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Dong J, Liu Y, Ma J, Ma H, Stoeck T, Fan X. Ultrastructure of Diophrys appendiculata and new systematic consideration of the euplotid family Uronychiidae (Protista, Ciliophora). MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:551-568. [PMID: 37078077 PMCID: PMC10077282 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of ciliates carries important cytological, taxonomical, and evolutionary signals for these single-celled eukaryotic organisms. However, little ultrastructural data have been accumulated for most ciliate groups with systematic problems. In the present work, a well-known marine uronychiid, Diophrys appendiculata, was investigated using electron microscopy and a comparison with, and a discussion considering, phylogenetic analyses were made. The new findings primarily show that: (i) this species lacks the typical alveolar plate, bears cortical ampule-like extrusomes, and has microtubular triads in the dorsal pellicle, and thus exhibits some ultrastructural features in common with most of its previously studied congeners; (ii) each adoral membranelle before the level of frontal cirrus II/2 contains three rows of kinetosomes and each membranelle after the level of frontal cirrus II/2 contains four rows, which might be related with morphogenesis and could be considered as a distinctive character of Diophrys; (iii) some structural details of the buccal field, such as the extra-pellicular fibrils, pellicle, pharyngeal disks and microtubular sheet, were documented. In addition, based on the ultrastructural comparison of representatives, we discuss the differentiation between the subfamilies Diophryinae and Uronychiinae. A hypothetical systematic relationship of members in the order Euplotida based on a wide range of data is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Dong
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Jiyang Ma
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Ecology Group, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Xinpeng Fan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
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Gong ZW, Fan XP, Ma R, Ni B. Ultrastructure of vegetative cells and resting cysts, and live observations of the encystation and excystation processes in Diophrys oligothrix
Borror, 1965 (Protista, Ciliophora). J Morphol 2018; 279:1397-1407. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Gong
- School of Life Sciences; East China Normal University; Shanghai China
| | - Xin-Peng Fan
- School of Life Sciences; East China Normal University; Shanghai China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Life Sciences; East China Normal University; Shanghai China
| | - Bing Ni
- School of Life Sciences; East China Normal University; Shanghai China
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Yang WW, Wang Y, Huang B, Wang NX, Wei ZB, Luo J, Miao AJ, Yang LY. TiO2 nanoparticles act as a carrier of Cd bioaccumulation in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7568-7575. [PMID: 24912115 DOI: 10.1021/es500694t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
When nanoparticles can enter a unicellular organism directly, how may they affect the bioaccumulation and toxicity of other pollutants already present in the environment? To answer this question, we conducted experiments with a protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. The well-dispersed polyacrylate-coated TiO2 nanoparticles (PAA-TiO2-NPs) were used as a representative nanomaterial, and Cd as a conventional pollutant. We found that PAA-TiO2-NPs could get into Tetrahymena cells directly. Such internalization was first induced by low concentrations of Cd, but later suppressed when Cd concentrations were higher than 1 μg/L. Considering its significant adsorption on PAA-TiO2-NPs, Cd could be taken up by T. thermophila in the form of free ion or metal-nanoparticle complexes. The latter route accounted for 46.3% of Cd internalization. During the 5 h depuration period, 4.34-22.1% of Cd was excreted out, which was independent of the concentrations of intracellular Cd and PAA-TiO2-NPs. On the other hand, both free and intracellular Cd concentrations only partly predicted its toxicity at different levels of PAA-TiO2-NPs. This may have resulted from PAA-TiO2-NPs' synergistic effects and the distinct subcellular distribution of Cd taken up via the two routes above. Overall, we should pay attention to the carrier effects of nanoparticles when assessing their environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, China
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Mata TM, Haddad NM, Holyoak M. How invader traits interact with resident communities and resource availability to determine invasion success. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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FAHRNI JOSEF. Morphologie et Ultrastructure deSpirochona gemmipara Stein, 1852 (Ciliophora, Chonotrichida). I. Structures Corticales et Buccales de I'Adulte1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb04009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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SMITH HARRIETTE. Oral Apparatus Structure in the Carnivorous Macrostomal Form ofTetrahymena vorax. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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WICKLOW BARRYJ. Ultrastructure and Cortical Morphogenesis in the Euplotine HypotrichCertesia quadrinucleataFabre-Domergue, 1885 (Ciliophora, Protozoa)1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1983.tb02912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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WEDEMAYER GARYJ, WILCOX LEEW. The Ultrastructure of the Freshwater, Colorless DinoflagellatePeridiniopsis berolinense(Lemm.) Bourrelly (Mastigophora, Dinoflagellida)1,2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb02992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KLOETZEL JOHNA. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Stomatogenesis Accompanying Conjugation inEuplotes aediculatus*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb05188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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SMITH-SOMERVILLE HARRIETTE, VERCHOT MARTHAE, RYALS PHILLIPE. Food Vacuoles During Heat-Shock-Induced Transformation from the Microstomal to the Macrostomal Cell Type ofTetrahymena vorax1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grim JN, Clements KD. Description of a new species of opalinid by light microscopy, SEM and TEM: Protoopalina polykineta, n. sp. from the intestines of the surgeonfish, Acanthurus nigrofuscus. Eur J Protistol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(96)80042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The ciliated protists (ciliates) offer a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between chemoreception and cell structure. Ciliates resemble chemosensory neurons in their responses to stimuli and presence of cilia. Ciliates have highly patterned surfaces that should permit precise localization of chemoreceptors in relation to effector organelles. Furthermore, ciliates are easy to grow and to manipulate genetically; they can also be readily studied biochemically and by electrophysiological techniques. This review contains a comparative description of the ultrastructural features of the ciliate cell surface relevant to chemoreception, examines the structural features of putative chemoreceptive cilia, and provides a summary of the electron microscopic information available so far bearing on chemoreceptive aspects of swimming, feeding, excretion, endocytosis, and sexual responses of ciliates. The electron microscopic identification and localization of specific chemoreceptive macromolecules and organelles at the molecular level have not yet been achieved in ciliates. These await the development of specific probes for chemoreceptor and transduction macromolecules. Nevertheless, the electron microscope has provided a wealth of information about the surface features of ciliates where chemoreception is believed to take place. Such morphological information will prove essential to a complete understanding of reception and transduction at the molecular level. In the ciliates, major questions to be answered relate to the apportionment of chemoreceptive functions between the cilia and cell soma, the global distribution of receptors in relation to the anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and left-right axes of the cell, and the relationship of receptors to ultrastructural components of the cell coat, cell membrane, and cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hufnagel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881
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Fok AK, Allen RD. The phagosome-lysosome membrane system and its regulation in Paramecium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1990; 123:61-94. [PMID: 2289851 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Fok
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822
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The feeding apparatus of a chitinivorous ciliate. Tissue Cell 1987; 19:351-63. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(87)90031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/1986] [Revised: 02/05/1987] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Ruthmann A. The oral apparatus of the ciliate Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy: possible involvement of microtubules in the structural support of a cortical domain and the translocation of vesicles. Differentiation 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1983.tb01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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SMITH HARRIETTE. Oral Apparatus Structure in the Carnivorous Macrostomal Form of Tetrahymena vorax. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb05452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaul N, Sapra G, Dass C. Intracellular Digestive Channel System in the Ciliate Stylonychia mytilus Ehrenberg. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(82)80061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hausmann K, Hausmann E. Structural studies on Trichodina pediculus (Ciliophora, Peritricha). I. The locomotor fringe and the oral apparatus. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1981; 74:131-43. [PMID: 6787212 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(81)80071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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HAUSMANN K, PECK R. The Mode of Function of the Cytopharyngeal Basket of the Ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius. Differentiation 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1979.tb01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Foissner W. Euplotes moebiusi f. quadricirratus (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) I. Die Feinstruktur des Cortex und der argyrophilen Strukturen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(78)80014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Kaneshiro ES, Holz GG. Observations on the ultrastructure of Uronema spp., marine scuticociliates. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1976; 23:503-17. [PMID: 826622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1976.tb03829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Observations of the ultrastructure of marine scuticociliatids, tentatively assigned to the genus Uronema, were made by light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. Giant, cortically oriented mitochondria filled the subpellicular, intermeridional areas, and were in close association with the epiplasm immediately under the inner alveolar sac membranes. Reconstructions of serial sections of the posterior poles of ciliates indicated that the intermeridional mitochondria could fuse at that point and the entire chondriome might at times be a single organelle. A system of tubules was observed to be intimately associated with the mitochondria in the posterior region. The tubules anastomosed and were directed posteriorly into the region of the nephridial-contractile vacuole system. The outer surfaces were coated with projections arranged in helical patterns. The system may be regarded as a fluid segregation organelle. The tripartite nature of the polar basal body complex observed by silver impregnation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The 3 structures were the basal body of the caudal cilium and 2 parasomal sacs. A prominent ring around the caudal cilium was observed by scanning electron microscopy; it is probably responsible for the silver deposition surrounding the polar basal body complex that can be seen by light microscopy of silver-impregnated specimens. The ultrastructure of the nonmotile caudal cilium and its kinetosome was unremarkable, being like that of the motile, somatic cilia. The micronuclear and macronuclear outer membranes were continuous at several sites. Such interconnections explain the intimate physical relationship between the nuclei during interphase in many ciliates, and could be a structural basis for chemical communication between the 2 nuclear types. Within the cytoplasm surrounding the opening of the cytoproct, numerous clear vesicles were observed. Their position and appearance suggested that the cytoproct may be involved in the elimination of solutions as well as solids. Food vacuoles, cortical microtubules, lamellar vesicles, disc-shaped vesicles, mucocysts, and a contractile vacuole and its pore were also observed.
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Bradbury PC, Goyal V. The fine structure of a parasitic ciliate Terebrospira during ingestion of the exoskeleton of a shrimp Palaemonetes. Tissue Cell 1976; 8:573-82. [PMID: 828329 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(76)90031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ciliated protozoan, Terebrospira chattoni, invades the exoskeleton of the shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, eating out long galleries parallel to the surface of the exoskeleton. Solubilization of the exoskeleton occurs around an area of the elaborately infolded surface membrane at the anterior of the organism. Dissolved products of the digestion of the exoskeleton are taken into the body by the formation of coated vesicles at pores in the membrane. The surface membrane that is taken in by pinocytosis is apparently recycled by the introduction into the membrane of organelles implicated in membrane recycling in other ciliates. Acid phosphatase can be demonstrated on the surface membrane as well as in the endocuticle around the organism.
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Sapra GR, Kloetzel JA. Programmed autophagocytosis accompanying conjugation in the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus. Dev Biol 1975; 42:84-94. [PMID: 1112445 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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