieves-Rodriguez
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derek W Wang
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Ekaterina I Mokhonova
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emilie D Douine
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jijun Wan
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isaiah Little
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura N Rabichow
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - M Carrie Miceli
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are fibrous connective tissues vital to the transmission of force and stabilization of the musculoskeletal system. Arising in precise regions of the embryo, tendons and ligaments share many properties and little is known about the molecular differences that differentiate them. Recent studies have revealed heterogeneity and plasticity within tendon and ligament cells, raising questions regarding the developmental mechanisms regulating tendon and ligament identity. Here, we discuss recent findings that contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms that establish and maintain tendon progenitors and their differentiated progeny in the head, trunk and limb. We also review the extent to which these findings are specific to certain anatomical regions and model organisms, and indicate which findings similarly apply to ligaments. Finally, we address current research regarding the cellular lineages that contribute to tendon and ligament repair, and to what extent their regulation is conserved within tendon and ligament development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bobzin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ryan R Roberts
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hung-Jhen Chen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hernandez L, Ryckebüsch L, Wang C, Ling R, Yelon D. Tmem2 restricts atrioventricular canal differentiation by regulating degradation of hyaluronic acid. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:1195-1210. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hernandez
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Lucile Ryckebüsch
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Carole Wang
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Rachel Ling
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Deborah Yelon
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla California
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamaguchi Y, Yamamoto H, Tobisawa Y, Irie F. TMEM2: A missing link in hyaluronan catabolism identified? Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:139-146. [PMID: 29601864 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. HA is an extremely long, unbranched polymer, which often exceeds 106 Da and sometimes reaches 107 Da. A feature that epitomizes HA is its rapid turnover; one-third of the total body HA is turned over daily. The current model of HA catabolism postulates that high-molecular weight HA in the extracellular space is first cleaved into smaller fragments by a hyaluronidase(s) that resides at the cell surface, followed by internalization of fragments and their degradation into monosaccharides in lysosomes. Over the last decade, considerable research has shown that the HYAL family of hyaluronidases plays significant roles in HA catabolism. Nonetheless, the identity of a hyaluronidase responsible for the initial step of HA cleavage on the cell surface remains elusive, as biochemical and enzymological properties of HYAL proteins are not entirely consistent with those expected of cell surface hyaluronidases. Recent identification of transmembrane 2 (TMEM2) as a cell surface protein that possesses potent hyaluronidase activity suggests that it may be the "missing" cell surface hyaluronidase, and that novel models of HA catabolism should include this protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamaguchi
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Hayato Yamamoto
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuki Tobisawa
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fumitoshi Irie
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Angelis JE, Lagendijk AK, Chen H, Tromp A, Bower NI, Tunny KA, Brooks AJ, Bakkers J, Francois M, Yap AS, Simons C, Wicking C, Hogan BM, Smith KA. Tmem2 Regulates Embryonic Vegf Signaling by Controlling Hyaluronic Acid Turnover. Dev Cell 2017; 40:123-136. [PMID: 28118600 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is responsible for tissue vascularization during development, as well as in pathological contexts, including cancer and ischemia. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) regulate angiogenesis by acting through VEGF receptors to induce endothelial cell signaling. VEGF is processed in the extracellular matrix (ECM), but the complexity of ECM control of VEGF signaling and angiogenesis remains far from understood. In a forward genetic screen, we identified angiogenesis defects in tmem2 zebrafish mutants that lack both arterial and venous Vegf/Vegfr/Erk signaling. Strikingly, tmem2 mutants display increased hyaluronic acid (HA) surrounding developing vessels. Angiogenesis in tmem2 mutants was rescued, or restored after failed sprouting, by degrading this increased HA. Furthermore, oligomerized HA or overexpression of Vegfc rescued angiogenesis in tmem2 mutants. Based on these data, and the known structure of Tmem2, we find that Tmem2 regulates HA turnover to promote normal Vegf signaling during developmental angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E De Angelis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anne K Lagendijk
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Huijun Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alisha Tromp
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Neil I Bower
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Tunny
- Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Department of Cardiac Development and Genetics, Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 EA, the Netherlands
| | - Mathias Francois
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wood AJ, Currie PD. Development Aspects of Zebrafish Myotendinous Junction: a Model System for Understanding Muscle Basement Membrane Formation and Failure. Curr Pathobiol Rep 2017; 5:197-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
9
|
Ryckebüsch L, Hernandez L, Wang C, Phan J, Yelon D. Tmem2 regulates cell-matrix interactions that are essential for muscle fiber attachment. J Cell Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|