1
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Jones G, Kleckner N, Zickler D. Meiosis through three centuries. Chromosoma 2024; 133:93-115. [PMID: 38730132 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-024-00822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Meiosis is the specialized cellular program that underlies gamete formation for sexual reproduction. It is therefore not only interesting but also a fundamentally important subject for investigation. An especially attractive feature of this program is that many of the processes of special interest involve organized chromosomes, thus providing the possibility to see chromosomes "in action". Analysis of meiosis has also proven to be useful in discovering and understanding processes that are universal to all chromosomal programs. Here we provide an overview of the different historical moments when the gap between observation and understanding of mechanisms and/or roles for the new discovered molecules was bridged. This review reflects also the synergy of thinking and discussion among our three laboratories during the past several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Jones
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nancy Kleckner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Denise Zickler
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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2
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Kursel LE, Martinez JEA, Rog O. A suppressor screen in C. elegans identifies a multiprotein interaction that stabilizes the synaptonemal complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2314335120. [PMID: 38055743 PMCID: PMC10723054 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314335120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful chromosome segregation into gametes depends on tightly regulated interactions between the parental chromosomes. During meiosis, chromosomes are aligned end-to-end by an interface called the synaptonemal complex, which also regulates exchanges between them. However, despite the functional and ultrastructural conservation of this essential interface, how protein-protein interactions within the synaptonemal complex regulate chromosomal interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a genetic interaction in the C. elegans synaptonemal complex, comprised of short segments of three proteins, SYP-1, SYP-3, and SYP-4. We identified the interaction through a saturated suppressor screen of a mutant that destabilizes the synaptonemal complex. The specificity and tight distribution of suppressors suggest a charge-based interface that promotes interactions between synaptonemal complex subunits and, in turn, allows intimate interactions between chromosomes. Our work highlights the power of genetic studies to illuminate the mechanisms that underlie meiotic chromosome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Kursel
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Jesus E. Aguayo Martinez
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Ofer Rog
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
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3
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Zickler D, Kleckner N. Meiosis: Dances Between Homologs. Annu Rev Genet 2023; 57:1-63. [PMID: 37788458 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-061323-044915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The raison d'être of meiosis is shuffling of genetic information via Mendelian segregation and, within individual chromosomes, by DNA crossing-over. These outcomes are enabled by a complex cellular program in which interactions between homologous chromosomes play a central role. We first provide a background regarding the basic principles of this program. We then summarize the current understanding of the DNA events of recombination and of three processes that involve whole chromosomes: homolog pairing, crossover interference, and chiasma maturation. All of these processes are implemented by direct physical interaction of recombination complexes with underlying chromosome structures. Finally, we present convergent lines of evidence that the meiotic program may have evolved by coupling of this interaction to late-stage mitotic chromosome morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Zickler
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nancy Kleckner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
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4
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Dluzewska J, Dziegielewski W, Szymanska-Lejman M, Gazecka M, Henderson IR, Higgins JD, Ziolkowski PA. MSH2 stimulates interfering and inhibits non-interfering crossovers in response to genetic polymorphism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6716. [PMID: 37872134 PMCID: PMC10593791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic crossovers can be formed through the interfering pathway, in which one crossover prevents another from forming nearby, or by an independent non-interfering pathway. In Arabidopsis, local sequence polymorphism between homologs can stimulate interfering crossovers in a MSH2-dependent manner. To understand how MSH2 regulates crossovers formed by the two pathways, we combined Arabidopsis mutants that elevate non-interfering crossovers with msh2 mutants. We demonstrate that MSH2 blocks non-interfering crossovers at polymorphic loci, which is the opposite effect to interfering crossovers. We also observe MSH2-independent crossover inhibition at highly polymorphic sites. We measure recombination along the chromosome arms in lines differing in patterns of heterozygosity and observe a MSH2-dependent crossover increase at the boundaries between heterozygous and homozygous regions. Here, we show that MSH2 is a master regulator of meiotic DSB repair in Arabidopsis, with antagonistic effects on interfering and non-interfering crossovers, which shapes the crossover landscape in relation to interhomolog polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dluzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dziegielewski
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maja Szymanska-Lejman
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Gazecka
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James D Higgins
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Piotr A Ziolkowski
- Laboratory of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
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5
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Lian Q, Maestroni L, Gaudin M, Llorente B, Mercier R. Meiotic recombination is confirmed to be unusually high in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. iScience 2023; 26:107614. [PMID: 37664590 PMCID: PMC10474467 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, meiotic crossovers (COs) are limited to 1-3 per chromosome, and are prevented from occurring close to one another by CO interference. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, an exception to these general rules, was reported to have the highest CO number per chromosome and no or weak interference. However, global CO frequency was indirectly estimated, calling for confirmation. Here, we used an innovative strategy to determine COs genome-wide in S. pombe. We confirmed weak CO interference, acting at physical distances compatible with the patterning of recombination precursors. We revealed a slight co-variation in CO number between chromosomes, suggesting that a limiting pro-CO factor varies between meiocytes. CO number per chromosome varies proportionally with chromosome size, with the three chromosomes having, on average, 15.9, 12.5, and 7.0 COs, respectively. This reinforces S. pombe's status as the eukaryote with the highest CO number per chromosome described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Lian
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laetitia Maestroni
- CNRS UMR7258, INSERM U1068, Aix Marseille Université UM105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Gaudin
- CNRS UMR7258, INSERM U1068, Aix Marseille Université UM105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Llorente
- CNRS UMR7258, INSERM U1068, Aix Marseille Université UM105, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Raphael Mercier
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Kursel LE, Martinez JEA, Rog O. A suppressor screen in C. elegans identifies a multi-protein interaction interface that stabilizes the synaptonemal complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554166. [PMID: 37662357 PMCID: PMC10473659 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Successful chromosome segregation into gametes depends on tightly-regulated interactions between the parental chromosomes. During meiosis, chromosomes are aligned end-to-end by an interface called the synaptonemal complex, which also regulates exchanges between them. However, despite the functional and ultrastructural conservation of this essential interface, how protein-protein interactions within the synaptonemal complex regulate chromosomal interactions remains poorly understood. Here we describe a novel interaction interface in the C. elegans synaptonemal complex, comprised of short segments of three proteins, SYP-1, SYP-3 and SYP-4. We identified the interface through a saturated suppressor screen of a mutant that destabilizes the synaptonemal complex. The specificity and tight distribution of suppressors point to a charge-based interface that promotes interactions between synaptonemal complex subunits and, in turn, allows intimate interactions between chromosomes. Our work highlights the power of genetic studies to illuminate the mechanisms that underly meiotic chromosome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Kursel
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, United States
| | - Jesus E. Aguayo Martinez
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, United States
| | - Ofer Rog
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, United States
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7
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Girard C, Zwicker D, Mercier R. The regulation of meiotic crossover distribution: a coarse solution to a century-old mystery? Biochem Soc Trans 2023:233030. [PMID: 37145037 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic crossovers, which are exchanges of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, are more evenly and distantly spaced along chromosomes than expected by chance. This is because the occurrence of one crossover reduces the likelihood of nearby crossover events - a conserved and intriguing phenomenon called crossover interference. Although crossover interference was first described over a century ago, the mechanism allowing coordination of the fate of potential crossover sites half a chromosome away remains elusive. In this review, we discuss the recently published evidence supporting a new model for crossover patterning, coined the coarsening model, and point out the missing pieces that are still needed to complete this fascinating puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Girard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomiques et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Zwicker
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Mercier
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Li H, Berent E, Hadjipanteli S, Galey M, Muhammad-Lahbabi N, Miller DE, Crown KN. Heterozygous inversion breakpoints suppress meiotic crossovers by altering recombination repair outcomes. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010702. [PMID: 37053290 PMCID: PMC10128924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous chromosome inversions suppress meiotic crossover (CO) formation within an inversion, potentially because they lead to gross chromosome rearrangements that produce inviable gametes. Interestingly, COs are also severely reduced in regions nearby but outside of inversion breakpoints even though COs in these regions do not result in rearrangements. Our mechanistic understanding of why COs are suppressed outside of inversion breakpoints is limited by a lack of data on the frequency of noncrossover gene conversions (NCOGCs) in these regions. To address this critical gap, we mapped the location and frequency of rare CO and NCOGC events that occurred outside of the dl-49 chrX inversion in D. melanogaster. We created full-sibling wildtype and inversion stocks and recovered COs and NCOGCs in the syntenic regions of both stocks, allowing us to directly compare rates and distributions of recombination events. We show that COs outside of the proximal inversion breakpoint are distributed in a distance-dependent manner, with strongest suppression near the inversion breakpoint. We find that NCOGCs occur evenly throughout the chromosome and, importantly, are not suppressed near inversion breakpoints. We propose a model in which COs are suppressed by inversion breakpoints in a distance-dependent manner through mechanisms that influence DNA double-strand break repair outcome but not double-strand break formation. We suggest that subtle changes in the synaptonemal complex and chromosome pairing might lead to unstable interhomolog interactions during recombination that permits NCOGC formation but not CO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosheng Li
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Erica Berent
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Savannah Hadjipanteli
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Miranda Galey
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nigel Muhammad-Lahbabi
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Danny E Miller
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - K Nicole Crown
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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9
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Almanzar DE, Gordon SG, Bristow C, Hamrick A, von Diezmann L, Liu H, Rog O. Meiotic DNA exchanges in C. elegans are promoted by proximity to the synaptonemal complex. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301906. [PMID: 36697255 PMCID: PMC9877436 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, programmed double-strand DNA breaks are repaired to form exchanges between the parental chromosomes called crossovers. Chromosomes lacking a crossover fail to segregate accurately into the gametes, leading to aneuploidy. In addition to engaging the homolog, crossover formation requires the promotion of exchanges, rather than non-exchanges, as repair products. However, the mechanism underlying this meiosis-specific preference is not fully understood. Here, we study the regulation of meiotic sister chromatid exchanges in Caenorhabditis elegans by direct visualization. We find that a conserved chromosomal interface that promotes exchanges between the parental chromosomes, the synaptonemal complex, can also promote exchanges between the sister chromatids. In both cases, exchanges depend on the recruitment of the same set of pro-exchange factors to repair sites. Surprisingly, although the synaptonemal complex usually assembles between the two DNA molecules undergoing an exchange, its activity does not rely on a specific chromosome conformation. This suggests that the synaptonemal complex regulates exchanges-both crossovers and sister exchanges-by establishing a nuclear domain conducive to nearby recruitment of exchange-promoting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Almanzar
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Spencer G Gordon
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chloe Bristow
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Antonia Hamrick
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lexy von Diezmann
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hanwenheng Liu
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ofer Rog
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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10
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Koury SA. Predicting recombination suppression outside chromosomal inversions in Drosophila melanogaster using crossover interference theory. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 130:196-208. [PMID: 36721031 PMCID: PMC10076299 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombination suppression in chromosomal inversion heterozygotes is a well-known but poorly understood phenomenon. Surprisingly, recombination suppression extends far outside of inverted regions where there are no intrinsic barriers to normal chromosome pairing, synapsis, double-strand break formation, or recovery of crossover products. The interference hypothesis of recombination suppression proposes heterozygous inversion breakpoints possess chiasma-like properties such that recombination suppression extends from these breakpoints in a process analogous to crossover interference. This hypothesis is qualitatively consistent with chromosome-wide patterns of recombination suppression extending to both inverted and uninverted regions of the chromosome. The present study generated quantitative predictions for this hypothesis using a probabilistic model of crossover interference with gamma-distributed inter-event distances. These predictions were then tested with experimental genetic data (>40,000 meioses) on crossing-over in intervals that are external and adjacent to four common inversions of Drosophila melanogaster. The crossover interference model accurately predicted the partially suppressed recombination rates in euchromatic intervals outside inverted regions. Furthermore, assuming interference does not extend across centromeres dramatically improved model fit and partially accounted for excess recombination observed in pericentromeric intervals. Finally, inversions with breakpoints closest to the centromere had the greatest excess of recombination in pericentromeric intervals, an observation that is consistent with negative crossover interference previously documented near Drosophila melanogaster centromeres. In conclusion, the experimental data support the interference hypothesis of recombination suppression, validate a mathematical framework for integrating distance-dependent effects of structural heterozygosity on crossover distribution, and highlight the need for improved modeling of crossover interference in pericentromeric regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Koury
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- 2613 Ashwood Ave, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
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11
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Fozard JA, Morgan C, Howard M. Coarsening dynamics can explain meiotic crossover patterning in both the presence and absence of the synaptonemal complex. eLife 2023; 12:e79408. [PMID: 36847348 PMCID: PMC10036115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The shuffling of genetic material facilitated by meiotic crossovers is a critical driver of genetic variation. Therefore, the number and positions of crossover events must be carefully controlled. In Arabidopsis, an obligate crossover and repression of nearby crossovers on each chromosome pair are abolished in mutants that lack the synaptonemal complex (SC), a conserved protein scaffold. We use mathematical modelling and quantitative super-resolution microscopy to explore and mechanistically explain meiotic crossover pattering in Arabidopsis lines with full, incomplete, or abolished synapsis. For zyp1 mutants, which lack an SC, we develop a coarsening model in which crossover precursors globally compete for a limited pool of the pro-crossover factor HEI10, with dynamic HEI10 exchange mediated through the nucleoplasm. We demonstrate that this model is capable of quantitatively reproducing and predicting zyp1 experimental crossover patterning and HEI10 foci intensity data. Additionally, we find that a model combining both SC- and nucleoplasm-mediated coarsening can explain crossover patterning in wild-type Arabidopsis and in pch2 mutants, which display partial synapsis. Together, our results reveal that regulation of crossover patterning in wild-type Arabidopsis and SC-defective mutants likely acts through the same underlying coarsening mechanism, differing only in the spatial compartments through which the pro-crossover factor diffuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Fozard
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris Morgan
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin Howard
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
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12
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Horton HH, Divekar NS, Wignall SM. Newfound features of meiotic chromosome organization that promote efficient congression and segregation in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:br25. [PMID: 36222840 PMCID: PMC9727786 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-07-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although end-on microtubule-kinetochore attachments typically drive chromosome alignment, Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes do not form these connections. Instead, microtubule bundles run laterally alongside chromosomes and a ring-shaped protein complex facilitates congression (the "ring complex", RC). Here, we report new aspects of RC and chromosome structure that are required for congression and segregation. First, we found that in addition to encircling the outside of each homologous chromosome pair (bivalent), the RC also forms internal subloops that wrap around the domains where cohesion is lost during the first meiotic division; cohesin removal could therefore disengage these subloops in anaphase, enabling RC removal from chromosomes. Additionally, we discovered new features of chromosome organization that facilitate congression. Analysis of a mutant that forms bivalents with a fragile, unresolved homolog interface revealed that these bivalents are usually able to biorient on the spindle, with lateral microtubule bundles running alongside them and constraining the chromosome arms so that the two homologs are pointed to opposite spindle poles. This biorientation facilitates congression, as monooriented bivalents exhibited reduced polar ejection forces that resulted in congression defects. Thus, despite not forming end-on attachments, chromosome biorientation promotes congression in C. elegans oocytes. Our work therefore reveals novel features of chromosome organization in oocytes and highlights the importance of proper chromosome structure for faithful segregation during meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H. Horton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Nikita S. Divekar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Sarah M. Wignall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,*Address correspondence to: Sarah M. Wignall ()
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13
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Meiosis: Deciphering the dialog between recombination and the synaptonemal complex. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1235-R1237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Joint control of meiotic crossover patterning by the synaptonemal complex and HEI10 dosage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5999. [PMID: 36224180 PMCID: PMC9556546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic crossovers are limited in number and are prevented from occurring close to each other by crossover interference. In many species, crossover number is subject to sexual dimorphism, and a lower crossover number is associated with shorter chromosome axes lengths. How this patterning is imposed remains poorly understood. Here, we show that overexpression of the Arabidopsis pro-crossover protein HEI10 increases crossovers but maintains some interference and sexual dimorphism. Disrupting the synaptonemal complex by mutating ZYP1 also leads to an increase in crossovers but, in contrast, abolishes interference and disrupts the link between chromosome axis length and crossovers. Crucially, combining HEI10 overexpression and zyp1 mutation leads to a massive and unprecedented increase in crossovers. These observations support and can be predicted by, a recently proposed model in which HEI10 diffusion along the synaptonemal complex drives a coarsening process leading to well-spaced crossover-promoting foci, providing a mechanism for crossover patterning. During meiosis, the number and distribution of crossovers (COs) are tightly controlled, but the mechanistic basis of this control is unclear. Here, by combining experimental data and mathematical modeling, the study advocates a CO patterning model via coarsening through the diffusion of HEI10 along the synaptonemal complex.
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15
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Tan T, Tan Y, Wang Y, Yang X, Zhai B, Zhang S, Yang X, Nie H, Gao J, Zhou J, Zhang L, Wang S. Negative supercoils regulate meiotic crossover patterns in budding yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10418-10435. [PMID: 36107772 PMCID: PMC9561271 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interference exists ubiquitously in many biological processes. Crossover interference patterns meiotic crossovers, which are required for faithful chromosome segregation and evolutionary adaption. However, what the interference signal is and how it is generated and regulated is unknown. We show that yeast top2 alleles which cannot bind or cleave DNA accumulate a higher level of negative supercoils and show weaker interference. However, top2 alleles which cannot religate the cleaved DNA or release the religated DNA accumulate less negative supercoils and show stronger interference. Moreover, the level of negative supercoils is negatively correlated with crossover interference strength. Furthermore, negative supercoils preferentially enrich at crossover-associated Zip3 regions before the formation of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks, and regions with more negative supercoils tend to have more Zip3. Additionally, the strength of crossover interference and homeostasis change coordinately in mutants. These findings suggest that the accumulation and relief of negative supercoils pattern meiotic crossovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taicong Tan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
| | - Yingjin Tan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education , Jinan, Shandong 250001, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Binyuan Zhai
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education , Jinan, Shandong 250001, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
| | - Hui Nie
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmin Gao
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Liangran Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shunxin Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University , China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education , Jinan, Shandong 250001, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine , Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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16
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Chigweshe L, MacQueen AJ, Holmes SG. Histone variant H2A.Z promotes meiotic chromosome axis organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6591205. [PMID: 35608312 PMCID: PMC9339299 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Progression through meiosis is associated with significant reorganization of chromosome structure, regulated in part by changes in histones and chromatin. Prior studies observed defects in meiotic progression in yeast strains lacking the linker histone H1 or variant histone H2A.Z. To further define the contributions of these chromatin factors, we have conducted genetic and cytological analysis of cells undergoing meiosis in the absence of H1 and H2A.Z. We find that a spore viability defect observed in strains lacking H2A.Z can be partially suppressed if cells also lack histone H1, while the combined loss of both H1 and H2A.Z is associated with elevated gene conversion events. Cytological analysis of Red1 and Rec8 staining patterns indicates that a subset of cells lacking H2A.Z fail to assemble a proper chromosome axis, and the staining pattern of the synaptonemal complex protein Zip1 in htz1Δ/htz1Δ cells mimics that of cells deficient for Rec8-dependent meiotic cohesion. Our results suggest a role for H2A.Z in the establishment or maintenance of the meiotic chromosome axis, possibly by promoting the efficient chromosome cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorencia Chigweshe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Amy J MacQueen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Scott G Holmes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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17
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Vernizzi L, Lehner CF. Dispersive forces and resisting spot welds by alternative homolog conjunction govern chromosome shape in Drosophila spermatocytes during prophase I. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010327. [PMID: 35895750 PMCID: PMC9359577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bivalent chromosomes that are generated during prophase of meiosis I comprise a pair of homologous chromosomes. Homolog pairing during prophase I must include mechanisms that avoid or eliminate entanglements between non-homologous chromosomes. In Drosophila spermatocytes, non-homologous associations are disrupted by chromosome territory formation, while linkages between homologous chromosomes are maintained by special conjunction proteins. These proteins function as alternative for crossovers that link homologs during canonical meiosis but are absent during the achiasmate Drosophila male meiosis. How and where within bivalents the alternative homolog conjunction proteins function is still poorly understood. To clarify the rules that govern territory formation and alternative homolog conjunction, we have analyzed spermatocytes with chromosomal aberrations. We examined territory formation after acute chromosome cleavage by Cas9, targeted to the dodeca satellite adjacent to the centromere of chromosome 3 specifically in spermatocytes. Moreover, we studied territory organization, as well as the eventual orientation of chromosomes during meiosis I, in spermatocytes with stable structural aberrations, including heterozygous reciprocal autosomal translocations. Our observations indicate that alternative homolog conjunction is applied in a spatially confined manner. Comparable to crossovers, only a single conjunction spot per chromosome arm appears to be applied usually. These conjunction spots resist separation by the dispersing forces that drive apart homologous pericentromeric heterochromatin and embedded centromeres within territories, as well as the distinct chromosomal entities into peripheral, maximally separated territories within the spermatocyte nucleus. Already the primordial eukaryote appears to have used meiosis for sexual reproduction, because this sophisticated process follows a canonical program in lineages ranging from unicellular organisms to plants and animals. The maternal and paternal copies of a particular chromosome, i.e., the homologs, are first physically linked into a bivalent before the first meiotic division. Linkage is essential for error-free chromosome segregation. In canonical meiosis, linkage is achieved by crossovers. These are regulated so that each chromosome pair is linked, but only by very few crossovers. Surprisingly, crossovers are absent during meiosis in males of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Instead, an alternative homolog conjunction system is used. It is not yet clear how this functions. Here, we demonstrate that the alternative chromosome glue appears to be applied in a locally restricted manner rather than all along the paired homologs. Just two spots of glue appear to conjoin the two homologous chromosomes usually, with one spot linking the left and another the right chromosome arm. Thus, number and location of linkages appear to be similar as crossovers, raising the possibility of mechanistic similarities in the establishment of the two distinct types of homolog linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Vernizzi
- Department of Molecular Life Science (DMLS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian F. Lehner
- Department of Molecular Life Science (DMLS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sen S, Dodamani A, Nambiar M. Emerging mechanisms and roles of meiotic crossover repression at centromeres. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 151:155-190. [PMID: 36681469 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Crossover events during recombination in meiosis are essential for generating genetic diversity as well as crucial to allow accurate chromosomal segregation between homologous chromosomes. Spatial control for the distribution of crossover events along the chromosomes is largely a tightly regulated process and involves many facets such as interference, repression as well as assurance, to make sure that not too many or too few crossovers are generated. Repression of crossover events at the centromeres is a highly conserved process across all species tested. Failure to inhibit such recombination events can result in chromosomal mis-segregation during meiosis resulting in aneuploid gametes that are responsible for infertility or developmental disorders such as Down's syndrome and other trisomies in humans. In the past few decades, studies to understand the molecular mechanisms behind this repression have shown the involvement of a multitude of factors ranging from the centromere-specific proteins such as the kinetochore to the flanking pericentric heterochromatin as well as DNA double-strand break repair pathways. In this chapter, we review the different mechanisms of pericentric repression mechanisms known till date as well as highlight the importance of understanding this regulation in the context of chromosomal segregation defects. We also discuss the clinical implications of dysregulation of this process, especially in human reproductive health and genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Sen
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Ananya Dodamani
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Mridula Nambiar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.
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19
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Lian Q, Solier V, Walkemeier B, Durand S, Huettel B, Schneeberger K, Mercier R. The megabase-scale crossover landscape is largely independent of sequence divergence. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3828. [PMID: 35780220 PMCID: PMC9250513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination frequency varies along chromosomes and strongly correlates with sequence divergence. However, the causal relationship between recombination landscapes and polymorphisms is unclear. Here, we characterize the genome-wide recombination landscape in the quasi-absence of polymorphisms, using Arabidopsis thaliana homozygous inbred lines in which a few hundred genetic markers were introduced through mutagenesis. We find that megabase-scale recombination landscapes in inbred lines are strikingly similar to the recombination landscapes in hybrids, with the notable exception of heterozygous large rearrangements where recombination is prevented locally. In addition, the megabase-scale recombination landscape can be largely explained by chromatin features. Our results show that polymorphisms are not a major determinant of the shape of the megabase-scale recombination landscape but rather favour alternative models in which recombination and chromatin shape sequence divergence across the genome. The frequency of recombination varies along chromosomes and highly correlates with sequence divergence. Here, the authors show that polymorphisms are not a major determinant of the megabase-scale recombination landscape in Arabidopsis, which is rather determined by chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Lian
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Victor Solier
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Walkemeier
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Durand
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Max Planck-Genome-centre Cologne, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany. .,Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Raphael Mercier
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Ruiz-Herrera A, Waters PD. Fragile, unfaithful and persistent Ys-on how meiosis can shape sex chromosome evolution. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:22-30. [PMID: 35459933 PMCID: PMC9273583 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-linked inheritance is a stark exception to Mendel's Laws of Heredity. Here we discuss how the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes (mainly the Y) has been shaped by the intricacies of the meiotic programme. We propose that persistence of Y chromosomes in distantly related mammalian phylogroups can be explained in the context of pseudoautosomal region (PAR) size, meiotic pairing strategies, and the presence of Y-borne executioner genes that regulate meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. We hypothesise that variation in PAR size can be an important driver for the evolution of recombination frequencies genome wide, imposing constraints on Y fate. If small PAR size compromises XY segregation during male meiosis, the stress of producing aneuploid gametes could drive function away from the Y (i.e., a fragile Y). The Y chromosome can avoid fragility either by acquiring an achiasmatic meiotic XY pairing strategy to reduce aneuploid gamete production, or gain meiotic executioner protection (a persistent Y). Persistent Ys will then be under strong pressure to maintain high recombination rates in the PAR (and subsequently genome wide), as improper segregation has fatal consequences for germ cells. In the event that executioner protection is lost, the Y chromosome can be maintained in the population by either PAR rejuvenation (extension by addition of autosome material) or gaining achiasmatic meiotic pairing, the alternative is Y loss. Under this dynamic cyclic evolutionary scenario, understanding the meiotic programme in vertebrate and invertebrate species will be crucial to further understand the plasticity of the rise and fall of heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Ruiz-Herrera
- Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain. .,Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
| | - Paul D Waters
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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21
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Fan C, Yang X, Nie H, Wang S, Zhang L. Per-nucleus crossover covariation is regulated by chromosome organization. iScience 2022; 25:104115. [PMID: 35391833 PMCID: PMC8980760 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic crossover (CO) recombination between homologous chromosomes regulates chromosome segregation and promotes genetic diversity. Human females have different CO patterns than males, and some of these features contribute to the high frequency of chromosome segregation errors. In this study, we show that CO covariation is transmitted to progenies without detectable selection in both human males and females. Further investigations show that chromosome pairs with longer axes tend to have stronger axis length covariation and a stronger correlation between axis length and CO number, and the consequence of these two effects would be the stronger CO covariation as observed in females. These findings reveal a previously unsuspected feature for chromosome organization: long chromosome axes are more coordinately regulated than short ones. Additionally, the stronger CO covariation may work with human female-specific CO maturation inefficiency to confer female germlines the ability to adapt to changing environments on evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunxian Fan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - Shunxin Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong 250001, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Liangran Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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