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Catalán J, Järventaus H, Falck GCM, Moreno C, Norppa H. Chromosome-specific induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations by mitomycin C: Involvement of human chromosomes 9, 1 and 16. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 896:503753. [PMID: 38821666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies have shown that human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, with a large heterochromatic region of highly methylated classical satellite DNA, are prone to induction of chromatid breaks and interchanges by mitomycin C (MMC). A couple of studies have indicated that material from chromosome 9, and possibly also from chromosomes 1 and 16, are preferentially micronucleated by MMC. Here, we further examined the chromosome-specific induction of micronuclei (MN; with and without cytochalasin B) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) by MMC. Cultures of isolated human lymphocytes from two male donors were treated (at 48 h of culture, for 24 h) with MMC (500 ng/ml), and the induced MN were examined by a pancentromeric DNA probe and paint probe for chromosome 9, and by paint probes for chromosomes 1 and 16. MMC increased the total frequency of MN by 6-8-fold but the frequency of chromosome 9 -positive (9+) MN by 29-30-fold and the frequency of chromosome 1 -positive (1+) MN and chromosome 16 -positive (16+) MN by 12-16-fold and 10-17-fold, respectively. After treatment with MMC, 34-47 % of all MN were 9+, 17-20 % 1+, and 3-4 % 16+. The majority (94-96 %) of the 9+ MN contained no centromere and thus harboured acentric fragments. When MMC-induced CAs aberrations were characterized by using the pancentromeric DNA probe and probes for the classical satellite region and long- and short- arm telomeres of chromosome 9, a high proportion of chromosomal breaks (31 %) and interchanges (41 %) concerned chromosome 9. In 83 % of cases, the breakpoint in chromosome 9 was just below the region (9cen-q12) labelled by the classical satellite probe. Our results indicate that MMC specifically induces MN harbouring fragments of chromosome 9, 1, and 16. CAs of chromosome 9 are highly overrepresented in metaphases of MMC-treated lymphocytes. The preferential breakpoint is below the region 9q12.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Mitomycin/toxicity
- Mitomycin/pharmacology
- Male
- Chromosome Aberrations/chemically induced
- Chromosome Aberrations/drug effects
- Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/chemically induced
- Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/drug effects
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Adult
- Micronucleus Tests
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytochalasin B/pharmacology
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki 00032, Finland; Department of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Hilkka Järventaus
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki 00032, Finland
| | - Ghita C-M Falck
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki 00032, Finland
| | - Carlos Moreno
- Department of Anatomy Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki 00032, Finland.
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Hovhannisyan G, Aroutiounian R, Babayan N, Harutyunyan T, Liehr T. Comparative analysis of individual chromosome involvement in micronuclei induced by mitomycin C and bleomycin in human leukocytes. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:49. [PMID: 27330564 PMCID: PMC4915088 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Micronucleus (MN) assay is a well standardized approach for evaluation of clastogenic/aneugenic effects of mutagens. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is successfully used to characterize the chromosomal content of MN. However, the relationships between nuclear positioning, length, and gene density of individual chromosomes and their involvement in MN induced by different mutagens have not been clearly defined. Results Chromosomal content of MN was characterized in human leukocytes treated with mitomycin C (MMC) and bleomycin (BLM) by FISH using centromeric (cep) and whole-chromosome painting (wcp) probes. Involvement of chromosomes 8, 15 and 20 in MMC-induced and chromosomes 1, 9 and 16 in BLM-induced MN was studied, and correlated with chromosome size, gene density and interphase position. The results obtained were analyzed together with previous own data on the frequencies of inclusion of chromosomes 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, and X in MMC-induced MN. It could be shown that MMC- and BLM-induced MN could contain material derived from all chromosomes investigated. Involvement of whole chromosomes 8, 15 and 20 in MMC-induced MN negatively correlated with gene density; however, analysis together with earlier studied chromosomes did not confirm this correlation. Inclusion of chromosomes 8, 15 and 20 in MMC-induced MN does not depend on their size and interphase position; the same result was found for the twelve overall analyzed chromosomes. In BLM-treated cells significant correlation between frequencies of involvement of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16 in MN and their size was found. Conclusions Our results clearly revealed that BLM differs from MMC with respect to the distribution of induced chromosome damage and MN formation. Thus, DNA-damaging agents with diverse mechanism of action induce qualitatively different MN with regard to their chromosomal composition. Also this study demonstrates the utility of combined sequential application of cep and wcp probes for efficient detection of MN chromosomal content in terms of centric and acentric fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Hovhannisyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Rouben Aroutiounian
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nelly Babayan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia ; Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, 7 Hasratyan, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Tigran Harutyunyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Hovhannisyan G, Aroutiounian R, Liehr T. Chromosomal composition of micronuclei in human leukocytes exposed to mitomycin C. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:316-22. [PMID: 22260997 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412436587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN) can be induced by different mutagenic substances. Even though this has been known for decades, it is still not clear which genetic content, especially which chromosomes, these MN are constituted of and if there are any influences on this content by the MN-inducing substance. Also, the interphase position, size, and gene density of a chromosome could influence its involvement in MN formation. To study some of these questions, fluorescence in situ hybridization using centromeric and whole-chromosome painting probes for chromosomes 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, and X was applied in mitomycin C (MMC)-induced MN in human leukocytes. The obtained results showed that material from all studied chromosomes was present in MN. Also, there was no correlation between interphase position, size, and gene density of the studied chromosomes and their migration in MN. Interestingly, material derived from chromosomes 9 and 16 was overrepresented in MMC-induced MN. Finally, further studies using substances other than MMC are necessary to clarify if the MN-inducing mutagen has an influence on the chromosomal content of the MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Hovhannisyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, State University, Biological Faculty, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Ulsh BA. Checking the foundation: recent radiobiology and the linear no-threshold theory. HEALTH PHYSICS 2010; 99:747-758. [PMID: 21068593 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181e32477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (LNT) theory has been adopted as the foundation of radiation protection standards and risk estimation for several decades. The "microdosimetric argument" has been offered in support of the LNT theory. This argument postulates that energy is deposited in critical cellular targets by radiation in a linear fashion across all doses down to zero, and that this in turn implies a linear relationship between dose and biological effect across all doses. This paper examines whether the microdosimetric argument holds at the lowest levels of biological organization following low dose, low dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation. The assumptions of the microdosimetric argument are evaluated in light of recent radiobiological studies on radiation damage in biological molecules and cellular and tissue level responses to radiation damage. There is strong evidence that radiation initially deposits energy in biological molecules (e.g., DNA) in a linear fashion, and that this energy deposition results in various forms of prompt DNA damage that may be produced in a pattern that is distinct from endogenous (e.g., oxidative) damage. However, a large and rapidly growing body of radiobiological evidence indicates that cell and tissue level responses to this damage, particularly at low doses and/or dose-rates, are nonlinear and may exhibit thresholds. To the extent that responses observed at lower levels of biological organization in vitro are predictive of carcinogenesis observed in vivo, this evidence directly contradicts the assumptions upon which the microdosimetric argument is based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant A Ulsh
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Mailstop C-46, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
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Di Tomaso MV, Martínez-López W, Folle GA, Palitti F. Modulation of chromosome damage localization by DNA replication timing. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:877-86. [PMID: 17178628 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600973335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-random occurrence of induced chromosome breakpoints (BP) has been repeatedly reported. DNA synthesis and chromatin remodeling may influence chromosome BP localization. The CHO9 X chromosome exhibits an early replicating short euchromatic arm (Xpe) and a late replicating long heterochromatic arm (Xqh). We investigated the role played by DNA replication and related chromatin remodeling processes on BP distribution in eu/heterochromatin using the CHO9 X chromosome as a model. MATERIALS AND METHODS BP induced by etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, as well as by the S-dependent clastogens ultraviolet-C light (UV-C) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) were mapped to CHO9 X chromosome arms. The base analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) was pulse-added immediately after UV-C irradiation or during etoposide and MMS treatments (40 min) to identify cells in early S-phase (Xpe labeled) or late S-phase (Xqh labeled) after indirect BrdUrd immunodetection in metaphase spreads using primary anti-BrdUrd and secondary fluorochrome-tagged antibodies. RESULTS During early S-phase, BP induced by etoposide and MMS mapped preferentially to Xpe while BP produced by UV-C localized randomly. BP induced by all agents during late S-phase clustered in Xqh. CONCLUSIONS Results obtained suggest that replication time of eu/heterochromatin as well as chromatin remodeling may determine BP localization on the CHO9 X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Di Tomaso
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Chromosome Pathology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Sihn CR, Lee YS, Jeong JS, Park K, Kim SH. CANu1, a novel nucleolar protein, accumulated on centromere in response to DNA damage. Genes Cells 2008; 13:787-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Majumder P, Pradhan SK, Devi PG, Pal S, Dasgupta D. Chromatin as a target for the DNA-binding anticancer drugs. Subcell Biochem 2007; 41:145-89. [PMID: 17484128 PMCID: PMC7121056 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5466-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been a major approach to treat cancer. Both constituents of chromatin, chromosomal DNA and the associated chromosomal histone proteins are the molecular targets of the anticancer drugs. Small DNA binding ligands, which inhibit enzymatic processes with DNA substrate, are well known in cancer chemotherapy. These drugs inhibit the polymerase and topoisomerase activity. With the advent in the knowledge of chromatin chemistry and biology, attempts have shifted from studies of the structural basis of the association of these drugs or small ligands (with the potential of drugs) with DNA to their association with chromatin and nucleosome. These drugs often inhibit the expression of specific genes leading to a series of biochemical events. An overview will be given about the latest understanding of the molecular basis of their action. We shall restrict to those drugs, synthetic or natural, whose prime cellular targets are so far known to be chromosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Majumder
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-I, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700 064, India
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Friedl AA. The Role of Chromatin Structure and Nuclear Architecture in the Cellular Response to DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Genome Integr 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7050_001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Mogi S, Oh DH. gamma-H2AX formation in response to interstrand crosslinks requires XPF in human cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:731-40. [PMID: 16678501 PMCID: PMC2814188 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To further define the molecular mechanisms involved in processing interstrand crosslinks, we monitored the formation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX), which is generated in chromatin near double strand break sites, following DNA damage in normal and repair-deficient human cells. Following treatment with a psoralen derivative and ultraviolet A radiation doses that produce significant numbers of crosslinks, gamma-H2AX levels in nucleotide excision repair-deficient XP-A fibroblasts (XP12RO-SV) increased to levels that were twice those observed in normal control GM637 fibroblasts. A partial XPA revertant cell line (XP129) that is proficient in crosslink removal, exhibited reduced gamma-H2AX levels that were intermediate between those of GM637 and XP-A cells. XP-F fibroblasts (XP2YO-SV and XP3YO) that are also repair-deficient exhibited gamma-H2AX levels below even control fibroblasts following treatment with psoralen and ultraviolet A radiation. Similarly, another crosslinking agent, mitomycin C, did not induce gamma-H2AX in XP-F cells, although it did induce equivalent levels of gamma-H2AX in XPA and control GM637 cells. Ectopic expression of XPF in XP-F fibroblasts restored gamma-H2AX induction following treatment with crosslinking agents. Angelicin, a furocoumarin which forms only monoadducts and not crosslinks following ultraviolet A radiation, as well as ultraviolet C radiation, resulted only in weak induction of gamma-H2AX in all cells, suggesting that the double strand breaks observed with psoralen and ultraviolet A treatment result preferentially following crosslink formation. These results indicate that XPF is required to form gamma-H2AX and likely double strand breaks in response to interstrand crosslinks in human cells. Furthermore, XPA may be important to allow psoralen interstrand crosslinks to be processed without forming a double strand break intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Mogi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Dermatology Research Unit, VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Dennis H. Oh
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Dermatology Research Unit, VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 415 750 2091; fax: +1 415 751 3927. (D.H. Oh)
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Abdel-Halim HI, Mullenders LHF, Boei JJWA. Pairing of heterochromatin in response to cellular stress. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1961-9. [PMID: 16626698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that exposure of human cells to DNA-damaging agents (X-rays and mitomycin C (MMC)) induces pairing of the homologous paracentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 9 (9q12-13). Here, we show that UV irradiation and also heat shock treatment of human cells lead to similar effects. Since the various agents induce very different types and frequencies of damage to cellular constituents, the data suggest a general stress response as the underlying mechanism. Moreover, local UV irradiation experiments revealed that pairing of heterochromatin is an event that can be triggered without induction of DNA damage in the heterochromatic sequences. The repair deficient xeroderma pigmentosum cells (group F) previously shown to fail pairing after MMC displayed elevated pairing after heat shock treatment but not after UV exposure. Taken together, the present results indicate that pairing of heterochromatin following exposure to DNA-damaging agents is initiated by a general stress response and that the sensing of stress or the maintenance of the paired status of the heterochromatin might be dependent on DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Abdel-Halim
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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