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Kim JH, Hanlon CD, Vohra S, Devreotes PN, Andrew DJ. Hedgehog signaling and Tre1 regulate actin dynamics through PI(4,5)P 2 to direct migration of Drosophila embryonic germ cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108799. [PMID: 33657369 PMCID: PMC8023404 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tre1 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) was discovered to be required for Drosophila germ cell (GC) coalescence almost two decades ago, yet the molecular events both upstream and downstream of Tre1 activation remain poorly understood. To gain insight into these events, we describe a bona fide null allele and both untagged and tagged versions of Tre1. We find that the primary defect with complete Tre1 loss is the failure of GCs to properly navigate, with GC mis-migration occurring from early stages. We find that Tre1 localizes with F-actin at the migration front, along with PI(4,5)P2; dPIP5K, an enzyme that generates PI(4,5)P2; and dWIP, a protein that binds activated Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), which stimulates F-actin polymerization. We show that Tre1 is required for polarized accumulation of F-actin, PI(4,5)P2, and dPIP5K. Smoothened also localizes with F-actin at the migration front, and Hh, through Smo, increases levels of Tre1 at the plasma membrane and Tre1’s association with dPIP5K. Kim et al. uncover molecular and cellular events upstream and downstream of the Tre1 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), which is required for germ cell navigation in Drosophila. Hedgehog signaling through Smoothened localizes Tre1 to activate F-actin assembly through dPIP5K, PI(4,5)P2, and WASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin D Hanlon
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sunaina Vohra
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kenwrick K, Mukherjee A, Renault AD. Hmgcr promotes a long-range signal to attract Drosophila germ cells independently of Hedgehog. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.232637. [PMID: 31719159 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, many cell types migrate along stereotyped routes determined through deployment of cell surface or secreted guidance molecules. Although we know the identity of many of these molecules, the distances over which they natively operate can be difficult to determine. Here, we have quantified the range of an attractive signal for the migration of Drosophila germ cells. Their migration is guided by an attractive signal generated by the expression of genes in the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) pathway, and by a repulsive signal generated by the expression of Wunens. We demonstrate that the attractive signal downstream of Hmgcr is cell-contact independent and acts at long range, the extent of which depends on Hmgcr levels. This range would be sufficient to reach all of the germ cells for their entire migration. Furthermore, Hmgcr-mediated attraction does not require Wunens but can operate simultaneously with Wunen-mediated repulsion. Finally, several papers posit Hedgehog (Hh) as being the germ cell attractant downstream of H mgcr Here, we provide evidence that this is not the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kenwrick
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Andrew D Renault
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Stepanik V, Dunipace L, Bae YK, Macabenta F, Sun J, Trisnadi N, Stathopoulos A. The migrations of Drosophila muscle founders and primordial germ cells are interdependent. Development 2017; 143:3206-15. [PMID: 27578182 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM) cells migrate from posterior to anterior of the Drosophila embryo as two bilateral streams of cells to support the specification of longitudinal muscles along the midgut. To accomplish this long-distance migration, CVM cells receive input from their environment, but little is known about how this collective cell migration is regulated. In a screen we found that wunen mutants exhibit CVM cell migration defects. Wunens are lipid phosphate phosphatases known to regulate the directional migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGC and CVM cell types interact while PGCs are en route to the somatic gonadal mesoderm, and previous studies have shown that CVM impacts PGC migration. In turn, we found here that CVM cells exhibit an affinity for PGCs, localizing to the position of PGCs whether mislocalized or trapped in the endoderm. In the absence of PGCs, CVM cells exhibit subtle changes, including more cohesive movement of the migrating collective, and an increased number of longitudinal muscles is found at anterior sections of the larval midgut. These data demonstrate that PGC and CVM cell migrations are interdependent and suggest that distinct migrating cell types can coordinately influence each other to promote effective cell migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Stepanik
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Leslie Dunipace
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Young-Kyung Bae
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Frank Macabenta
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nathanie Trisnadi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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LeBlanc MG, Lehmann R. Domain-specific control of germ cell polarity and migration by multifunction Tre1 GPCR. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2945-2958. [PMID: 28687666 PMCID: PMC5584160 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells encounter directional cues to reach their destinations, often using G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) to interpret such cues. LeBlanc and Lehmann show that two highly conserved domains in the GPCR Tre1 mediate distinct migratory responses in germ cells via separate signaling pathways, one regulating cell polarization and the other directional migration. The migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from their place of origin to the embryonic gonad is an essential reproductive feature in many animal species. In Drosophila melanogaster, a single G protein–coupled receptor, Trapped in endoderm 1 (Tre1), mediates germ cell polarization at the onset of active migration and directs subsequent migration of PGCs through the midgut primordium. How these different aspects of cell behavior are coordinated through a single receptor is not known. We demonstrate that two highly conserved domains, the E/N/DRY and NPxxY motifs, have overlapping and unique functions in Tre1. The Tre1-NRY domain via G protein signaling is required for reading and responding to guidance and survival cues controlled by the lipid phosphate phosphatases Wunen and Wunen2. In contrast, the Tre1-NPIIY domain has a separate role in Rho1- and E-cadherin–mediated polarization at the initiation stage independent of G protein signaling. We propose that this bifurcation of the Tre1 G protein–coupled receptor signaling response via G protein–dependent and independent branches enables distinct spatiotemporal regulation of germ cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G LeBlanc
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Barton LJ, LeBlanc MG, Lehmann R. Finding their way: themes in germ cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:128-137. [PMID: 27484857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic germ cell migration is a vital component of the germline lifecycle. The translocation of germ cells from the place of origin to the developing somatic gonad involves several processes including passive movements with underlying tissues, transepithelial migration, cell adhesion dynamics, the establishment of environmental guidance cues and the ability to sustain directed migration. How germ cells accomplish these feats in established model organisms will be discussed in this review, with a focus on recent discoveries and themes conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Michelle G LeBlanc
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Paksa A, Bandemer J, Hoeckendorf B, Razin N, Tarbashevich K, Minina S, Meyen D, Biundo A, Leidel SA, Peyrieras N, Gov NS, Keller PJ, Raz E. Repulsive cues combined with physical barriers and cell-cell adhesion determine progenitor cell positioning during organogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11288. [PMID: 27088892 PMCID: PMC4837475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells constitutes an essential, yet poorly understood step during organogenesis. Using primordial germ cells that participate in gonad formation, we present the developmental mechanisms maintaining a motile progenitor cell population at the site where the organ develops. Employing high-resolution live-cell microscopy, we find that repulsive cues coupled with physical barriers confine the cells to the correct bilateral positions. This analysis revealed that cell polarity changes on interaction with the physical barrier and that the establishment of compact clusters involves increased cell–cell interaction time. Using particle-based simulations, we demonstrate the role of reflecting barriers, from which cells turn away on contact, and the importance of proper cell–cell adhesion level for maintaining the tight cell clusters and their correct positioning at the target region. The combination of these developmental and cellular mechanisms prevents organ fusion, controls organ positioning and is thus critical for its proper function. The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells is essential for organ development and function. Here the authors use live imaging and mathematical modelling to show that the confinement of a motile progenitor cell population results from coupled physical barriers and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Paksa
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Nitzan Razin
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Sofia Minina
- Germ Cell Development, Max-Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dana Meyen
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Antonio Biundo
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadine Peyrieras
- USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Mueller P, Ye S, Morris A, Smyth SS. Lysophospholipid mediators in the vasculature. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:190-194. [PMID: 25825155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mueller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, United States
| | - Shaojing Ye
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, United States
| | - Andrew Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Lexington, KY 40511, United States
| | - Susan S Smyth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart Institute, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Lexington, KY 40511, United States.
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Panchatcharam M, Salous AK, Brandon J, Miriyala S, Wheeler J, Patil P, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Escalante-Alcalde D, Smyth SS. Mice with targeted inactivation of ppap2b in endothelial and hematopoietic cells display enhanced vascular inflammation and permeability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:837-45. [PMID: 24504738 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipid phosphate phosphatase 3 (LPP3), encoded by the PPAP2B gene, is an integral membrane enzyme that dephosphorylates, and thereby terminates, the G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling actions of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate. LPP3 is essential for normal vascular development in mice, and a common PPAP2B polymorphism is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in humans. Herein, we investigate the function of endothelial LPP3 to understand its role in the development and human disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS We developed mouse models with selective LPP3 deficiency in endothelial and hematopoietic cells. Tyrosine kinase Tek promoter-mediated inactivation of Ppap2b resulted in embryonic lethality because of vascular defects. LPP3 deficiency in adult mice, achieved using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre transgene under the control of the Tyrosine kinase Tek promoter, enhanced local and systemic inflammatory responses. Endothelial, but not hematopoietic, cell LPP3 deficiency led to significant increases in vascular permeability at baseline and enhanced sensitivity to inflammation-induced vascular leak. Endothelial barrier function was restored by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of either LPA production by the circulating lysophospholipase D autotaxin or of G-protein-coupled receptor-dependent LPA signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify a role for the autotaxin/LPA-signaling nexus as a mediator of endothelial permeability in inflammation and demonstrate that LPP3 limits these effects. These findings have implications for therapeutic targets to maintain vascular barrier function in inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Panchatcharam
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (M.P., A.K.S., J.B., S.M., J.W., P.P., M.S., A.J.M., S.S.S.); División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, Mexico (E.-A.); and Medical Service, Lexington VA Medical Center, Lexington, KY (A.J.M., S.S.S.)
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