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Li P, Xiong C, Huang B, Sun B, Gong X. Terrestrial locomotion characteristics of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus). J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247238. [PMID: 38752366 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The evolution and utilization of limbs facilitated terrestrial vertebrate movement on land, but little is known about how other lateral structures enhance terrestrial locomotion in amphibian fishes without terrestrialized limb structures. Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) exhibit sustained terrestrial locomotion using uniaxial rotating gill covers instead of appendages. To investigate the role of such simple lateral structures in terrestrial locomotion and the motion-generating mechanism of the corresponding locomotor structure configuration (gill covers and body undulation), we measured the terrestrial kinematics of climbing perch and quantitatively analysed its motion characteristics. The digitized locomotor kinematics showed a unique body postural adjustment ability that enables the regulation of the posture of the caudal peduncle for converting lateral bending force into propulsion. An analysis of the coordination characteristics demonstrated that the motion of the gill cover is kinematically independent of axial undulation, suggesting that the gill cover functions as an anchored simple support pole while axial undulation actively mediates body posture and produces propulsive force. The two identified feature shapes explained more than 87% of the complex lateral undulation in multistage locomotion. The kinematic characteristics enhance our understanding of the underlying coordinating mechanism corresponding to locomotor configurations. Our work provides quantitative insight into the terrestrial locomotor adaptation of climbing perch and sheds light on terrestrial motion potential of locomotor configurations containing a typical aquatic body and restricted lateral structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peimin Li
- Institute of Medical Equipment Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Caihua Xiong
- Institute of Medical Equipment Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Medical Equipment Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Baiyang Sun
- Institute of Medical Equipment Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuan Gong
- Institute of Medical Equipment Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Fogliano C, Carotenuto R, Agnisola C, Simoniello P, Karam M, Manfredonia C, Avallone B, Motta CM. Benzodiazepine Delorazepam Induces Locomotory Hyperactivity and Alterations in Pedal Mucus Texture in the Freshwater Gastropod Planorbarius corneus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17070. [PMID: 38069390 PMCID: PMC10706940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines, psychotropic drugs, are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment due to over-consumption and inefficient removal by sewage treatment plants. Bioaccumulation with consequent behavioral and physiological effects has been reported in many aquatic species. However, the responses are species-specific and still poorly understood. To improve the knowledge, we exposed the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus to 1, 5, or 10 µg/L of delorazepam, the most widely consumed benzodiazepine in Italy. Conventional behavioral tests were used to assess the effects on locomotor and feeding behavior. Histological and biochemical analyses were also performed to detect possible changes in the structure and composition of the foot mucus and glands. The results show a paradoxical response with reduced feeding activity and locomotor hyperactivity. Pedal mucus was altered in texture but not in composition, becoming particularly rich in fibrous collagen-like material, and a significant change in the protein composition was highlighted in the foot. In conclusion, exposure to delorazepam induces disinhibited behavior in Planorbarius corneus, potentially increasing the risk of predation, and an increase in mucus protein production, which, together with reduced feeding activity, would severely compromise energy resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fogliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (R.C.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (R.C.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Claudio Agnisola
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (R.C.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Palma Simoniello
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, 80143 Naples, Italy;
| | - Myriam Karam
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (R.C.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Claudia Manfredonia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (R.C.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Bice Avallone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (R.C.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Chiara Maria Motta
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (R.C.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (C.M.); (C.M.M.)
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Méndez-Narváez J, Warkentin KM. Early onset of urea synthesis and ammonia detoxification pathways in three terrestrially developing frogs. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:523-543. [PMID: 37639061 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Frogs evolved terrestrial development multiple times, necessitating mechanisms to avoid ammonia toxicity at early stages. Urea synthesis from ammonia is a key adaptation that reduces water dependence after metamorphosis. We tested for early expression and plasticity of enzymatic mechanisms of ammonia detoxification in three terrestrial-breeding frogs: foam-nest-dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis (Lf) and arboreal embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Hf) and Agalychnis callidryas (Ac). Activity of two ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) enzymes, arginase and CPSase, and levels of their products urea and CP in tissues were high in Lf regardless of nest hydration, but reduced in experimental low- vs. high-ammonia environments. High OUC activity in wet and dry nests, comparable to that under experimental high ammonia, suggests terrestrial Lf larvae maintain high capacity for urea excretion regardless of their immediate risk of ammonia toxicity. This may aid survival through unpredictably long waiting periods before rain enables their transition to water. Moderate levels of urea and CP were present in Hf and Ac tissues and enzymatic activities were lower than in Lf. In both species, embryos in drying clutches can hatch and enter the water early, behaviorally avoiding ammonia toxicity. Moreover, glutamine synthetase was active in early stages of all three species, condensing ammonia and glutamate to glutamine as another mechanism of detoxification. Enzyme activity appeared highest in Lf, although substrate and product levels were higher in Ac and Lf. Our results reveal that multiple biochemical mechanisms of ammonia detoxification occur in early life stages of anuran lineages that evolved terrestrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Méndez-Narváez
- Calima, Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico, Cali, Colombia.
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Karen M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Republic of Panama
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4
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Burguera D, Dionigi F, Kverková K, Winkler S, Brown T, Pippel M, Zhang Y, Shafer M, Nichols ALA, Myers E, Němec P, Musilova Z. Expanded olfactory system in ray-finned fishes capable of terrestrial exploration. BMC Biol 2023; 21:163. [PMID: 37525196 PMCID: PMC10392011 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smell abilities differ greatly among vertebrate species due to distinct sensory needs, with exceptional variability reported in the number of olfactory genes and the size of the odour-processing regions of the brain. However, key environmental factors shaping genomic and phenotypic changes linked to the olfactory system remain difficult to identify at macroevolutionary scales. Here, we investigate the association between diverse ecological traits and the number of olfactory chemoreceptors in approximately two hundred ray-finned fishes. RESULTS We found independent expansions producing large gene repertoires in several lineages of nocturnal amphibious fishes, generally able to perform active terrestrial exploration. We reinforced this finding with on-purpose genomic and transcriptomic analysis of Channallabes apus, a catfish species from a clade with chemosensory-based aerial orientation. Furthermore, we also detected an augmented information-processing capacity in the olfactory bulb of nocturnal amphibious fishes by estimating the number of cells contained in this brain region in twenty-four actinopterygian species. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we report a convergent genomic and phenotypic magnification of the olfactory system in nocturnal amphibious fishes. This finding suggests the possibility of an analogous evolutionary event in fish-like tetrapod ancestors during the first steps of the water-to-land transition, favouring terrestrial adaptation through enhanced aerial orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian Burguera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Francesco Dionigi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Kverková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sylke Winkler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Brown
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Pippel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Eugene Myers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavel Němec
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Musilova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Lorente-Martínez H, Agorreta A, Irisarri I, Zardoya R, Edwards SV, San Mauro D. Multiple Instances of Adaptive Evolution in Aquaporins of Amphibious Fishes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:846. [PMID: 37372131 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a highly diverse family of transmembrane proteins involved in osmotic regulation that played an important role in the conquest of land by tetrapods. However, little is known about their possible implication in the acquisition of an amphibious lifestyle in actinopterygian fishes. Herein, we investigated the molecular evolution of AQPs in 22 amphibious actinopterygian fishes by assembling a comprehensive dataset that was used to (1) catalogue AQP paralog members and classes; (2) determine the gene family birth and death process; (3) test for positive selection in a phylogenetic framework; and (4) reconstruct structural protein models. We found evidence of adaptive evolution in 21 AQPs belonging to 5 different classes. Almost half of the tree branches and protein sites that were under positive selection were found in the AQP11 class. The detected sequence changes indicate modifications in molecular function and/or structure, which could be related to adaptation to an amphibious lifestyle. AQP11 orthologues appear to be the most promising candidates to have facilitated the processes of the water-to-land transition in amphibious fishes. Additionally, the signature of positive selection found in the AQP11b stem branch of the Gobiidae clade suggests a possible case of exaptation in this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Lorente-Martínez
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Agorreta
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Section Phylogenomics, Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum of Nature Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Zardoya
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Diego San Mauro
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hanada H, Morishita F, Sanoh S, Kashiwagi K, Kashiwagi A. Long-term Xenopus laevis tadpole -heart-organ-culture: Physiological changes in cholinergic and adrenergic sensitivities of tadpole heart with thyroxine-treatment. Curr Res Physiol 2023; 6:100100. [PMID: 38107785 PMCID: PMC10724204 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2023.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study clarified changes in physiological sensitivities of cultured Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 57 Xenopus laevis tadpole-organ-heart exposed to thyroxine (T4) using acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE) and atropine. For preliminary life span and the chemical tests, 60% minimum essential medium (MEM), two types of modified Hank's balanced salt-solution-culture-media (MHBSS-CM) I and II containing relatively lower concentrations of amino acids and collagen were prepared. In preliminary lifespan-test of cultured tadpole hearts, the hearts maintained in 60% MEM was 50 days on average, whereas that of the tadpole-hearts in MHBSS-CMs was extended by 109 days on average, showing superior effectiveness of MHBSS-CMs. 4 min-stimulation by 5 × 10-9 M T4 tended to increase the tadpole heartbeat. 10-9 M ACh decreased the tadpole heartbeat. Frog-heart at 2-4 weeks after metamorphosis completion and tadpole heart treated with 5 × 10-10 M T4 for 45 h also responded to 10-9 M ACh, and low-resting hearts were restored to the control level with the competitive muscarinic antagonist 10-8 M atropine, whereas excessive exposure of 10-5 M atropine to T4-treated tadpole heart did not increase heartbeat in spite of the increased frog heartbeat over the control. 10-14 -10-12 M NE increase the tadpole heartbeat in a concentration-dependent manner, however, 10-12 M NE did not act to stimulate adrenergic receptors on both T4-treated tadpole- and the frog-hearts. These results suggest that T4 induces the desensitization of atropine-sensitive muscarinic and adrenergic receptors in organ-cultured tadpole-heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hanada
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Morishita
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kashiwagi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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Kimura Y, Nakamuta N, Nikaido M. Plastic loss of motile cilia in the gills of Polypterus in response to high CO 2 or terrestrial environments. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9964. [PMID: 37038517 PMCID: PMC10082155 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition of vertebrates from water to land during the Devonian period was accompanied by major changes in animal respiratory systems in terms of physiology and morphology. Indeed, the fossil record of the early tetrapods has revealed the existence of internal gills, which are vestigial fish-like traits used underwater. However, the fossil record provides only limited data on the process of the evolutionary transition of gills from fish to early tetrapods. This study investigated the gills of Polypterus senegalus, a basal ray-finned/amphibious fish which shows many ancestral features of stem Osteichthyes. Based on scanning electron microscopy observations and transcriptome analysis, the existence of motile cilia in the gills was revealed which may create a flow on the gill surface leading to efficient ventilation or remove particles from the surface. Interestingly, these cilia were observed to disappear after rearing in terrestrial or high CO2 environments, which mimics the environmental changes in the Devonian period. The cilia re-appeared after being returned to the original aquatic environment. The ability of plastic changes of gills in Polypterus revealed in this study may allow them to survive in fluctuating environments, such as shallow swamps. The ancestor of Osteichthyes is expected to have possessed such plasticity in the gills, which may be one of the driving forces behind the transition of vertebrates from water to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kimura
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | | | - Masato Nikaido
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyoJapan
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8
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New Data on Nephron Microanatomy and Ultrastructure of Senegal Bichir (Polypterus senegalus). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101374. [PMID: 36290280 PMCID: PMC9598534 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Transitional forms of animals between Pisces and Amphibia are interesting to study, as they are the first to begin the development of a new environment - terrestrial. Such a transitional form are amphibious fish. The study of the structure of the nephron, the main structure that performs an osmoregulatory function, makes it possible to build evolutionary series that describe the processes of transition from the aquatic environment to the terrestrial one. Bichirs is a monophyletic group that arose in the Devonian and formed a species complex only in the Neogene. They share features with lungfish and amphibians, which formed convergently in the early stages of evolution. Therefore Bichirs are of great interest as a transitional form of animals. This study presents new data on the nephron age of Polypterus senegalus. Two groups of features are described. The first group consists of ancestral traits that have been preserved in the modern population of P. senegalus and are associated with habitat conditions in the aquatic environment. The second group is a complex of characters associated with the adaptation of P. senegalus to air breathing and periodic ground migrations. Abstract This study presents new data on the microanatomy and ultrastructure of Polypterus senegalus nephrons. It was shown that the diameter and ultrastructure of renal corpuscles, a well-developed neck segment, and ultrastructure of two types of epithelial cells of the proximal tubule are ancestral signs of the modern population of P. senegalus associated with habitat conditions in the aquatic environment. The outer diameter of the tubules, the height of the epitheliocytes, the presence of two types of epithelial cells of the intermediate and distal tubules of the corresponding ultrastructure, and a large area of nephrogenic tissue are progressive features of the modern population of P. senegalus, associated with adaptation to air respiration and periodic terrestrial migrations, which were formed at the early stages of evolution of P. senegalus convergently with lungfish and amphibians.
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Tunnah L, Turko AJ, Wright PA. Skin ionocyte density of amphibious killifishes is shaped by phenotypic plasticity and constitutive interspecific differences. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:701-711. [PMID: 36056931 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When amphibious fishes are on land, gill function is reduced or eliminated and the skin is hypothesized to act as a surrogate site of ionoregulation. Skin ionocytes are present in many fishes, particularly those with amphibious life histories. We used nine closely related killifishes spanning a range of amphibiousness to first test the hypothesis that amphibious killifishes have evolved constitutively increased skin ionocyte density to promote ionoregulation on land. We found that skin ionocyte densities were constitutively higher in five of seven amphibious species examined relative to exclusively water-breathing species when fish were prevented from leaving water, strongly supporting our hypothesis. Next, to examine the scope for plasticity, we tested the hypothesis that skin ionocyte density in amphibious fishes would respond plastically to air-exposure to promote ionoregulation in terrestrial environments. We found that air-exposure induced plasticity in skin ionocyte density only in the two species classified as highly amphibious, but not in moderately amphibious species. Specifically, skin ionocyte density significantly increased in Anablepsoides hartii (168%) and Kryptolebias marmoratus (37%) following a continuous air-exposure, and only in K. marmoratus (43%) following fluctuating air-exposure. Collectively, our data suggest that highly amphibious killifishes have evolved both increased skin ionocyte density as well as skin that is more responsive to air-exposure compared to exclusively water-breathing and less amphibious species. Our findings are consistent with the idea that gaining the capacity for cutaneous ionoregulation is a key evolutionary step that enables amphibious fishes to survive on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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10
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Bressman NR. Terrestrial capabilities of invasive fishes and their management implications. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac023. [PMID: 35511196 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibious fishes have many adaptations that make them successful in a wide variety of conditions, including air-breathing, terrestrial locomotor capabilities, and extreme tolerance of poor water quality. However, the traits that make them highly adaptable may allow these fishes to successfully establish themselves outside of their native regions. In particular, the terrestrial capabilities of invasive amphibious fishes allow them to disperse overland, unlike fully aquatic invasive fishes, making their management more complicated. Despite numerous amphibious fish introductions around the world, ecological risk assessments and management plans often fail to adequately account for their terrestrial behaviors. In this review, I discuss the diversity of invasive amphibious fishes and what we currently know about why they emerge onto land, how they move around terrestrial environments, and how they orient while on land. In doing so, I use case studies of the performance and motivations of nonnative amphibious fishes in terrestrial environments to propose management solutions that factor in their complete natural history. Because of their terrestrial capabilities, we may need to manage amphibious fishes more like amphibians than fully aquatic fishes, but to do so, we need to learn more about how these species perform in a wide range of terrestrial environments and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R Bressman
- Salisbury University, Department of Biology, 1101 Camden Avenue, Salisbury, Maryland, USA, 21801
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11
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Tunnah L, Wilson JM, Wright PA. Retention of larval skin traits in adult amphibious killifishes: a cross-species investigation. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:473-488. [PMID: 35441298 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gills are the primary site of exchange in fishes. However, during early life-stages or in amphibious fishes, ionoregulation and gas-exchange may be primarily cutaneous. Given the similarities between larval and amphibious fishes, we hypothesized that cutaneous larval traits are continuously expressed in amphibious fishes across all life-stages to enable the skin to be a major site of exchange on land. Alternatively, we hypothesized that cutaneous larval traits disappear in juvenile stages and are re-expressed in amphibious species in later life-stages. We surveyed six species spanning a range of amphibiousness and characterized cutaneous ionocytes and neuroepithelial cells (NECs) as representative larval skin traits at up to five stages of development. We found that skin ionocyte density remained lower and constant in exclusively water-breathing, relative to amphibious species across development, whereas in amphibious species ionocyte density generally increased. Additionally, adults of the most amphibious species had the highest cutaneous ionocyte densities. Surprisingly, cutaneous NECs were only identified in the skin of one amphibious species (Kryptolebias marmoratus), suggesting that cutaneous NECs are not a ubiquitous larval or amphibious skin trait, at least among the species we studied. Our data broadly supports the continuous-expression hypothesis, as three of four amphibious experimental species expressed cutaneous ionocytes in all examined life-stages. Further, the increasing density of cutaneous ionocytes across development in amphibious species probably facilitates the prolonged occupation of terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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12
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Lutek K, Donatelli CM, Standen EM. Patterns and processes in amphibious fish: biomechanics and neural control of fish terrestrial locomotion. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275243. [PMID: 35502693 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amphibiousness in fishes spans the actinopterygian tree from the earliest to the most recently derived species. The land environment requires locomotor force production different from that in water, and a diversity of locomotor modes have evolved across the actinopterygian tree. To compare locomotor mode between species, we mapped biomechanical traits on an established amphibious fish phylogeny. Although the diversity of fish that can move over land is large, we noted several patterns, including the rarity of morphological and locomotor specialization, correlations between body shape and locomotor mode, and an overall tendency for amphibious fish to be small. We suggest two idealized empirical metrics to consider when gauging terrestrial 'success' in fishes and discuss patterns of terrestriality in fishes considering biomechanical scaling, physical consequences of shape, and tissue plasticity. Finally, we suggest four ways in which neural control could change in response to a novel environment, highlighting the importance and challenges of deciphering when these control mechanisms are used. We aim to provide an overview of the diversity of successful amphibious locomotion strategies and suggest several frameworks that can guide the study of amphibious fish and their locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lutek
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - C M Donatelli
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - E M Standen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5
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13
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Rawat A, Chaube R, Joy KP. Air sac and gill vasotocin receptor gene expression in the air-breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to water and air deprivation conditions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:381-395. [PMID: 35166960 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heteropneustes fossilis is a facultative air-breathing freshwater catfish and inhabits ponds, ditches, swamps, marshes and rivers that dry up in summers. It possesses a pair of unique tubular accessory respiratory organ (air sac), which is a modification of the gill chamber and enables it to live in water-air transition zones. In the catfish, three vasotocin (Vt) receptor gene paralogs viz., v1a1, v1a2 and v2a were identified for Vt actions. In the present study, the receptor gene transcripts were localized in the gill and air sac by in situ hybridization, and their expression levels in relation to water and air deprivation conditions were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. The catfish were exposed to 1 h and 2 h in gonad inactive (resting) and gonad active (prespawning) phases. The gene paralogs showed overlapping distribution in the respiratory epithelium of primary and secondary lamellae of gills and reduced lamellae of the air sacs. In water deprivation (forced aerial mode of respiration) experiment, v2a expression showed a high fold increase in the air sac, which was unchanged or inhibited in the gill. Both v1a1 and v1a2 expression was significantly upregulated in the air sac but showed varied responses in the gill. The gill v1a1 expression was unchanged in the resting phase and modestly upregulated in the prespawning phase. The gill v1a2 expression was modestly upregulated at 1 h in both phases but unchanged at 2 h. In the air deprivation experiment (forced aquatic respiration), the v2a expression in the air sac was inhibited except for a mild stimulation at 1 h in the prespawning phase. In the gill, the v2a expression was stimulated with a steep upregulation at 2 h in the prespawning phase. Both v1a1 and v1a2 expression was significantly high in the gill but only modestly increased or unchanged in the air sac. The expression patterns point to a functional distinction; the V2 type receptor expression was higher in the air sac during forced aerial respiration, and the V1 type receptor expression was highly prominent in the gill during forced aquatic respiration. Water and air deprivation treatments caused a significant increase in plasma cortisol level, and the stimulation was higher in the water deprivation fish in the resting phase but equally prominent in the water and air deprivation groups in the prespawning phase. The results indicate that the changes in the expression patterns of Vt receptor genes may be a sequel to stress (hypoxic, metabolic and osmotic), and both Vt and cortisol may interact to counter the stress responses. This study shows that Vt has a new role in the control of air sac functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rawat
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - R Chaube
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682022, India.
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14
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Crawford CH, Webber-Schultz A, Hart PB, Randall ZS, Cerrato-Morales C, Kellogg AB, Amplo HE, Suvarnaraksha A, Page LM, Chakrabarty P, Flammang BE. They like to move it (move it): walking kinematics of balitorid loaches of Thailand. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274826. [PMID: 35322854 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Balitorid loaches are a family of fishes that exhibit morphological adaptations to living in fast flowing water, including an enlarged sacral rib that creates a 'hip'-like skeletal connection between the pelvis and the axial skeleton. The presence of this sacral rib, the robustness of which varies across the family, is hypothesized to facilitate terrestrial locomotion seen in the family. Terrestrial locomotion in balitorids is unlike that of any known fish: the locomotion resembles that of terrestrial tetrapods. Emergence and convergence of terrestrial locomotion from water to land has been studied in fossils; however, studying balitorid walking provides a present-day natural laboratory to examine the convergent evolution of walking movements. We tested the hypothesis that balitorid species with more robust connections between the pelvic and axial skeleton (M3 morphotype) are more effective at walking than species with reduced connectivity (M1 morphotype). We predicted that robust connections would facilitate travel per step and increase mass support during movement. We collected high-speed video of walking in seven balitorid species to analyze kinematic variables. The connection between internal anatomy and locomotion on land are revealed herein with digitized video analysis, μCT scans, and in the context of the phylogenetic history of this family of fishes. Our species sampling covered the extremes of previously identified sacral rib morphotypes, M1 and M3. Although we hypothesized the robustness of the sacral rib to have a strong influence on walking performance, there was not a large reduction in walking ability in the species with the least modified rib (M1). Instead, walking kinematics varied between the two balitorid subfamilies with a generally more 'walk-like' behavior in the Balitorinae and more 'swim-like' behavior in the Homalopteroidinae. The type of terrestrial locomotion displayed in balitorids is unique among living fishes and aids in our understanding of the extent to which a sacral connection facilitates terrestrial walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie H Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Amani Webber-Schultz
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Pamela B Hart
- Sam Noble Museum of Natural History, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA.,Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA
| | - Zachary S Randall
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Cristian Cerrato-Morales
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Audrey B Kellogg
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Haley E Amplo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Apinun Suvarnaraksha
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Lawrence M Page
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Prosanta Chakrabarty
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA
| | - Brooke E Flammang
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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15
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Méndez‐Narváez J, Warkentin KM. Reproductive colonization of land by frogs: Embryos and larvae excrete urea to avoid ammonia toxicity. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8570. [PMID: 35222954 PMCID: PMC8843769 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate colonization of land has occurred multiple times, including over 50 origins of terrestrial eggs in frogs. Some environmental factors and phenotypic responses that facilitated these transitions are known, but responses to water constraints and risk of ammonia toxicity during early development are poorly understood. We tested if ammonia accumulation and dehydration risk induce a shift from ammonia to urea excretion during early stages of four anurans, from three origins of terrestrial development. We quantified ammonia and urea concentrations during early development on land, under well‐hydrated and dry conditions. Where we found urea excretion, we tested for a plastic increase under dry conditions and with ammonia accumulation in developmental environments. We assessed the potential adaptive role of urea excretion by comparing ammonia tolerance measured in 96h‐LC50 tests with ammonia levels in developmental environments. Ammonia accumulated in foam nests and perivitelline fluid, increasing over development and reaching higher concentrations under dry conditions. All four species showed high ammonia tolerance, compared to fishes and aquatic‐breeding frogs. Both nest‐dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis and late embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni excreted urea, showing a plastic increase under dry conditions. These two species can develop the longest on land and urea excretion appears adaptive, preventing their exposure to potentially lethal levels of ammonia. Neither late embryos of Agalychnis callidryas nor nest‐dwelling larvae of Engystomops pustulosus experienced toxic ammonia levels under dry conditions, and neither excreted urea. Our results suggest that an early onset of urea excretion, its increase under dry conditions, and elevated ammonia tolerance can all help prevent ammonia toxicity during terrestrial development. High ammonia represents a general risk for development which may be exacerbated as climate change increases dehydration risk for terrestrial‐breeding frogs. It may also be a cue that elicits adaptive physiological responses during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Méndez‐Narváez
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
- Calima Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico Cali Colombia
| | - Karen M. Warkentin
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
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16
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Wang XP, Balchak DM, Gentilcore C, Clark NL, Kashlan OB. Activation by cleavage of the epithelial Na + channel α and γ subunits independently coevolved with the vertebrate terrestrial migration. eLife 2022; 11:75796. [PMID: 34984981 PMCID: PMC8791634 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates evolved mechanisms for sodium conservation and gas exchange in conjunction with migration from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. Epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) function is critical to systems responsible for extracellular fluid homeostasis and gas exchange. ENaC is activated by cleavage at multiple specific extracellular polybasic sites, releasing inhibitory tracts from the channel’s α and γ subunits. We found that proximal and distal polybasic tracts in ENaC subunits coevolved, consistent with the dual cleavage requirement for activation observed in mammals. Polybasic tract pairs evolved with the terrestrial migration and the appearance of lungs, coincident with the ENaC activator aldosterone, and appeared independently in the α and γ subunits. In summary, sites within ENaC for protease activation developed in vertebrates when renal Na+ conservation and alveolar gas exchange were required for terrestrial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Deidra M Balchak
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Clayton Gentilcore
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Ossama B Kashlan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
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17
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Turko AJ, Rossi GS. Habitat choice promotes and constrains phenotypic plasticity. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210468. [PMID: 35042396 PMCID: PMC8767202 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat choice can either speed up or slow rates of phenotypic evolution, depending on which trait is measured. We suggest that habitat choice plays an analogous, and generally overlooked, role in shaping patterns of phenotypic plasticity. Using our work with an amphibious fish, we discuss two case studies that demonstrate how habitat choice can both promote and constrain expression of plasticity. First, habitat choice during the dry season accentuates adaptive metabolic plasticity and minimizes maladaptive changes to muscle, ultimately increasing survival time out of water. Second, a trade-off between water- and air-breathing drives matching habitat choice, resulting in positive feedback that reinforces respiratory specialization and environmental preference. Overall, these case studies demonstrate that we must consider the interactions between plasticity and habitat choice to fully understand how animals survive in the face of environmental change. Without considering both processes simultaneously, the performance of animals in challenging conditions can be either under- or over-estimated. Finally, because habitat choice shapes the frequency and predictability of environmental changes that animals experience, feedback between habitat choice and expressions of phenotypic plasticity may be an important factor that influences how plasticity evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J. Turko
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Giulia S. Rossi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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18
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Ridgway MR, Tunnah L, Bernier NJ, Wilson JM, Wright PA. Novel spikey ionocytes are regulated by cortisol in the skin of an amphibious fish. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212324. [PMID: 34933603 PMCID: PMC8692953 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a major osmoregulatory hormone in fishes. Cortisol acts upon the gills, the primary site of ionoregulation, through modifications to specialized ion-transporting cells called ionocytes. We tested the hypothesis that cortisol also acts as a major regulator of skin ionocyte remodelling in the amphibious mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) when gill function ceases during the water-to-land transition. When out of water, K. marmoratus demonstrated a robust cortisol response, which was linked with the remodelling of skin ionocytes to increase cell cross-sectional area and Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) content, but not when cortisol synthesis was chemically inhibited by metyrapone. Additionally, we discovered a novel morphology of skin-specific ionocyte that are spikey with multiple cell processes. Spikey ionocytes increased in density, cell cross-sectional area and NKA content during air exposure, but not in metyrapone-treated fish. Our findings demonstrate that skin ionocyte remodelling during the water-to-land transition in amphibious fish is regulated by cortisol, the same hormone that regulates gill ionocyte remodelling in salinity-challenged teleosts, suggesting conserved hormonal function across diverse environmental disturbances and organs in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Ridgway
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Bernier
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Patricia A. Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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19
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Huang S, Yang L, Zhang L, Sun B, Gao J, Chen Z, Zhong L, Cao X. Endogenic upregulations of HIF/VEGF signaling pathway genes promote air breathing organ angiogenesis in bimodal respiration fish. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 22:65-76. [PMID: 34839401 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Air-breathing has evolved independently serval times with a variety of air-breathing organs (ABOs) in fish. The physiology of the air-breathing in bimodal respiration fish has been well understood, while studies on molecular mechanisms of the character are very limited. In the present study, we first determined the gill indexes of 110 fish species including 25 and 85 kinds of bimodal respiration fishes and non-air-breathing fishes, respectively. Then combined with histological observations of gills and ABOs/non-ABOs in three bimodal respiration fishes and two non-air breathing fishes, we found that the bimodal respiration fish was always of a degeneration gill and a well-vascularized ABO. Meanwhile, a comparative transcriptome analysis of posterior intestines, namely a well vascularized ABO in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and a non-ABO in Leptobotia elongata, was performed to expound molecular variations of the air-breathing character. A total of 5,003 orthologous genes were identified. Among them, 1,189 orthologous genes were differentially expressed, which were enriched in 14 KEGG pathways. More specially, the expressions of hemoglobin genes and various HIF/VEGF signaling pathway genes were obviously upregulated in the ABO of M. anguillicaudatus. Moreover, we found that HIF-1α, VEGFAa, and MAP2K1 were co-expressed dramatically higher in ABOs of bimodal respiration fishes than those of non-ABOs of non-air-breathing fishes. These results indicated that the HIF/VEGF pathway played an important role in ABO angiogenesis/formation to promote fish to do aerial respiration. This study will contribute to our understanding of molecular mechanisms of air-breathing in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqian Huang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Lijuan Yang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Marxism, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bing Sun
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Fisheries Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.173 Baishazhou Avenue, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430207, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Cao
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Stress, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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20
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Turko AJ, Rossi GS, Wright PA. More than Breathing Air: Evolutionary Drivers and Physiological Implications of an Amphibious Lifestyle in Fishes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:307-314. [PMID: 34431416 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibious and aquatic air-breathing fishes both exchange respiratory gasses with the atmosphere, but these fishes differ in physiology, ecology, and possibly evolutionary origins. We introduce a scoring system to characterize interspecific variation in amphibiousness and use this system to highlight important unanswered questions about the evolutionary physiology of amphibious fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Bressman NR, Morrison CH, Ashley-Ross MA. Reffling: A Novel Locomotor Behavior Used by Neotropical Armored Catfishes (Loricariidae) in Terrestrial Environments. ICHTHYOLOGY & HERPETOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1643/i2020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Xu P, Zhao C, You X, Yang F, Chen J, Ruan Z, Gu R, Xu J, Bian C, Shi Q. Draft Genome of the Mirrorwing Flyingfish ( Hirundichthys speculiger). Front Genet 2021; 12:695700. [PMID: 34306036 PMCID: PMC8294118 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.695700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin You
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Marine Geological Department, Marine Geological Survey Institute of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Jieming Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruobo Gu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junmin Xu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Bian
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Ord TJ, Klomp DA, Summers TC, Diesmos A, Ahmad N, Das I. Deep-time convergent evolution in animal communication presented by shared adaptations for coping with noise in lizards and other animals. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1750-1761. [PMID: 34196091 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Convergence in communication appears rare compared with other forms of adaptation. This is puzzling, given communication is acutely dependent on the environment and expected to converge in form when animals communicate in similar habitats. We uncover deep-time convergence in territorial communication between two groups of tropical lizards separated by over 140 million years of evolution: the Southeast Asian Draco and Caribbean Anolis. These groups have repeatedly converged in multiple aspects of display along common environmental gradients. Robot playbacks to free-ranging lizards confirmed that the most prominent convergence in display is adaptive, as it improves signal detection. We then provide evidence from a sample of the literature to further show that convergent adaptation among highly divergent animal groups is almost certainly widespread in nature. Signal evolution is therefore curbed towards the same set of adaptive solutions, especially when animals are challenged with the problem of communicating effectively in noisy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Ord
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danielle A Klomp
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas C Summers
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arvin Diesmos
- Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Norhayati Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Indraneil Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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24
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Rossi GS, Wright PA. Does leaving water make fish smarter? Terrestrial exposure and exercise improve spatial learning in an amphibious fish. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210603. [PMID: 34130503 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibious fishes transition between aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and must therefore learn to navigate two dramatically different environments. We used the amphibious killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus to test the hypothesis that the spatial learning ability of amphibious fishes would be altered by exposure to terrestrial environments because of neural plasticity in the brain region linked to spatial cognition (dorsolateral pallium). We subjected fish to eight weeks of fluctuating air-water conditions or terrestrial exercise before assessing spatial learning using a bifurcating T-maze, and neurogenesis in the dorsolateral pallium by immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In support of our hypothesis, we found that air-water fluctuations and terrestrial exercise improved some markers of spatial learning. Moreover, air-water and exercised fish had 39% and 46% more proliferating cells in their dorsolateral pallium relative to control fish, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that fish with more terrestrial tendencies may have a cognitive advantage over those that remain in water, which ultimately may influence their fitness in both aquatic and terrestrial settings. More broadly, understanding the factors that promote neural and behavioural plasticity in extant amphibious fishes may provide insights into how ancestral fishes successfully colonized novel terrestrial environments before giving rise to land-dwelling tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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25
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Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092784. [PMID: 34066886 PMCID: PMC8125950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and long-term experimentations in space or an environment of altered gravity. In addition, each organism should be studied throughout numerous generations to determine the profound biological changes in evolution. Here, we review the significant abnormalities presented in the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems, due to altered gravity conditions. We also review the impact that gravity played in the anatomy of snakes and amphibians, during their evolution. Overall, it appears that gravity does not only curve the space–time continuum but the biological continuum, as well.
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26
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Wright PA. Cutaneous respiration and osmoregulation in amphibious fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 253:110866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Berenbrink M. The role of myoglobin in the evolution of mammalian diving capacity – The August Krogh principle applied in molecular and evolutionary physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 252:110843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kushwaha B, Pandey M, Das P, Joshi CG, Nagpure NS, Kumar R, Kumar D, Agarwal S, Srivastava S, Singh M, Sahoo L, Jayasankar P, Meher PK, Shah TM, Hinsu AT, Patel N, Koringa PG, Das SP, Patnaik S, Bit A, Iquebal MA, Jaiswal S, Jena J. The genome of walking catfish Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) unveils the genetic basis that may have facilitated the development of environmental and terrestrial adaptation systems in air-breathing catfishes. DNA Res 2021; 28:6070145. [PMID: 33416875 PMCID: PMC7934567 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The walking catfish Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) (magur) is an important catfish species inhabiting the Indian subcontinent. It is considered as a highly nutritious food fish and has the capability to walk to some distance, and survive a considerable period without water. Assembly, scaffolding and several rounds of iterations resulted in 3,484 scaffolds covering ∼94% of estimated genome with 9.88 Mb largest scaffold, and N50 1.31 Mb. The genome possessed 23,748 predicted protein encoding genes with annotation of 19,279 orthologous genes. A total of 166 orthologous groups represented by 222 genes were found to be unique for this species. The Computational Analysis of gene Family Evolution (CAFE) analysis revealed expansion of 207 gene families and 100 gene families have rapidly evolved. Genes specific to important environmental and terrestrial adaptation, viz. urea cycle, vision, locomotion, olfactory and vomeronasal receptors, immune system, anti-microbial properties, mucus, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, air-breathing, detoxification, etc. were identified and critically analysed. The analysis clearly indicated that C. magur genome possessed several unique and duplicate genes similar to that of terrestrial or amphibians’ counterparts in comparison to other teleostean species. The genome information will be useful in conservation genetics, not only for this species but will also be very helpful in such studies in other catfishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basdeo Kushwaha
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Manmohan Pandey
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Paramananda Das
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Naresh S Nagpure
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Suyash Agarwal
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Shreya Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Mahender Singh
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Lakshman Sahoo
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Pallipuram Jayasankar
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Prem K Meher
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Tejas M Shah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Ankit T Hinsu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Namrata Patel
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Prakash G Koringa
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388110, India
| | - Sofia P Das
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Siddhi Patnaik
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Amrita Bit
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751002, India
| | - Mir A Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Joykrushna Jena
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
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Moffett AS, Wallbridge N, Plummer C, Eckford AW. Fitness value of information with delayed phenotype switching: Optimal performance with imperfect sensing. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:052403. [PMID: 33327185 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.052403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ability of organisms to accurately sense their environment and respond accordingly is critical for evolutionary success. However, exactly how the sensory ability influences fitness is a topic of active research, while the necessity of a time delay between when unreliable environmental cues are sensed and when organisms can mount a response has yet to be explored at any length. Accounting for this delay in phenotype response in models of population growth, we find that a critical error probability can exist under certain environmental conditions: An organism with a sensory system with any error probability less than the critical value can achieve the same long-term growth rate as an organism with a perfect sensing system. We also observe a tradeoff between the evolutionary value of sensory information and robustness to error, mediated by the rate at which the phenotype distribution relaxes to steady state. The existence of the critical error probability could have several important evolutionary consequences, primarily that sensory systems operating at the nonzero critical error probability may be evolutionarily optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Moffett
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | | | - Andrew W Eckford
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Houpt N, Borowiec BG, Bose APH, Brown NAW, Scott GR, Balshine S. Parental Males of the Plainfin Midshipman Are Physiologically Resilient to the Challenges of the Intertidal Zone. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:111-128. [PMID: 32013739 DOI: 10.1086/707408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The decision of where to rear young is influenced by both the needs of offspring and the costs parents incur in certain rearing environments. Plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) provide extended paternal care in rocky intertidal zones, where they experience regular bouts of aquatic hypoxia and air exposure during low-tide events. We investigated the physiological responses of plainfin midshipman males to three conditions for 6 h that simulate what these fish naturally experience during tidal cycles while nesting: normoxia, progressive hypoxia, or air exposure. Hypoxia- and air-exposed fish exhibited shifts in energy metabolites, driven largely by elevated lactate and glucose content and reduced glycogen content in several tissues (muscle, heart, liver, and brain), but the magnitude of these changes was relatively modest. Hematocrit increased most in air-exposed fish relative to normoxia-exposed fish, contributing to an increase in whole-blood hemoglobin concentration. Air exposure reduced swim bladder oxygen content, suggesting that internal O2 stores are drawn on during air exposure. In a second experiment, we found that aquatic surface respiration and gill ventilation frequency increased in hypoxia-exposed fish relative to normoxia-exposed fish. Overall, our results suggest that plainfin midshipman overcome the challenges of the intertidal environment through a variety of physiological strategies and exhibit little physiological disturbance in response to the fluctuating and extreme conditions created by regular low tides.
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31
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Rossi GS, Cochrane PV, Wright PA. Fluctuating environments during early development can limit adult phenotypic flexibility: insights from an amphibious fish. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb228304. [PMID: 32616545 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between developmental plasticity and the capacity for reversible acclimation (phenotypic flexibility) is poorly understood, particularly in organisms exposed to fluctuating environments. We used an amphibious killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) to test the hypotheses that organisms reared in fluctuating environments (i) will make no developmental changes to suit any one environment because fixing traits to suit one environment could be maladaptive for another, and (ii) will be highly phenotypically flexible as adults because their early life experiences predict high environmental variability in the future. We reared fish under constant (water) or fluctuating (water-air) environments until adulthood and assessed a suite of traits along the oxygen cascade (e.g. neuroepithelial cell density and size, cutaneous capillarity, gill morphology, ventricle size, red muscle morphometrics, terrestrial locomotor performance). To evaluate the capacity for phenotypic flexibility, a subset of adult fish from each rearing condition was then air-exposed for 14 days before the same traits were measured. In support of the developmental plasticity hypothesis, traits involved with O2 sensing and uptake were largely unaffected by water-air fluctuations during early life, but we found marked developmental changes in traits related to O2 transport, utilization and locomotor performance. In contrast, we found no evidence supporting the phenotypic flexibility hypothesis. Adult fish from both rearing conditions exhibited the same degree of phenotypic flexibility in various O2 sensing- and uptake-related traits. In other cases, water-air fluctuations attenuated adult phenotypic flexibility despite the fact that phenotypic flexibility is hypothesized to be favoured when environments fluctuate. Overall, we conclude that exposure to environmental fluctuations during development in K. marmoratus can dramatically alter the constitutive adult phenotype, as well as diminish the scope for phenotypic flexibility in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Paige V Cochrane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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32
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Crawford CH, Randall ZS, Hart PB, Page LM, Chakrabarty P, Suvarnaraksha A, Flammang BE. Skeletal and muscular pelvic morphology of hillstream loaches (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae). J Morphol 2020; 281:1280-1295. [PMID: 32790104 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rheophilic hillstream loaches (Balitoridae) of South and Southeast Asia possess a range of pelvic girdle morphologies, which may be attributed to adaptations for locomotion against rapidly flowing water. Specifically, the connectivity of the pelvic plate (basipterygium) to the vertebral column via a sacral rib, and the relative size and shape of the sacral rib, fall within a spectrum of three discrete morphotypes: long, narrow rib that meets the basipterygium; thicker, slightly curved rib meeting the basipterygium; and robust crested rib interlocking with the basipterygium. Species in this third category with more robust sacral rib connections between the basipterygium and vertebral column are capable of walking out of water with a tetrapod-like lateral-sequence, diagonal-couplet gait. This behavior has not been observed in species lacking direct skeletal connection between the vertebrae and the pelvis. The phylogenetic positions of the morphotypes were visualized by matching the morphological features onto a novel hypothesis of relationships for the family Balitoridae. The morphotypes determined through skeletal morphology were correlated with patterns observed in the pelvic muscle morphology of these fishes. Transitions towards increasingly robust pelvic girdle attachment were coincident with a more anterior origin on the basipterygium and more lateral insertion of the muscles on the fin rays, along with a reduction of the superficial abductors and adductors with more posterior insertions. These modifications are expected to provide a mechanical advantage for generating force against the ground. Inclusion of the enigmatic cave-adapted balitorid Cryptotora thamicola into the most data-rich balitorid phylogeny reveals its closest relatives, providing insight into the origin of the skeletal connection between the axial skeleton and basipterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie H Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zachary S Randall
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pamela B Hart
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lawrence M Page
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Prosanta Chakrabarty
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Apinun Suvarnaraksha
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Brooke E Flammang
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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33
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Ord TJ, Hundt PJ. Crossing extreme habitat boundaries: Jack‐of‐all‐trades facilitates invasion but is eroded by adaptation to a master‐of‐one. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Ord
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Peter J. Hundt
- Bell Museum of Natural History University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology St. Paul MN USA
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34
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Damsgaard C, Baliga VB, Bates E, Burggren W, McKenzie DJ, Taylor E, Wright PA. Evolutionary and cardio-respiratory physiology of air-breathing and amphibious fishes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13406. [PMID: 31630483 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Air-breathing and amphibious fishes are essential study organisms to shed insight into the required physiological shifts that supported the full transition from aquatic water-breathing fishes to terrestrial air-breathing tetrapods. While the origin of air-breathing in the evolutionary history of the tetrapods has received considerable focus, much less is known about the evolutionary physiology of air-breathing among fishes. This review summarizes recent advances within the field with specific emphasis on the cardiorespiratory regulation associated with air-breathing and terrestrial excursions, and how respiratory physiology of these living transitional forms are affected by development and personality. Finally, we provide a detailed and re-evaluated model of the evolution of air-breathing among fishes that serves as a framework for addressing new questions on the cardiorespiratory changes associated with it. This review highlights the importance of combining detailed studies on piscine air-breathing model species with comparative multi-species studies, to add an additional dimension to our understanding of the evolutionary physiology of air-breathing in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikram B. Baliga
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Eric Bates
- Derailleur Interactive Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas Denton TX USA
| | - David J. McKenzie
- UMR Marbec, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer Université Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Edwin Taylor
- School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
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35
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Turko AJ, Cisternino B, Wright PA. Calcified gill filaments increase respiratory function in fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192796. [PMID: 32075528 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology of fish gills is closely linked to aerobic capacity and tolerance of environmental stressors such as hypoxia. The importance of gill surface area is well studied, but little is known about how the mechanical properties of gill tissues determine function. In some fishes, the bases of the gill filaments are surrounded by a calcified 'sheath' of unknown function. We tested two non-exclusive hypotheses: (i) calcified gill filaments enhance water flow through the gill basket, improving aquatic respiratory function, and (ii) in amphibious fishes, calcification provides support for gills out of water. In a survey of more than 100 species of killifishes and related orders, we found filament calcification was widespread and thus probably arose before the evolution of amphibious lifestyles in killifishes. Calcification also did not differ between amphibious and fully aquatic species, but terrestrial acclimation caused calcium deposition on the filaments of the killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus, suggesting a possible structural role when out of water. We found strong evidence supporting a role for filament calcification in enhancing aquatic respiratory function. First, acclimation to increased respiratory demands (hypoxia, elevated temperatures) induced calcium deposition on the filaments of K. marmoratus. Next, gentle removal of filament calcification decreased branchial resistance to water flow, indicating disruption of gill basket positioning. Thus, the mechanical properties of the gill filaments appear to play an important and previously unappreciated role in determining fish respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Bianca Cisternino
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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36
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Stewart TA, Lemberg JB, Taft NK, Yoo I, Daeschler EB, Shubin NH. Fin ray patterns at the fin-to-limb transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1612-1620. [PMID: 31888998 PMCID: PMC6983361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915983117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fin-to-limb transition was marked by the origin of digits and the loss of dermal fin rays. Paleontological research into this transformation has focused on the evolution of the endoskeleton, with little attention paid to fin ray structure and function. To address this knowledge gap, we study the dermal rays of the pectoral fins of 3 key tetrapodomorph taxa-Sauripterus taylori (Rhizodontida), Eusthenopteron foordi (Tristichopteridae), and Tiktaalik roseae (Elpistostegalia)-using computed tomography. These data show several trends in the lineage leading to digited forms, including the consolidation of fin rays (e.g., reduced segmentation and branching), reduction of the fin web, and unexpectedly, the evolution of asymmetry between dorsal and ventral hemitrichia. In Eusthenopteron, dorsal rays cover the preaxial endoskeleton slightly more than ventral rays. In Tiktaalik, dorsal rays fully cover the third and fourth mesomeres, while ventral rays are restricted distal to these elements, suggesting the presence of ventralized musculature at the fin tip analogous to a fleshy "palm." Asymmetry is also observed in cross-sectional areas of dorsal and ventral rays. Eusthenopteron dorsal rays are slightly larger than ventral rays; by contrast, Tiktaalik dorsal rays can be several times larger than ventral rays, and degree of asymmetry appears to be greater at larger sizes. Analysis of extant osteichthyans suggests that cross-sectional asymmetry in the dermal rays of paired fins is plesiomorphic to crown group osteichthyans. The evolution of dermal rays in crownward stem tetrapods reflects adaptation for a fin-supported elevated posture and resistance to substrate-based loading prior to the origin of digits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Stewart
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
| | - Justin B Lemberg
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Natalia K Taft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141
| | - Ihna Yoo
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Edward B Daeschler
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Neil H Shubin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
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37
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Janes TA, Rousseau JP, Fournier S, Kiernan EA, Harris MB, Taylor BE, Kinkead R. Development of central respiratory control in anurans: The role of neurochemicals in the emergence of air-breathing and the hypoxic response. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 270:103266. [PMID: 31408738 PMCID: PMC7476778 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and environmental factors impacting respiratory homeostasis vary throughout the course of an animal's lifespan from embryo to adult and can shape respiratory development. The developmental emergence of complex neural networks for aerial breathing dates back to ancestral vertebrates, and represents the most important process for respiratory development in extant taxa ranging from fish to mammals. While substantial progress has been made towards elucidating the anatomical and physiological underpinnings of functional respiratory control networks for air-breathing, much less is known about the mechanisms establishing these networks during early neurodevelopment. This is especially true of the complex neurochemical ensembles key to the development of air-breathing. One approach to this issue has been to utilize comparative models such as anuran amphibians, which offer a unique perspective into early neurodevelopment. Here, we review the developmental emergence of respiratory behaviours in anuran amphibians with emphasis on contributions of neurochemicals to this process and highlight opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Janes
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval & Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Rousseau
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval & Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Fournier
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval & Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Kiernan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael B Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval & Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.
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38
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Bressman NR, Love JW, King TW, Horne CG, Ashley-Ross MA. Emersion and Terrestrial Locomotion of the Northern Snakehead ( Channa argus) on Multiple Substrates. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:obz026. [PMID: 33791540 PMCID: PMC7671134 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most fishes known for terrestrial locomotion are small and/or elongate. Northern snakeheads (Channa argus) are large, air-breathing piscivores anecdotally known for terrestrial behaviors. Our goals were to determine their environmental motivations for emersion, describe their terrestrial kinematics for fish 3.0-70.0 cm and compare kinematics among four substrates. For emersion experiments, C. argus was individually placed into aquatic containers with ramps extending through the surface of the water, and exposed to 15 ecologically-relevant environmental conditions. For kinematic experiments, fish were filmed moving on moist bench liner, grass, artificial turf, and a flat or tilted rubber boat deck. Videos were digitized for analysis in MATLAB and electromyography was used to measure muscular activity. Only the low pH (4.8), high salinity (30 ppt), and high dCO2 (10% seltzer solution) treatments elicited emersion responses. While extreme, these conditions do occur in some of their native Asian swamps. Northern snakeheads >4.5 cm used a unique form of axial-appendage-based terrestrial locomotion involving cyclic oscillations of the axial body, paired with near-simultaneous movements of both pectoral fins. Individuals ≤3.5 cm used tail-flip jumps to travel on land. Northern snakeheads also moved more quickly on complex, three-dimensional substrates (e.g., grass) than on smooth substrates (e.g., bench liner), and when moving downslope. Release of snakeheads onto land by humans or accidentally by predators may be more common than voluntary emersion, but because northern snakeheads can respire air, it may be necessary to factor in the ability to spread overland into the management of this invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Bressman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - J W Love
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
| | - T W King
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - C G Horne
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - M A Ashley-Ross
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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39
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Rossi GS, Cochrane PV, Tunnah L, Wright PA. Ageing impacts phenotypic flexibility in an air-acclimated amphibious fish. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:567-579. [PMID: 31520114 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to tolerate environmental change may decline as fishes age. We tested the hypothesis that ageing influences the scope for phenotypic flexibility in the mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), an amphibious fish that transitions between two vastly different environments, water and land. We found that older fish (4-6 years old) exhibited marked signs of ageing; older fish were reproductively senescent, had reduced fin regenerative capacity and body condition, and exhibited atrophy of both oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers relative to younger adult fish (1-2 years old). However, age did not affect routine O2 consumption. We then acclimated adult fish (1-6 years) to water (control) or air for 10 days to assess the scope for phenotypic flexibility in response to terrestrial exposure. In support of our hypothesis, we found that older air-acclimated fish had a diminished scope for gill remodeling relative to younger fish. We also found that older fish exhibited poorer terrestrial locomotor performance relative to younger adult fish, particularly when acclimated to air. Our results indicate that ageing diminishes skeletal muscle integrity and locomotor performance of amphibious fishes, and may, therefore, impair terrestrial foraging ability, predator avoidance, or dispersal across the terrestrial environment. Remarkably, older fish voluntarily left water to a similar degree as younger fish despite the age-related deterioration of traits important for terrestrial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paige V Cochrane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Bressman NR, Simms M, Perlman BM, Ashley-Ross MA. Where do fish go when stranded on land? Terrestrial orientation of the mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:335-344. [PMID: 30242836 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to determine which sensory cues the mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus, a quasi-amphibious, hermaphroditic fish, uses to orient in an unfamiliar terrestrial environment. In a laboratory setting, K. marmoratus were placed on a terrestrial test arena and were provided the opportunity to move toward reflective surfaces, water, dark colours v. light colours, and orange colouration. Compared with hermaphrodites, males moved more often toward an orange section of the test arena, suggesting that the response may be associated with camouflage or male-male competition, since only males display orange colouration. Younger individuals also moved more often toward the orange quadrant than older individuals, suggesting age-dependent orientation performance or behaviour. Sloped terrain also had a significant effect on orientation, with more movement downhill, suggesting the importance of the otolith-vestibular system in terrestrial orientation of K. marmoratus. By understanding the orientation of extant amphibious fishes, we may be able to infer how sensory biology and behaviour might have evolved to facilitate invasion of land by amphibious vertebrates millions of years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R Bressman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark Simms
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin M Perlman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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Ishimatsu A, Mai HV, Martin KLM. Patterns of Fish Reproduction at the Interface between Air and Water. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1064-1085. [PMID: 30107418 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fishes by nature are aquatic, many species reproduce in such a way that their embryos are exposed to air either occasionally or constantly during incubation. We examine the ecological context and review specific examples of reproduction by fishes at the air-water interface, including fishes that do and do not breathe air. Four modes of reproduction at the air-water interface are described across 18 teleost orders, from fresh water, estuaries, and sea water. Mode 1, the most common type of reproduction by fishes at the air-water interface, includes 21 families of mostly marine teleosts that spawn in water onto a substrate surface, on vegetation, or into hollow objects such as shells that will later be continuously or occasionally exposed to air. Although the eggs are emerged into air, many of these species do not emerge into air as adults, and only about half of them breathe air. Mode 2 involves six families of freshwater fishes setting up and guarding a nest and guarding on the water surface, either with bubbles or in vegetation. Most of these species breathe air. In Mode 3, annual killifishes in at least two families in seasonally dry habitats bury eggs in mud in temporary pools, then die before the next generation emerges. These species neither guard nests nor breathe air. Mudskippers (Gobiidae) breathe air and use Mode 4, excavating burrows in a soft substrate and then storing air in a subterranean chamber. In a variation of Mode 4, eggs are placed on bubbles within a nesting burrow by swamp eels (Synbranchidae). No fishes from basal taxa are known to place their embryos where they will be exposed to air, although most of these species breathe air as adults. The widespread but still rare, diverse forms of fish reproduction at the air-water interface across a broad taxonomic spectrum suggest repeated independent evolutionary events and strong selection pressure for adult fishes to protect their embryos from hypoxic waters, aquatic predators, pathogens, and UV radiation. Air-breathing by adult fishes appears to be de-coupled from air exposure of developing embryos or aerial emersion of adults during spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishimatsu
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1551-7 Tairamachi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
| | - Hieu Van Mai
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki 851-8521, Japan
| | - Karen L M Martin
- Department of Biology, Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263-4321, USA
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Turko AJ, Maini P, Wright PA, Standen EM. Gill remodelling during terrestrial acclimation in the amphibious fish Polypterus senegalus. J Morphol 2019; 280:329-338. [PMID: 30707482 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fishes are effectively weightless in water due to the buoyant support of the environment, but amphibious fishes must cope with increased effective weight when on land. Delicate structures such as gills are especially vulnerable to collapse and loss of surface area out of water. We tested the 'structural support' hypothesis that amphibious Polypterus senegalus solve this problem using phenotypically plastic changes that provide mechanical support and increase stiffness at the level of the gill lamellae, the filaments, and the whole arches. After 7 d in terrestrial conditions, enlargement of an inter-lamellar cell mass filled the water channels between gill lamellae, possibly to provide structural support and/or reduce evaporative water loss. Similar gill remodelling has been described in several other actinopterygian fishes, suggesting this may be an ancestral trait. There was no change in the mechanical properties or collagen composition of filaments or arches after 7 days out of water, but 8 months of terrestrial acclimation caused a reduction in gill arch length and mineralized bone volume. Thus, rather than increasing the size and stiffness of the gill skeleton, P. senegalus may instead reduce investment in supportive gill tissue while on land. These results are strikingly similar to the evolutionary trend of gill loss that occurred during the tetrapod invasion of land, raising the possibility that genetic assimilation of gill plasticity was an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyam Maini
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily M Standen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Blanchard TS, Whitehead A, Dong YW, Wright PA. Phenotypic flexibility in respiratory traits is associated with improved aerial respiration in an amphibious fish out of water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.186486. [PMID: 30446543 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amphibious fishes have evolved multiple adaptive strategies for respiring out of water, but there has been less focus on reversible plasticity. We tested the hypothesis that when amphibious fishes leave water, enhanced respiratory performance on land is the result of rapid functional phenotypic flexibility of respiratory traits. We acclimated four isogenic strains of Kryptolebias marmoratus to air for 0, 1, 3 or 7 days. We compared respiratory performance out of water with traits linked to the O2 cascade. Aerial O2 consumption rate was measured over a step-wise decrease in O2 levels. There were significant differences between strains, but time out of water had the largest impact on measured parameters. K ryptolebias marmoratus had improved respiratory performance [lower aerial critical oxygen tension (P crit), higher regulation index (RI)] after only 1 day of air exposure, and these changes were strongly associated with the change in hematocrit and dorsal cutaneous angiogenesis. Additionally, we found that 1 h of air exposure induced the expression of four angiogenesis-associated genes - vegfa, angpt2, pecam-1 and efna1 - in the skin. After 7 days in air, respiratory traits were not significantly linked to the variation in either aerial P crit or RI. Overall, our data indicate that there are two phases involved in the enhancement of aerial respiration: an initial rapid response (1 day) and a delayed response (7 days). We found evidence for the hypothesis that respiratory performance on land in amphibious fishes is the result of rapid flexibility in both O2 uptake and O2 carrying capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa S Blanchard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Andrew Whitehead
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yunwei W Dong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Turko AJ, Doherty JE, Yin-Liao I, Levesque K, Kruth P, Holden JM, Earley RL, Wright PA. Prolonged survival out of water is linked to a slow pace of life in a selfing amphibious fish. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.209270. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.209270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rate and life history traits vary widely both among and within species reflecting trade-offs in energy allocation, but the proximate and ultimate causes of variation are not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that these trade-offs are mediated by environmental heterogeneity, using isogenic strains of the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus that vary in the amount of time each can survive out of water. Consistent with pace of life theory, the strain that survived air exposure the longest generally exhibited a “slow” phenotype including the lowest metabolic rate, largest scope for metabolic depression, slowest consumption of energy stores, and least investment in reproduction under standard conditions. Growth rates were fastest in the otherwise “slow” strain, however. We then tested for fitness trade-offs between “fast” and “slow” strains using microcosms where fish were held with either constant water availability or under fluctuating conditions where water was absent for half of the experiment. Under both conditions the “slow” strain grew larger and was in better condition, and under fluctuating conditions the “slow” strain produced more embryos. However, the “fast” strain had larger adult population sizes under both conditions, indicating that fecundity is not the sole determinant of population size in this species. We conclude that genetically based differences in pace of life of amphibious fish determine survival duration out of water. Relatively “slow” fish tended to perform better under conditions of limited water availability, but there was no detectable cost under control conditions. Thus, pace of life differences may reflect a conditionally neutral instead of antagonistic trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J. Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Justine E. Doherty
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Irene Yin-Liao
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Kelly Levesque
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Perryn Kruth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Joseph M. Holden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA, 35487
| | - Ryan L. Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA, 35487
| | - Patricia A. Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Bayley M, Damsgaard C, Thomsen M, Malte H, Wang T. Learning to Air-Breathe: The First Steps. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:14-29. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00028.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Air-breathing in vertebrates has evolved many times among the bony fish while in water. Its appearance has had a fundamental impact on the regulation of ventilation and acid-base status. We review the physico-chemical constraints imposed by water and air, place the extant air-breathing fish into this framework, and show how that the advantages of combining control of ventilation and acid-base status are only available to the most obligate of air-breathing fish, thus highlighting promising avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bayley
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Damsgaard
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mikkel Thomsen
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lorente-Martínez H, Agorreta A, Torres-Sánchez M, San Mauro D. Evidence of positive selection suggests possible role of aquaporins in the water-to-land transition of mudskippers. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pelster B, Wood CM. Ionoregulatory and oxidative stress issues associated with the evolution of air-breathing. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:667-679. [PMID: 30177382 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic areas frequently face hypoxic conditions. In order to get sufficient oxygen to support aerobic metabolism, a number of freshwater fish resort to aerial respiration to supplement gill respiration especially in situations with reduced oxygen availability in the water. In many species a concomitant reduction in gill surface area or in gill perfusion reduces possible loss of aerially acquired oxygen to the water at the gills, but it also compromises the ion regulatory capacity of gill tissue. In consequence, the reduced gill contact area with water requires appropriate compensation to maintain ion and acid-base homeostasis, often with important ramifications for other organs. Associated modifications in the structure and function of the gills themselves, the skin, the gut, the kidney, and the physiology of water exchange and ion-linked acid-base regulation are discussed. In air-breathing fish, the gut may gain particular importance for the uptake of ions. In addition, tissues frequently exposed to environmental air encounter much higher oxygen partial pressures than typically observed in fish tissues. Physostomous fish using the swimbladder for aerial respiration, for example, will encounter aerial oxygen partial pressure at the swimbladder epithelium when frequently gulping air in hypoxic water. Hyperoxic conditions or rapid changes in oxygen partial pressures result in an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accordingly, in air-breathing fish, strategies of ionoregulation may be greatly modified, and the ROS defense capacity of air-exposed tissues is improved.
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48
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Functional morphology of the respiratory organs of the air-breathing fish with particular emphasis on the African catfishes, Clarias mossambicus and C. gariepinus. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:613-622. [PMID: 30195501 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of air-breathing and transition from water to land were pivotal events that greatly determined the ecological diversification, the advances and the successes of animal life. During their relocation onto land, the so-called bimodal breathers were literally caught at the water-air interface. Among such animals are the diverse air-breathing bony fish. Such taxa, however, strictly do not constitute the so-called 'bridging animals', i.e., the inaugural animals that crossed from water to land, nor are they their direct progenitors. The pioneer transitional animals were the Devonian rhipidistian amphibians that possessed a primitive lung which acquired O2 directly from air and discharged CO2 back into the same. By having particular morphological and physiological adaptations for terrestrialness, the modern amphibious- and aquatic air-breathers are heuristic analogues of how and why animals relocated from water to land. It has generally been espoused that lack or dearth of O2 in water, especially in the warm tropical one, was an elemental driver for adoption of air-breathing. There is, however, no direct causal relationship between the evolution of air-breathing and the shift onto land: the move onto land was a direct solution to the existing inimical respiratory conditions in water. This is evinced in the facts that: a) even after attaining capacity of air-breathing, an important preadaptation for life on land, some animals continued living in water while periodically accessing air, b) in the fish species that live in the well-oxygenated waters, e.g., torrential rivers, only few air-breathe and c) air-breathing has still evolved in freshwaters and seawaters, where levels of dissolved O2 are sufficiently high. Here, the structure and function of the respiratory organs of the air-breathing fish are succinctly outlined. Two African catfishes, Clarias mossambicus and C. gariepinus are highlighted.
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49
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Zaccone G, Lauriano ER, Capillo G, Kuciel M. Air- breathing in fish: Air- breathing organs and control of respiration: Nerves and neurotransmitters in the air-breathing organs and the skin. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:630-641. [PMID: 30266194 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In fishes, exploitation of aerial gas exchange has evolved independently many times, involving a variety of air-breathing organs. Indeed, air-breathing occurs in at least 49 known families of fish (Graham, 1997). Many amphibious vertebrates, at some stage of their development are actually trimodal breathers that use various combinations of respiratory surfaces to breath both water (skin and/or gill) and air (skin and/or lung). The present review examines the evolutionary implications of air-breathing organs in fishes and the morphology of the peripheral receptors and the neurotransmitter content of the cells involved in the control of air-breathing. Control of breathing, whether gill ventilation or air-breathing, is influenced by feedback from peripheral and/or central nervous system receptors that respond to changes in PO2, PCO2 and/or pH. Although the specific chemoreceptors mediating the respiratory reflexes have not been conclusively identified, studies in water-breathing teleosts have implicated the neuroepithelial cells (NECs) existing in gill tissues as the O2 sensitive chemoreceptors that initiate the cardiorespiratory reflexes in aquatic vertebrates. Some of the air-breathing fishes, such as Protopterus, Polypterus and Amia have been shown to have NECs in the gills and/or lungs, although the role of these receptors and their innervation in the control of breathing is not known. NECs have been also reported in the specialized respiratory epithelia of accessory respiratory organs (ARO's) of some catfish species and in the gill and skin of the mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri. Unlike teleosts matching an O2-oriented ventilation to ambient O2 levels, lungfishes have central and peripheral H+/CO2 receptors that control the acid-base status of the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Michał Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501 Kraków, Poland.
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Livingston MD, Bhargav VV, Turko AJ, Wilson JM, Wright PA. Widespread use of emersion and cutaneous ammonia excretion in Aplocheiloid killifishes. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1496. [PMID: 30111602 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion of land required amphibious fishes to evolve new strategies to avoid toxic ammonia accumulation in the absence of water flow over the gills. We investigated amphibious behaviour and nitrogen excretion strategies in six phylogenetically diverse Aplocheiloid killifishes (Anablepsoides hartii, Cynodonichthys hildebrandi, Rivulus cylindraceus, Kryptolebias marmoratus, Fundulopanchax gardneri, and Aplocheilus lineatus) in order to determine if a common strategy evolved. All species voluntarily emersed (left water) over several days, and also in response to environmental stressors (low O2, high temperature). All species were ammoniotelic in water and released gaseous ammonia (NH3 volatilization) during air exposure as the primary route for nitrogen excretion. Metabolic depression, urea synthesis, and/or ammonia accumulation during air exposure were not common strategies used by these species. Immunostaining revealed the presence of ammonia-transporting Rhesus proteins (Rhcg1 and Rhcg2) in the skin of all six species, indicating a shared mechanism for ammonia volatilization. We also found Rhcg in the skin of several other fully aquatic fishes, implying that cutaneous ammonia excretion is not exclusive to amphibious fishes. Overall, our results demonstrate that similar nitrogen excretion strategies while out of water were used by all killifish species tested; possibly the result of shared ancestral amphibious traits, phenotypic convergence, or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Livingston
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Vikram V Bhargav
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, ON, Canada N2 L 3C5
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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