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Brunet T. Cell contractility in early animal evolution. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R966-R985. [PMID: 37751712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue deformation mediated by collective cell contractility is a signature characteristic of animals. In most animals, fast and reversible contractions of muscle cells mediate behavior, while slow and irreversible contractions of epithelial or mesenchymal cells play a key role in morphogenesis. Animal tissue contractility relies on the activity of the actin/myosin II complex (together referred to as 'actomyosin'), an ancient and versatile molecular machinery that performs a broad range of functions in development and physiology. This review synthesizes emerging insights from morphological and molecular studies into the evolutionary history of animal contractile tissue. The most ancient functions of actomyosin are cell crawling and cytokinesis, which are found in a wide variety of unicellular eukaryotes and in individual metazoan cells. Another contractile functional module, apical constriction, is universal in metazoans and shared with choanoflagellates, their closest known living relatives. The evolution of animal contractile tissue involved two key innovations: firstly, the ability to coordinate and integrate actomyosin assembly across multiple cells, notably to generate supracellular cables, which ensure tissue integrity but also allow coordinated morphogenesis and movements at the organism scale; and secondly, the evolution of dedicated contractile cell types for adult movement, belonging to two broad categories respectively defined by the expression of the fast (striated-type) and slow (smooth/non-muscle-type) myosin II paralogs. Both contractile cell types ancestrally resembled generic contractile epithelial or mesenchymal cells and might have played a versatile role in both behavior and morphogenesis. Modern animal contractile cells span a continuum between unspecialized contractile epithelia (which underlie behavior in modern placozoans), epithelia with supracellular actomyosin cables (found in modern sponges), epitheliomuscular tissues (with a concentration of actomyosin cables in basal processes, for example in sea anemones), and specialized muscle tissue that has lost most or all epithelial properties (as in ctenophores, jellyfish and bilaterians). Recent studies in a broad range of metazoans have begun to reveal the molecular basis of these transitions, powered by the elaboration of the contractile apparatus and the evolution of 'core regulatory complexes' of transcription factors specifying contractile cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Evolutionary Cell Biology and Evolution of Morphogenesis Unit, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Alzugaray ME, Gavazzi MV, Ronderos JR. Calcium signalling in early divergence of Metazoa: mechanisms involved in the control of muscle-like cell contraction in Hydra plagiodesmica. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has previously examined the effect of neuropeptides on the activity of the hypostome of the hydra Hydra plagiodesmica Dioni, 1968 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). These results showed that the hypostome, a structure extruded during feeding, responds to myoregulatory peptides and that this mechanism might be regulated by changes in the cytosolic levels of calcium (Ca2+). We analyse now the ways in which Ca2+ modulates hypostome activity during feeding. The use of calcium chelators confirms that Ca2+ is relevant in inducing hypostome extrusion. The assay of compounds that modulate the activity of Ca2+ channels in the endoplasmic reticulum suggests that, beyond the extracellular influx of calcium, intracellular sources of the ion are involved and might include both ryanodine receptors (RyR) and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). Bioinformatic searches based on sequences of RyR and IP3R of humans (Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758) show that IP3Rs are present in all groups analysed, including Fungi and Choanoflagellata. Although H. plagiodesmica responds to caffeine and ryanodine, which are known to modulate RyRs, this family of receptors seems not to be predicted in Cnidaria, suggesting that this phylum either lacks these kinds of channels or that they possess a different structure compared with those possessed by other Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Alzugaray
- Cátedra Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCNyM–UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Gavazzi
- Cátedra Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCNyM–UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge Rafael Ronderos
- Cátedra Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCNyM–UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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Tanaka H, Ishimaru S, Nagatsuka Y, Ohashi K. Smooth muscle-like Ca 2+-regulation of actin-myosin interaction in adult jellyfish striated muscle. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7776. [PMID: 29773804 PMCID: PMC5958069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidaria is an animal phylum, whose members probably have the most ancestral musculature. We prepared and characterized, for the first time to our knowledge, native actomyosin from the striated myoepithelium of the adult moon jelly Aurelia sp. The actomyosin contained myosin, paramyosin-like protein, Ser/Thr-kinase, actin, and two isoforms of tropomyosin, but not troponin, which is known to activate contraction dependent on intracellular Ca2+ signaling in almost all striated muscles of bilaterians. Notably, the myosin comprised striated muscle-type heavy chain and smooth muscle-type regulatory light chains. In the presence of Ca2+, the Mg-ATPase activity of actomyosin was stimulated and Ser21 of the regulatory light chain was concomitantly phosphorylated by the addition of calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase prepared from chicken smooth muscle. Collectively, these results suggest that, similar to smooth muscle, the contraction of jellyfish striated muscle is regulated by Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of the myosin light chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan.
| | - Shiori Ishimaru
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nagatsuka
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohashi
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
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Alzugaray ME, Ronderos JR. Allatoregulatory-like systems and changes in cytosolic Ca 2+ modulate feeding behavior in Hydra. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 258:70-78. [PMID: 28733226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Allatotropin (AT) and allatostatin-C (AST-C) are neuropeptides originally characterized by their ability to modulate the secretion of juvenile hormones in insects. Beyond the allatoregulatory function, these neuropeptides are pleiotropic acting as myoregulators not only in insects, but also in other groups of invertebrates. We have previously proposed the existence of AT and AST-C like systems in Hydra sp., a member of the phylum Cnidaria, which is a basal group of Metazoa, sharing a common ancestor with Bilateria. In the present study we analyze the regulatory effects of both peptides on the activity of the hypostome during feeding in Hydra sp. Furthermore, the importance of changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ levels involved in the response of the hypostome were analyzed. Physiological assays showed that while the presence of food or treatment with AT stimulates the extrusion of the hypostome, AST-C has an inhibitory effect on the behavior induced by both, food and AT. These facts suggest that both systems participate in the regulatory mechanisms associated with feeding and, as in insects, AST-C and AT may exert opposite effects. The use of thapsigargin (TG) and nifedipine, two compounds that modify the levels of cytosolic Ca2+, showed that changes in the levels of this ion are involved in the regulation of the activity of the hypostome. Indeed, these results suggest that the two basic mechanisms operating to increase the cytosolic levels of Ca2+ (i.e. the influx from the extracellular space and the release from endoplasmic reticulum) are relevant for the extrusion of the hypostome. Like in insects, the treatment with TG counteracted the effect of AST-C, suggesting that this peptide acts by reducing cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Furthermore, nifedipine prevented the myostimulatory effect of AT, showing that the effect of this peptide depends on the influx of Ca2+ throughout voltage-gated calcium channels. Altogether, these results suggest that the Allatotropin/Orexin and Allatostatin/Somatostatin regulatory systems could represent an ancestral mechanisms regulating hypostome activity and feeding behavior in Cnidaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Alzugaray
- Cátedra Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata FCNyM - UNLP), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Jorge Rafael Ronderos
- Cátedra Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata FCNyM - UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
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Increased calcium deposits and decreased Ca2+-ATPase in erythrocytes of ascitic broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:468-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li K, Qiao J, Zhao L, Dong S, Ou D, Wang J, Wang H, Xu T. Increased calcium deposits and decreased Ca2+-ATPase in right ventricular myocardium of ascitic broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:458-63. [PMID: 17054481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular hypertrophy and failure is an important step in the development of ascites syndrome (AS) in broiler chickens. Cytoplasmic calcium concentration is a major regulator of cardiac contractile function and various physiological processes in cardiac muscle cells. The purpose of this study was to measure the right ventricular pressure and investigate the precise ultrastructural location of Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)-ATPase in the right ventricular myocardium of chickens with AS induced by low ambient temperature. The results showed that the right ventricular diastolic pressure of ascitic broilers was significantly higher than that of control broilers (P < 0.01), and the maximum change ratio of right intraventricular pressure (RV +/- dp/dt(max)) of ascitic broilers was significantly lower than that of the controls (P < 0.01). Extensively increased calcium deposits were observed in the right ventricular myocardium of ascitic broilers, whereas in the age-matched control broilers, calcium deposits were much less. The Ca(2+)-ATPase reactive products were obviously found on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membrane of the control right ventricular myocardium, but rarely observed in the ascitic broilers. The data suggest that in ascitic broilers there is the right ventricular diastolic dysfunction, in which the overload of intracellular calcium and the decreased Ca(2+)-ATPase activity might be the important factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Li
- Department of Animal Physiopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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Shemarova IV, Nesterov VP. Evolution of mechanisms of Ca2+-signaling. Significance of Ca2+-messenger systems during transition of organisms to multicellularity. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093007020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Inoue I, Tsutsui I, Bone Q. Long-lasting potassium channel inactivation in myoepithelial fibres is related to characteristics of swimming in diphyid siphonophores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 208:4577-84. [PMID: 16326939 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diphyid siphonophores swim using bursts of propulsive jets, which are produced by contractions of a monolayer of subumbrellar myoepithelial fibres lining the nectophore. This swimming behaviour is characterised by successive increases in the force generating the jets during the initial jets of the burst. Action potentials that generate the contractions propagate throughout the myoepithelial layer: both their amplitude and duration successively increase during the first part of the burst. To investigate the ionic mechanism of this action potential augmentation, single myoepithelial cells were enzymatically dissociated and whole-cell voltage clamped. Na+, Ca2+ and K+ currents were recorded under different internal and external salt compositions. The Na+ current was blocked by a relatively high concentration (4 micromol l-1 or higher) of tetrodotoxin (TTX), indicating that the Na+ channel belongs to a group of TTX-resistant Na+ channels. The Ca2+ current was blocked by nifedipine (10 micromol l-1) and Co2+ (5 mmol l-1), indicating that the Ca2+ channel is L-type. The K+ current possessed a unique property of long-lasting inactivation. The K+ current fully inactivated during a depolarisation to +30 mV with a time-constant of approximately 9 ms, and the time constant of recovery from inactivation at -70 mV was 13.2 s. This long-lasting inactivation of the K+ channel was the major factor in the augmentation of both action potentials and contractions of the myoepithelial sheet during the initial part of the burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Inoue
- Ine Marine Laboratory of National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Ine, Kyoto 626-0424, Japan.
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Megill WM, Gosline JM, Blake RW. The modulus of elasticity of fibrillin-containing elastic fibres in the mesoglea of the hydromedusa Polyorchis penicillatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 208:3819-34. [PMID: 16215211 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydromedusan jellyfish swim by rhythmic pulsation of their mesogleal bells. A single swimming muscle contracts to create thrust by ejecting water from the subumbrellar cavity. At the end of the contraction, energy stored in the deformation of the mesogleal bell powers the refilling stage, during which water is sucked back into the subumbrellar cavity. The mesoglea is a mucopolysaccharide gel reinforced with radially oriented fibres made primarily of a protein homologous to mammalian fibrillin. Most of the energy required to power the refill stroke is thought to be stored by stretching these fibres. The elastic modulus of similar fibrillin-rich fibres has been measured in other systems and found to be in the range of 0.2 to 1.1 MPa. In this paper, we measured the diameters of the fibres, their density throughout the bell, and the mechanical behaviour of the mesoglea, both in isolated samples and in an intact bell preparation. Using this information, we calculated the stiffness of the fibres of the hydromedusa Polyorchis penicillatus, which we found to be approximately 0.9 MPa, similar in magnitude to other species. This value is two orders of magnitude more compliant than the stiffness of the component fibrillin microfibrils previously reported. We show that the structure of the radial fibres can be modelled as a parallel fibre-reinforced composite and reconcile the stiffness difference by reinterpreting the previously reported data. We separate the contributions to the bell elasticity of the fibres and mesogleal matrix and calculate the energy storage capacity of the fibres using the calculated value of their stiffness and measured densities and diameters. We conclude that there is enough energy potential in the fibres alone to account for the energy required to refill the subumbrellar cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Megill
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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von Dassow P, Latz MI. The role of Ca2+ in stimulated bioluminescence of the dinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrum. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:2971-86. [PMID: 12200401 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.19.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYMany marine dinoflagellates emit bright discrete flashes of light nearly instantaneously in response to either laminar or turbulent flows as well as to direct mechanical stimulation. The flash involves a unique pH-dependent luciferase and a proton-mediated action potential across the vacuole membrane. The mechanotransduction process initiating this action potential is unknown. The present study investigated the role of Ca2+ in the mechanotransduction process regulating bioluminescence in the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum. Calcium ionophores and digitonin stimulated luminescence in a Ca2+-dependent manner in the absence of mechanical stimulation. Mechanically sensitive luminescence was strongly inhibited by the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM[1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester]; there was only a partial and irreversible dependence on extracellular Ca2+. Ruthenium Red, a blocker of intracellular Ca2+ release channels, inhibited mechanically sensitive luminescence. Luminescence was also stimulated by increasing K+, even in the absence of extracellular Ca2+; K+ stimulation was inhibited both by BAPTA-AM and Ruthenium Red. These results support the hypothesis that Ca2+mediates stimulated bioluminescence and also indicate the involvement of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Rapid coupling between mechanical stimulation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores might occur through a mechanism similar to excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Dassow
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037-0202, USA.
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Lin YC, Spencer AN. Calcium currents from jellyfish striated muscle cells: preservation of phenotype, characterisation of currents and channel localisation. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:3717-26. [PMID: 11719535 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.21.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
When striated muscle cells of the jellyfish Polyorchis penicillatus were dissociated at 30°C they retained their in vivo morphology and the integrity of ionic currents. This contrasted with cells dissociated at room temperature that rarely expressed any inward currents. Whole-cell, patch-clamp recordings from dissociated muscle cells revealed that the inward component of the total ionic current consisted of only one calcium current. This calcium current activated at –70 mV, peaked at –30 mV, and inactivated within 5 ms. In comparison with barium and strontium ions, calcium ions were the preferred current carriers. Calcium channels can be blocked by dihydropyridines and nickel ions at micromolar levels. Several properties of this current are reminiscent of T-type calcium currents. Localisation of this channel using the fluorescent channel blocker fDHP and the fluorescent dye RH414 indicated that myofibres had a higher density of these channels than the somata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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