1
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Joyce W, Warwicker J, Shiels HA, Perry SF. Evolution and divergence of teleost adrenergic receptors: why sometimes 'the drugs don't work' in fish. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245859. [PMID: 37823524 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Adrenaline and noradrenaline, released as hormones and/or neurotransmitters, exert diverse physiological functions in vertebrates, and teleost fishes are widely used as model organisms to study adrenergic regulation; however, such investigations often rely on receptor subtype-specific pharmacological agents (agonists and antagonists; see Glossary) developed and validated in mammals. Meanwhile, evolutionary (phylogenetic and comparative genomic) studies have begun to unravel the diversification of adrenergic receptors (ARs) and reveal that whole-genome duplications and pseudogenization events in fishes results in notable distinctions from mammals in their genomic repertoire of ARs, while lineage-specific gene losses within teleosts have generated significant interspecific variability. In this Review, we visit the evolutionary history of ARs (including α1-, α2- and β-ARs) to highlight the prominent interspecific differences in teleosts, as well as between teleosts and other vertebrates. We also show that structural modelling of teleost ARs predicts differences in ligand binding affinity compared with mammalian orthologs. To emphasize the difficulty of studying the roles of different AR subtypes in fish, we collate examples from the literature of fish ARs behaving atypically compared with standard mammalian pharmacology. Thereafter, we focus on specific case studies of the liver, heart and red blood cells, where our understanding of AR expression has benefited from combining pharmacological approaches with molecular genetics. Finally, we briefly discuss the ongoing advances in 'omics' technologies that, alongside classical pharmacology, will provide abundant opportunities to further explore adrenergic signalling in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jim Warwicker
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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2
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Gong S, McLamb F, Shea D, Vu JP, Vasquez MF, Feng Z, Bozinovic K, Hirata KK, Gersberg RM, Bozinovic G. Toxicity assessment of hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid on morphology, heart physiology, and gene expression during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32320-32336. [PMID: 36462083 PMCID: PMC10017623 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA) is one of the emerging replacements for the "forever" carcinogenic and toxic long-chain PFAS. HFPO-DA is a polymerization aid used for manufacturing fluoropolymers, whose global distribution and undetermined toxic properties are a concern regarding human and ecological health. To assess embryotoxic potential, zebrafish embryos were exposed to HFPO-DA at concentrations of 0.5-20,000 mg/L at 24-, 48-, and 72-h post-fertilization (hpf). Heart rate increased significantly in embryos exposed to 2 mg/L and 10 mg/L HFPO-DA across all time points. Spinal deformities and edema phenotypes were evident among embryos exposed to 1000-16,000 mg/L HFPO-DA at 72 hpf. A median lethal concentration (LC50) was derived as 7651 mg/L at 72 hpf. Shallow RNA sequencing analysis of 9465 transcripts identified 38 consistently differentially expressed genes at 0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L, and 10 mg/L HFPO-DA exposures. Notably, seven downregulated genes were associated with visual response, and seven upregulated genes were expressed in or regulated the cardiovascular system. This study identifies biological targets and molecular pathways affected during animal development by an emerging, potentially problematic, and ubiquitous industrial chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Gong
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Extended Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0355, USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Flannery McLamb
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Extended Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0355, USA
| | | | - Jeanne P Vu
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Extended Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0355, USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Miguel F Vasquez
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Extended Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0355, USA
| | - Zuying Feng
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kesten Bozinovic
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Extended Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0355, USA
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ken K Hirata
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Extended Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0355, USA
| | | | - Goran Bozinovic
- Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0355, USA.
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3
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Perry SF, Pan YK, Gilmour KM. Insights into the control and consequences of breathing adjustments in fishes-from larvae to adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1065573. [PMID: 36793421 PMCID: PMC9923008 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1065573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjustments of ventilation in fishes to regulate the volume of water flowing over the gills are critically important responses to match branchial gas transfer with metabolic needs and to defend homeostasis during environmental fluctuations in O2 and/or CO2 levels. In this focused review, we discuss the control and consequences of ventilatory adjustments in fish, briefly summarizing ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia before describing the current state of knowledge of the chemoreceptor cells and molecular mechanisms involved in sensing O2 and CO2. We emphasize, where possible, insights gained from studies on early developmental stages. In particular, zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae have emerged as an important model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of O2 and CO2 chemosensing as well as the central integration of chemosensory information. Their value stems, in part, from their amenability to genetic manipulation, which enables the creation of loss-of-function mutants, optogenetic manipulation, and the production of transgenic fish with specific genes linked to fluorescent reporters or biosensors.
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4
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Kang J, Nagelkerken I, Rummer JL, Rodolfo‐Metalpa R, Munday PL, Ravasi T, Schunter C. Rapid evolution fuels transcriptional plasticity to ocean acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3007-3022. [PMID: 35238117 PMCID: PMC9310587 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is postulated to affect the physiology, behavior, and life-history of marine species, but potential for acclimation or adaptation to elevated pCO2 in wild populations remains largely untested. We measured brain transcriptomes of six coral reef fish species at a natural volcanic CO2 seep and an adjacent control reef in Papua New Guinea. We show that elevated pCO2 induced common molecular responses related to circadian rhythm and immune system but different magnitudes of molecular response across the six species. Notably, elevated transcriptional plasticity was associated with core circadian genes affecting the regulation of intracellular pH and neural activity in Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Gene expression patterns were reversible in this species as evidenced upon reduction of CO2 following a natural storm-event. Compared with other species, Ac. polyacanthus has a more rapid evolutionary rate and more positively selected genes in key functions under the influence of elevated CO2 , thus fueling increased transcriptional plasticity. Our study reveals the basis to variable gene expression changes across species, with some species possessing evolved molecular toolkits to cope with future OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Kang
- Swire Institute of Marine ScienceSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology LaboratoriesSchool of Biological Sciences & The Environment InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Riccardo Rodolfo‐Metalpa
- ENTROPIE – UMR 9220 (CNRS, IRD, UR, UNC, IFREMER)IRD Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementNouméa cedexNew Caledonia
| | - Philip L. Munday
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
- Marine Climate Change UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOnna‐sonJapan
| | - Celia Schunter
- Swire Institute of Marine ScienceSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong SARChina
- State Key Laboratory of Marine PollutionCity University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong SARChina
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Aspatwar A, Syrjänen L, Parkkila S. Roles of Carbonic Anhydrases and Carbonic Anhydrase Related Proteins in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084342. [PMID: 35457162 PMCID: PMC9032886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become one of the most important model organisms in which to study different physiological and biological phenomena. The research field of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase related proteins (CARPs) is not an exception to this. The best-known function of CAs is the regulation of acid–base balance. However, studies performed with zebrafish, among others, have revealed important roles for these proteins in many other physiological processes, some of which had not yet been predicted in the light of previous studies and suggestions. Examples include roles in zebrafish pigmentation as well as motor coordination. Disruption of the function of these proteins may generate lethal outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CA-related studies performed in zebrafish from 1993–2021 that was obtained from PubMed search.
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Velez Z, Costa RA, Wang W, Hubbard PC. Independent effects of seawater pH and high P CO2 on olfactory sensitivity in fish: possible role of carbonic anhydrase. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.238485. [PMID: 33658240 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification may alter olfactory-driven behaviour in fish by direct effects on the peripheral olfactory system; olfactory sensitivity is reduced in CO2-acidified seawater. The current study tested whether this is due to elevated P CO2 or the consequent reduction in seawater pH and, if the former, the possible involvement of carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme responsible for the hydration of CO2 and production of carbonic acid. Olfactory sensitivity to amino acids was assessed by extracellular multi-unit recording from the olfactory nerve of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurat a L.) in normal seawater (pH ∼8.2), and after acute exposure to acidified seawater (pH ∼7.7) but normal P CO2 (∼340 µatm) or to high P CO2 seawater (∼1400 µatm) at normal pH (∼8.2). Reduced pH in the absence of elevated P CO2 caused a reduction in olfactory sensitivity to l-serine, l-leucine, l-arginine and l-glutamine, but not l-glutamic acid. Increased P CO2 in the absence of changes in pH caused reduced olfactory sensitivity to l-serine, l-leucine and l-arginine, including increases in their threshold of detection, but had no effect on sensitivity to l-glutamine and l-glutamic acid. Inclusion of 1 mmol l-1 acetazolamide (a membrane-permeant inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase) in the seawater reversed the inhibition of olfactory sensitivity to l-serine caused by high P CO2 Ocean acidification may reduce olfactory sensitivity by reductions in seawater pH and intracellular pH (of olfactory receptor neurones); the former by reducing odorant-receptor affinity, and the latter by reducing the efficiency of olfactory transduction. The physiological role of carbonic anhydrase in the olfactory receptor neurones remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zélia Velez
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rita A Costa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Peter C Hubbard
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Pan W, Scott AL, Nurse CA, Jonz MG. Identification of oxygen-sensitive neuroepithelial cells through an endogenous reporter gene in larval and adult transgenic zebrafish. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:35-47. [PMID: 33404838 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In teleost fish, specialized oxygen (O2) chemoreceptors, called neuroepithelial cells (NECs), are found in the gill epithelium in adults. During development, NECs are present in the skin before the formation of functional gills. NECs are known for retaining the monoamine neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-HT) and are conventionally identified through immunoreactivity with antibodies against 5-HT or synaptic vesicle protein (SV2). However, identification of NECs in live tissue and isolated cell preparations has been challenging due to the lack of a specific marker. The present study explored the use of the transgenic zebrafish, ETvmat2:GFP, which expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (vmat2) regulatory element, to identify NECs. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we confirmed that the endogenous GFP in ETvmat2:GFP labelled serotonergic NECs in the skin of larvae and in the gills of adults. NECs of the gill filaments expressed a higher level of endogenous GFP compared with other cells. The endogenous GFP also labelled intrabranchial neurons of the gill filaments. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that filamental NECs could be distinguished from other dissociated gill cells based on high GFP expression alone. Acclimation to 2 weeks of severe hypoxia (PO2 = 35 mmHg) induced an increase in filamental NEC frequency, size and GFP gene expression. Here we present for the first time a transgenic tool that labels O2 chemoreceptors in an aquatic vertebrate and its use in high-throughput experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Angela L Scott
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Colin A Nurse
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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8
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Porteus C, Kumai Y, Abdallah SJ, Yew HM, Kwong RW, Pan Y, Milsom WK, Perry SF. Respiratory responses to external ammonia in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 251:110822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Koudrina N, Perry SF, Gilmour KM. The role of TASK-2 channels in CO 2 sensing in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R329-R342. [PMID: 32697653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00132.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral chemosensitivity in fishes is thought to be mediated by serotonin-enriched neuroepithelial cells (NECs) that are localized to the gills of adults and the integument of larvae. In adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), branchial NECs are presumed to mediate the cardiorespiratory reflexes associated with hypoxia or hypercapnia, whereas in larvae, there is indirect evidence linking cutaneous NECs to hypoxic hyperventilation and hypercapnic tachycardia. No study yet has examined the ventilatory response of larval zebrafish to hypercapnia, and regardless of developmental stage, the signaling pathways involved in CO2 sensing remain unclear. In the mouse, a background potassium channel (TASK-2) contributes to the sensitivity of chemoreceptor cells to CO2. Zebrafish possess two TASK-2 channel paralogs, TASK-2 and TASK-2b, encoded by kcnk5a and kcnk5b, respectively. The present study aimed to determine whether TASK-2 channels are expressed in NECs of larval zebrafish and whether they are involved in CO2 sensing. Using immunohistochemical approaches, TASK-2 protein was observed on the surface of NECs in larvae. Exposure of larvae to hypercapnia caused cardiac and breathing frequencies to increase, and these responses were blunted in fish experiencing TASK-2 and/or TASK-2b knockdown. The results of these experiments suggest that TASK-2 channels are involved in CO2 sensing by NECs and contribute to the initiation of reflex cardiorespiratory responses during exposure of larvae to hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koudrina
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Yew HM, Zimmer AM, Perry SF. Assessing intracellular pH regulation in H +-ATPase-rich ionocytes in zebrafish larvae using in vivo ratiometric imaging. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb212928. [PMID: 32029462 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells of zebrafish larvae are a sub-type of ion-transporting cell located on the yolk sac epithelium that are responsible for Na+ uptake and H+ extrusion. Current models of HR cell ion transport mechanisms in zebrafish larvae are well established, but little is known about the involvement of the various ion transport pathways in regulating intracellular acid-base status. Here, a ratiometric imaging technique was developed and validated to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) continuously in larval zebrafish HR cells in vivo Gene knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout approaches were used to evaluate the roles of the two principal apical membrane acid excretory pathways, the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE3b; slc9a3.2) and the H+-ATPase (atpv1aa). Additionally, the role of HR cell cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CAc) was investigated because of its presumed role in providing H+ for Na+/H+ exchange and H+-ATPase. The temporal pattern and extent of intracellular acidification during exposure of fish to 1% CO2 and the extent of post-CO2 alkalisation were altered markedly in fish experiencing knockdown/knockout of CAc, NHE3b or H+-ATPase. Although there were slight differences among the three knockdown/knockout experiments, the typical response was a greater degree of intracellular acidification during CO2 exposure and a reduced capacity to restore pHi to baseline levels post-hypercapnia. The metabolic alkalosis and subsequent acidification associated with 20 mmol l-1 NH4Cl exposure and its washout were largely unaffected by gene knockdown. Overall, the results suggest markedly different mechanisms of intracellular acid-base regulation in zebrafish HR cells depending on the nature of the acid-base disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Yew
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada
| | - A M Zimmer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada
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11
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Capolupo M, Díaz-Garduño B, Martín-Díaz ML. The impact of propranolol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and gemfibrozil on early life stages of marine organisms: effects and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32196-32209. [PMID: 30220067 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are ubiquitously detected in the marine environment at the ng-μg/L range. Given their biological activity, these compounds are known to induce detrimental effects on biota at relatively low exposure levels; however, whether they affect early life stages of marine species is still unclear. In this study, a set of bioassays was performed to assess the effects of propranolol (PROP), 17-α ethinylestradiol (EE2), and gemfibrozil (GEM) on gamete fertilization and embryonic development of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus), and on the survival of seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Treatments of PROP (500, 5000, 50,000 ng/L), EE2 (5, 50, 500 ng/L), and GEM (50, 500, 5000 ng/L) were selected to encompass levels comparable or superior to environmental concentrations. Obtained data were tested for dose-response curve fitting and the lowest EC10/LC10 used to calculate risk quotients (RQs) based on the MEC/PNEC. No alteration was induced by PROP on the mussel gamete fertilization, while inhibitory effects were observed at environmental levels of EE2 (500 ng/L) and GEM (5000 ng/L). Fertilization was significantly reduced in sea urchin at all PROP and EE2 dosages. The 48-h exposure to all pharmaceuticals induced the onset of morphological abnormalities in either mussel or sea urchin embryos. Alterations were generally observed at environmentally relevant dosages, except for PROP in mussels, in which alterations occurred only at 50,000 ng/L. A decreased survival of seabream larvae was recorded after 96-h exposure to PROP (all treatments), EE2 (50-500 ng/L), and GEM (500 ng/L). A median RQ > 1 was obtained for all pharmaceuticals, assigning a high risk to their occurrence in marine environments. Overall, results showed that current levels of contamination by pharmaceuticals can impact early stages of marine species, which represent critical junctures in the resilience of coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Capolupo
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, P.zza di P.ta S. Donato 1, 40100, Bologna, Italy.
- Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Beatriz Díaz-Garduño
- Physical Chemical Department, Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria Laura Martín-Díaz
- Physical Chemical Department, Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Abstract
Respiratory chemoreceptors in vertebrates are specialized cells that detect chemical changes in the environment or arterial blood supply and initiate autonomic responses, such as hyperventilation or changes in heart rate, to improve O2 uptake and delivery to tissues. These chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in O2, CO2 and/or H+. In fish and mammals, respiratory chemoreceptors may be additionally sensitive to ammonia, hypoglycemia, and numerous other stimuli. Thus, chemoreceptors that affect respiration respond to different types of stimuli (or modalities) and are considered to be "polymodal". This review discusses the polymodal nature of respiratory chemoreceptors in vertebrates with a particular emphasis on chemoreceptors of the carotid body and pulmonary epithelium in mammals, and on neuroepithelial cells in water- and air-breathing fish. A major goal will be to examine the evidence for putative polymodal chemoreceptors in fish within the context of studies on mammalian models, for which polymodal chemoreceptors are well described, in order to improve our understanding of the evolution of polymodal chemoreceptors in vertebrates, and to aid in future studies that aim to identify putative receptors in air- and water-breathing fish.
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13
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Mendez-Sanchez JF, Burggren WW. Cardiorespiratory physiological phenotypic plasticity in developing air-breathing anabantid fishes ( Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13359. [PMID: 28778991 PMCID: PMC5555888 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology in response to chronic hypoxia is poorly understood in larval fishes, especially larval air‐breathing fishes, which eventually in their development can at least partially “escape” hypoxia through air breathing. Whether the development air breathing makes these larval fishes less or more developmentally plastic than strictly water breathing larval fishes remains unknown. Consequently, developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology was determined in two air‐breathing anabantid fishes (Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Larvae of both species experienced an hypoxic exposure that mimicked their natural environmental conditions, namely chronic nocturnal hypoxia (12 h at 17 kPa or 14 kPa), with a daily return to diurnal normoxia. Chronic hypoxic exposures were made from hatching through 35 days postfertilization, and opercular and heart rates measured as development progressed. Opercular and heart rates in normoxia were not affected by chronic nocturnal hypoxic. However, routine oxygen consumption M˙O2 (~4 μmol·O2/g per hour in normoxia in larval Betta) was significantly elevated by chronic nocturnal hypoxia at 17 kPa but not by more severe (14 kPa) nocturnal hypoxia. Routine M˙O2 in Trichopodus (6–7 μmol·O2/g per hour), significantly higher than in Betta, was unaffected by either level of chronic hypoxia. PCrit, the PO2 at which M˙O2 decreases as ambient PO2 falls, was measured at 35 dpf, and decreased with increasing chronic hypoxia in Betta, indicating a large, relatively plastic hypoxic tolerance. However, in contrast, PCrit in Trichopodus increased as rearing conditions grew more hypoxic, suggesting that hypoxic acclimation led to lowered hypoxic resistance. Species‐specific differences in larval physiological developmental plasticity thus emerge between the relatively closely related Betta and Trichopodus. Hypoxic rearing increased hypoxic tolerance in Betta, which inhabits temporary ponds with nocturnal hypoxia. Trichopodus, inhabiting more permanent oxygenated bodies of water, showed few responses to hypoxia, reflecting a lower degree of developmental phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Mendez-Sanchez
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas .,Department of Biology, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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14
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Tresguerres M, Hamilton TJ. Acid-base physiology, neurobiology and behaviour in relation to CO 2-induced ocean acidification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:2136-2148. [PMID: 28615486 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.144113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental exposure to ocean and freshwater acidification affects the behaviour of multiple aquatic organisms in laboratory tests. One proposed cause involves an imbalance in plasma chloride and bicarbonate ion concentrations as a result of acid-base regulation, causing the reversal of ionic fluxes through GABAA receptors, which leads to altered neuronal function. This model is exclusively based on differential effects of the GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine on control animals and those exposed to elevated CO2 However, direct measurements of actual chloride and bicarbonate concentrations in neurons and their extracellular fluids and of GABAA receptor properties in aquatic organisms are largely lacking. Similarly, very little is known about potential compensatory mechanisms, and about alternative mechanisms that might lead to ocean acidification-induced behavioural changes. This article reviews the current knowledge on acid-base physiology, neurobiology, pharmacology and behaviour in relation to marine CO2-induced acidification, and identifies important topics for future research that will help us to understand the potential effects of predicted levels of aquatic acidification on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Trevor J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 4S2 .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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15
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Behavioural responses of fish larvae modulated by analgesic drugs after a stress exposure. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic landscape of positional memory in the caudal fin of zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E717-E726. [PMID: 28096348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620755114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration requires cells to regulate proliferation and patterning according to their spatial position. Positional memory is a property that enables regenerating cells to recall spatial information from the uninjured tissue. Positional memory is hypothesized to rely on gradients of molecules, few of which have been identified. Here, we quantified the global abundance of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites along the proximodistal axis of caudal fins of uninjured and regenerating adult zebrafish. Using this approach, we uncovered complex overlapping expression patterns for hundreds of molecules involved in diverse cellular functions, including development, bioelectric signaling, and amino acid and lipid metabolism. Moreover, 32 genes differentially expressed at the RNA level had concomitant differential expression of the encoded proteins. Thus, the identification of proximodistal differences in levels of RNAs, proteins, and metabolites will facilitate future functional studies of positional memory during appendage regeneration.
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Wilson CM, Roa JN, Cox GK, Tresguerres M, Farrell AP. Introducing a novel mechanism to control heart rate in the ancestral Pacific hagfish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:3227-3236. [PMID: 27510962 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.138198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although neural modulation of heart rate is well established among chordate animals, the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) lacks any cardiac innervation, yet it can increase its heart rate from the steady, depressed heart rate seen in prolonged anoxia to almost double its normal normoxic heart rate, an almost fourfold overall change during the 1-h recovery from anoxia. The present study sought mechanistic explanations for these regulatory changes in heart rate. We provide evidence for a bicarbonate-activated, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC)-dependent mechanism to control heart rate, a mechanism never previously implicated in chordate cardiac control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Wilson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jinae N Roa
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Georgina K Cox
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.,Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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The sensing of respiratory gases in fish: Mechanisms and signalling pathways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 224:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Tzaneva V, Perry SF. Evidence for a role of heme oxygenase-1 in the control of cardiac function in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1563-71. [PMID: 26994186 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter produced from the breakdown of heme via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; hypoxia-inducible isoform) and heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2; constitutively expressed isoform). In mammals, CO is involved in modulating cardiac function. The role of the HO-1/CO system in the control of heart function in fish, however, is unknown and investigating its physiological function in lower vertebrates will provide a better understanding of the evolution of this regulatory mechanism. We explored the role of the HO-1/CO system in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) in vivo by investigating the impact of translational gene knockdown of HO-1 on cardiac function. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of HO-1 in the pacemaker cells of the heart at 4 days post-fertilization and thus the potential for CO production at these sites. Sham-treated zebrafish larvae (experiencing normal levels of HO-1) significantly increased heart rate (fH) when exposed to hypoxia (PwO2 =30 mmHg). Zebrafish larvae lacking HO-1 expression after morpholino knockdown (morphants) exhibited significantly higher fH under normoxic (but not hypoxic) conditions when compared with sham-treaded fish. The increased fH in HO-1 morphants was rescued (fH was restored to control levels) after treatment of larvae with a CO-releasing molecule (40 µmol l(-1) CORM). The HO-1-deficient larvae developed significantly larger ventricles and when exposed to hypoxia they displayed higher cardiac output ([Formula: see text]) and stroke volume (SV). These results suggest that under hypoxic conditions, HO-1 regulates [Formula: see text] and SV presumably via the production of CO. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the role of the HO-1/CO system in controlling heart function in lower vertebrates. We demonstrate for the first time the ability for CO to be produced in presumptive pacemaker cells of the heart where it plays an inhibitory role in setting the resting cardiac frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velislava Tzaneva
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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