The Prognostic Effect of the Number of Histologically Examined Axillary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer: Stage Migration or Age Association?

Log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS)-based novel nomogram for survival estimation in patients with invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast

BACKGROUND

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is known for its high propensity for lymph node (LN) invasion. Inadequate LN dissection may compromise the precision of prognostic assessments. This study introduces a log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) method to address this issue and develops a novel LODDS-based nomogram to provide accurate prognostic information.

METHODS

The study analyzed data from 1,901 patients with breast IMPC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. It assessed the relationships between LODDS and the number of excised LN (eLN), positive LN (pLN), and the pLN ratio (pLNR), identifying an optimal threshold value using a restricted cubic spline method. Predictive factors were identified by the Cox least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Cox-LASSO) regression and validated through multivariate Cox regression to construct a nomogram. The model's accuracy, discrimination, and utility were assessed. The study also explored the consequences of excluding LODDS from the nomogram and compared its effectiveness with the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system.

RESULTS

LODDS improved N status classification by identifying heterogeneity in patients with pLN ratios of 0% (pLN =0) or 100% (pLN =eLN) and setting -1.08 as the ideal cutoff. Five independent prognostic factors for breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) were identified: tumor size, N status, LODDS, progesterone receptor status, and histological grade. The LODDS-based nomogram achieved a strong concordance index of 0.802 (95% CI: 0.741-0.863), surpassing both the version without LODDS and the conventional TNM staging in all tests.

CONCLUSIONS

For breast IMPC, LODDS served as an independent prognostic factor, its effectiveness unaffected by the anatomical LN count, enhancing the accuracy of N staging. The LODDS-based nomogram showed promise in offering more personalized prognostic information.

Optimal Range of Lymphadenectomy in Pathological Stage T1 and T2 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Lymph node metastasis is a primary contributor to tumor progression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy during esophagectomy remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the appropriate number of lymph nodes to be dissected in pT1-2Nany stage ESCC to achieve the best prognosis and avoid missing positive lymph nodes (PLNs).

METHODS

A total of 497 patients with pT1 to pT2 esophageal cancer from two institutions were retrospectively analyzed and their surgical and pathological records were critically reviewed. Stepwise analyses were conducted by calculating a serial of hazard ratios and odd ratios to determine the optimal range of lymphadenectomy for overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

The best survival outcome can be obtained when the number of lymph node examined (NLNE) is 10-18 in pT1N0 ESCC, while the NLNE should exceed 24 in pT2N0 diseases. In patients with pT1-2Nany and pT2Nany ESCC, resection of 15-25 and 24-37 lymph nodes, respectively, could provide significant added value for identifying positive nodal metastasis. When the NLNE exceeds this appropriate range, resection of extra lymph node is not helpful to improve the probability of finding PLNs.

CONCLUSIONS

For ESCC patients undergoing radical esophagectomy, the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy is 15-25 for pT1Nany disease and 24-37 for pT2Nany disease.

Negative Lymph Node Count Predicts Survival of Resected Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to explore the association between the negative lymph node (NLN) count and survival, as well as compare the prognostic value of the positive lymph node (PLN) count, lymph node ratio (the PLN count/total lymph nodes examined, LNR), and NLN count in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

We identified patients diagnosed with NSCLC between 2005 and 2011 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Outcomes of interest were lung cancer-specific survival (LCSS) and overall survival (OS). Cases were divided into several groups based on the PLN count, NLN count, and LNR. The prognostic significance of the PLN count, NLN count, and LNR models was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox regression model.

RESULTS

39,959 patients with surgical resection for NSCLC were identified. Univariate analysis demonstrated that a greater count of NLNs was associated with better LCSS (P < 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the NLN count could predict survival in both node-negative and node-positive patients. Multivariable analysis revealed that the NLN count was an independent prognostic factor for LCSS and OS.

CONCLUSION

The NLN count is an independent prognostic factor of OS and LCSS in patients with NSCLC, as well as the PLN count and LNR. The prognostic value of the PLN count, NLN count, and LNR shows no difference.

The Prognostic Value of the Number of Negative Lymph Nodes Combined with Positive Lymph Nodes in Esophageal Cancer Patients: A Propensity-Matched Analysis

BACKGROUND

Currently, the number of negative lymph nodes (NLNs) has been paid increasing attention and is considered a prognostic indicator in diverse cancers. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the association between number of NLNs and prognosis in esophageal cancer (EC) patients.

METHODS

Our data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 database. The X-tile plot was used to determine the optimal cut-off value of the number of NLNs, and propensity score matching (PSM) was performed according to the results of the X-tile plot.

RESULTS

A total of 4777 patients were eligible, and 882 pairs of patients were included after PSM. The result of the X-tile plot revealed an optimal cut-off value of three NLNs. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed better EC-specific survival (ECSS) in patients with more than three NLNs (hazard ratio [HR] 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.77; p < 0.001) compared with patients with three or fewer NLNs. A subgroup analysis revealed better ECSS in patients with more than three NLNs with one to two (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.46-0.71; p < 0.001) or three to six (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.92; p = 0.012) positive lymph nodes (PLNs).

CONCLUSIONS

More than three NLNs is associated with better survival in EC patients, especially when the number of PLNs is one to two or three to six. We confirm that the combination of the number of NLNs and number of PLNs can provide better prognostic guidance for EC.

Greater negative lymph node count predicts favorable survival of patients with breast cancer in the setting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and mastectomy

Aim: Adequate lymph node evaluation is recommended in patients with malignant tumors. However, the role of negative lymph nodes (NLNs) remains unclear in breast cancer (BC), especially in patients who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and mastectomy. Materials & methods: A total of 435 patients were included in the analysis. On multivariate analysis, NLN count was an independent predictor of 5 year disease-free survival and 5 year overall survival. Results: Patients with NLN count <10 showed significantly worse 5 year disease-free survival than those with NLN count ≥10 (34.8 and 78.2%; p = 0.000); the corresponding 5 year overall survival rates were also significantly different (52.0 and 82.7%; p = 0.000). Conclusion: This is the first study that confirms the relationship between NLN count and prognosis of patients in the setting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and mastectomy. More NLNs imply better prognosis.

Negative Lymph Node Count and Lymph Node Ratio Are Associated With Survival in Male Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

Male breast cancer (MBC) is usually diagnosed at late stages and therefore has a worse prognosis than female breast cancer (FBC). MBC is also more likely to have lymph node (LN) involvement than FBC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We sought to determine the prognostic role of the examined lymph node (LN), negative LN (NLN), and positive LN counts and the LN ratio (LNR), defined as (positive LNs/ENLs), on the survival rate among MBC patients. We performed a large population-based study using the data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program.

RESULTS

Older age, black race, stage IV disease, ≤ 1 NLN, and a > 31.3% LNR were significantly associated with worse survival across all prediction models. Moreover, we demonstrated a decreased risk of mortality in MBC patients across the MBC-specific survival model (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-0.998; P = .03) and 10-year MBC-specific survival model (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-0.999; P = .04).

CONCLUSION

MBC has had an augmented incidence over the years. We found several independent predictors of MBC survival, including age, race, stage, NLNs, and the LNR. We strongly suggest adding the NLN count and/or LNR into the current staging system. Further studies are needed to provide information on the mechanisms underlying the association between the NLN count and MBC survival and the LNR and MBC survival.

Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram based on the log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) for breast cancer

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the prognostic effect of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) and develop a nomogram for survival prediction in breast cancer patients at the time of surgery.

RESULTS

LODDS was an independent risk factor for cancer-related death in breast cancer (hazard ratio: 1.582, 95%CI: 1.190-2.104). Menopausal status, tumor size, pathological lymph node staging, estrogen receptor status and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status were also included in the nomogram. The calibration plots indicated optimal agreement between the nomogram prediction and actual observation. Discrimination of nomogram was superior to the seventh edition TNM staging system [C-index: 0.745 vs. 0.721 (p = 0.03) in training cohort; 0.796 vs. 0.726 (p < 0.01) in validation cohort].

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 2023 breast cancer patients from Jan 2002 to Dec 2008 at our center. The cohort was randomly divided into training cohort and validation cohort. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors, and nomogram was established using Cox regression model in training cohort. External validation of the nomogram was performed in the validation cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

The LODDS is an independent prognostic indicator in breast cancer and the novel nomogram can provide individual prediction of cancer-specific survival and help prognostic assessment for breast cancer patients.

A standard mastectomy should not be the only recommended breast surgical treatment for non-metastatic inflammatory breast cancer: A large population-based study in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database 18

BACKGROUND

Standard mastectomy has long been the recommended breast surgical treatment for non-metastatic inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). The objective of this population-based study was to evaluate the significance of various breast surgical treatments for this highly aggressive subtype.

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program registry was searched to identify women with non-metastatic IBC receiving standard treatment including breast surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy diagnosed between 1998 and 2013. Comparisons of the proportions of various breast surgery procedures over the years were performed using Pearson's chi-square test. Breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and compared across groups using the log-rank statistic. Cox models were then fitted to compare the association between various breast surgical procedures and BCSS or OS after adjusting for patient and tumor characteristics.

RESULTS

A total of 3374 cases were identified. Over the years, the proportion of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM), breast reconstruction and both were increasing. The proportion of implant-based reconstruction was also increasing with no difference in survival compared with other types of reconstruction. There was no statistically significant difference in BCSS or OS among various breast surgery treatments, such as breast conserving surgery, CPM, breast reconstruction and standard unilateral mastectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Breast surgery is of great significance to the clinical outcome of IBC. Standard mastectomy should not be the only recommended breast surgical treatment.

The Impacts of Inclusion in Clinical Trials on Outcomes among Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC)

BACKGROUND

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains a devastating and incurable disease. Over the past decade, the implementation of clinical trials both with and without molecular targeted therapeutics has impacted the daily clinical treatment of patients with MBC. In this study, we determine whether including MBC patients in clinical trials affects clinical outcomes.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed data for a total of 863 patients diagnosed with initial or recurrent (after receiving adjuvant systemic treatments following surgery) metastatic disease between January 2000 and December 2013. Data were obtained from the breast cancer database of Samsung Medical Center.

RESULTS

Among the 806 patients selected for inclusion, 188 (23%) had participated in clinical trials. A total of 185 clinical trials were conducted from 2000 to 2014. When compared with earlier periods (n = 10 for 2000-2004), clinical trial enrollment significantly increased over time (n = 103 for 2005-2009, P = 0.024; n = 110 for 2010-2014, P = 0.046). Multivariate analyses revealed that biologic subtype, distant recurrence free interval (DRFI), and clinical trial enrollment were independent predictors of overall survival. Patients who participated in clinical trials showed improved survival, with a hazard ratio of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.59-0.95), which was associated with a 25% reduction in the risk of death. However, subgroup analysis showed that this improved survival benefit was not maintained in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).

CONCLUSIONS

Although not conclusive, we could speculate that there were differences in the use of newer agents or regimens over time, and these differences appear to be associated with improved survival.

Young Age Increases Risk of Lymph Node Positivity in Early-Stage Rectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

The risk of lymph node positivity (LN+) in rectal cancer is a parameter that impacts therapeutic recommendations. We aimed to quantify the effect of younger age on LN+ in rectal cancer.

METHODS

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, patients with rectal cancer diagnosed between 1988 and 2008 were identified. Patients were stage I-III, without preoperative radiotherapy, at least one lymph node examined, and a standard rectal cancer operation performed. The association of age and LN+ status was examined with logistic regression separately for each T stage, adjusting for multiple covariates. Poisson regression was used to evaluate age and number of positive lymph nodes (LNs). All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS

Fifty-six thousand seventy-six patients were identified, including 1194 (2.1%) patients age 20 to 39 years at diagnosis and 4199 (7.5%) patients age 40 to 49 years (defined as young). For each T stage, LN+ was inversely associated with age (all P < .001). For T1, T2, and T3, age remained predictive of LN+ status after adjustment for number of LNs examined and other covariates (P < .001 for each stage). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for LN+ for age 20 to 39 vs 60 to 69 were: T1: 1.97(95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36 to 2.86); T2: 1.48 (95% CI = 1.13 to 1.95); T3: 1.30 (95% CI = 1.10 to 1.53). Young age was a statistically significant predictor of an increased number of LNs positive for stage T2 (P = .042) and T3 (P = .002).

CONCLUSION

In this large national dataset, young age at diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of LN+. This finding merits further investigation and may ultimately impact treatment decision-making for young early-stage patients.

Number of negative lymph nodes is associated with disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the number of negative lymph nodes (NLNs) in breast cancer patients after mastectomy.

METHODS

2,455 breast cancer patients who received a mastectomy between January 1998 and December 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. The prognostic impact of the number of NLNs with respect to disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed.

RESULTS

The median follow-up time was 62.0 months, and the 5-year and 10-year DFS was 87.1% and 74.3%, respectively. The DFS of patients with >10 NLNs was significantly higher than that of patents with ≤10 NLNs, and the 5-year DFS rates were 87.5% and 69.5%, respectively (P < 0.001). Univariate Cox analysis showed that the NLN count (continuous variable) was a prognostic factor of DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.913, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.896-0.930, P < 0.001). In multivariate Cox analysis, patients with a higher number of NLNs had a better DFS (HR = 0.977, 95% CI: 0.958-0.997, P = 0.022). Subgroup analysis showed that the NLN count had a prognostic value in patients at different pT stages and pN positive patients (log-rank P < 0.001). However, it had no prognostic value in pN0 patients (log-rank P = 0.684).

CONCLUSIONS

The number of NLNs is an independent prognostic factor of DFS in breast cancer patients after mastectomy, and patients with a higher number of NLNs have a better DFS.

Number of negative lymph nodes can predict survival of breast cancer patients with four or more positive lymph nodes after postmastectomy radiotherapy

Background

This study was conducted to assess the prognostic value of the number of negative lymph nodes (NLNs) in breast cancer patients with four or more positive lymph nodes after postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT).

Methods

This retrospective study examined 605 breast cancer patients with four or more positive lymph nodes who underwent mastectomy. A total of 371 patients underwent PMRT. The prognostic value of the NLN count in patients with and without PMRT was analyzed. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves, and Cox regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors.

Results

The median follow-up was 54 months, and the overall 8-year locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were 79.8%, 50.0%, 46.8%, and 57.9%, respectively. The optimal cut-off points for NLN count was 12. Univariate analysis showed that the number of NLNs, lymph node ratio (LNR) and pN stage predicted the LRFS of non-PMRT patients (p < 0.05 for all). Multivariate analysis showed that the number of NLNs was an independent prognostic factor affecting the LRFS, patients with a higher number of NLNs had a better LRFS (hazard ratio = 0.132, 95% confidence interval = 0.032-0.547, p =0.005). LNR and pN stage had no effect on LRFS. PMRT improved the LRFS (p < 0.001), DMFS (p = 0.018), DFS (p = 0.001), and OS (p = 0.008) of patients with 12 or fewer NLNs, but it did not any effect on survival of patients with more than 12 NLNs. PMRT improved the regional lymph node recurrence-free survival (p < 0.001) but not the chest wall recurrence-free survival (p = 0.221) in patients with 12 or fewer NLNs.

Conclusions

The number of NLNs can predict the survival of breast cancer patients with four or more positive lymph nodes after PMRT.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-014-0284-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Additional prognostic value of lymph node ratio over pN staging in different breast cancer subtypes based on the results of 1,656 patients

PURPOSE

Although the impact of lymph node ratio (LNR: ratio of metastatic to resected LNs) in breast cancer (BC) has been investigated, its prognostic value in molecular subtypes remains unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of LNR compared to pN-stage in BC subtypes.

PATIENTS/METHODS

We analyzed the impact of LNR and pN-stage on disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in 1,656 patients with primary BC who underwent primary axillary surgery (removal of ≥10 LNs) between 1998 and 2011. The cut-off points for LNR were previously published. Using immunohistochemical parameters tumors were grouped in luminalA, luminalB/HER2-, luminalB/HER2+, HER2+ and triple negative (TNBC).

RESULTS

For the entire cohort 5/10-year DFS and OS rates were 88/77% and 88/75%, respectively. LNR and pN-stage were independent prognostic parameters for DFS/OS in multivariate analysis in the entire cohort and each molecular subgroup (p < 0.001). However, increasing LNR seemed to discriminated 10-year DFS slightly better than pN-stage in luminalA (intermediate/high LNR 65/44% versus pN2/pN3 71/53%), luminalB/HER2- (intermediate/high LNR 48/24% versus pN2/pN3 41/42%), and TNBC patients (intermediate/high LNR 49/24% versus pN2/pN3 56/33%).

CONCLUSIONS

LNR is an important prognostic parameter for DFS/OS and might provide potentially more information than pN-stage in different molecular subtypes.

Prognostic value of number of removed lymph nodes, number of involved lymph nodes, and lymph node ratio in 7502 breast cancer patients enrolled onto trials of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG)

PURPOSE

The number of removed axillary lymph nodes and the ratio of involved to removed lymph nodes are described as independent prognostic factors beside the absolute number of involved lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. The correlation between these factors and prognosis were investigated in trials of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG).

METHODS

This retrospective analysis is based on the data of 7052 patients with endocrine-responsive breast cancer who were randomized in four trials of the ABCSG in the years 1990-2006 and underwent axillary lymph node dissection. The prognostic value of number of removed nodes (NRN), number of involved nodes (NIN), and ratio of involved to removed nodes (lymph node ratio, LNR) concerning recurrence-free survival and overall survival was analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 2718 patients had node-positive disease. No correlation was found between NRN and prognosis. Increasing NIN and LNR were significantly associated with worse recurrence-free survival and overall survival in univariate and multivariate analyses (P < .001). Only in the subgroup of patients with one to three positive lymph nodes and treated with mastectomy (n = 728) was LNR an additional prognostic factor in univariate and multivariate analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

For breast cancer patients stringently medicated in the framework of prospective adjuvant clinical trials and requiring a mandatory minimum of removed nodes, NRN does not influence prognosis, and LNR is not superior to NIN as prognostic factor. In patients with one to three positive lymph nodes and mastectomy, LNR could play a role as an additional prognostic factor.

Prognostic Significance of the Number of Removed and Metastatic Lymph Nodes and Lymph Node Ratio in Breast Carcinoma Patients with 1-3 Axillary Lymph Node(s) Metastasis

We evaluated the prognostic significance of lymph node ratio (LNR), number of metastatic lymph nodes divided by number of removed nodes in 924 breast carcinoma patients with 1-3 metastatic axillary lymph node(s). The most significant LNR threshold value separating patients in low- and high-risk groups with significant survival difference was 0.20 for disease-free survival (P < 0.001), 0.30 for locoregional recurrence-free survival (P < 0.001), and 0.15 for distant metastasis-free survival (P < 0.001), and the patients with lower LNR had better survival. All three LNR threshold values had independent prognostic significance in Cox analysis (P < 0.001 for all three of them). In conclusion, LNR is a useful tool in separating breast carcinoma patients with 1-3 metastatic lymph node(s) into low- and high-risk prognostic groups.

Breast carcinoma in Chinese women: does age affect treatment choice and outcome?

OBJECTIVE

Age is a known risk factor for breast cancer behaviour. We studied the relationship of age with clinical characteristics, tumour pathology, therapeutic options and outcome in an affluent Asian population.

METHODS

From 2003 to 2008, data on newly diagnosed breast carcinoma patients under the care of the multidisciplinary breast cancer team based at a private hospital in Hong Kong were collected prospectively. Patients were divided into three groups: age < 40 years (group I), 41-69 years (group II), and ≥ 70 years (group III).

RESULTS

There were 2,079 patients: 334 in group I, 1,538 in group II and 148 in group III. The clinical presentation and tumour stages were similar. Younger patients had higher tumour grading (p = 0.000) and more lymphovascular permeation (p = 0.011). For older patients, combination therapy was employed less frequently (p < 0.0005), and more radical resection with less reconstructive procedures were performed (p = 0.000). The 3-year disease-free survival was 97.8% and there was no difference between the three groups.

CONCLUSION

Although breast cancer in younger Chinese patients was more aggressive pathologically, the differences between clinical presentation, tumour staging and survival were similar. Treatment strategies should follow the clinical condition of the patient rather than age alone.

Impact on regional recurrence and survival of axillary surgery in women with node-negative primary breast cancer

Background

This study examined whether axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) with removal of many normal lymph nodes resulted in a reduced rate of axillary recurrence and better survival, as reported in recent studies.

Methods

The follow-up analyses were based on 8657 patients with node-negative primary breast cancer treated solely by surgery. Median follow-up was 9 years.

Results

The number of lymph nodes removed correlated with a reduction in the rate of subsequent axillary recurrence (from 2·1 to 0·4 per cent; P = 0·037), local recurrence (from 7·4 to 3·8 per cent; P &lt; 0·001) distant metastases (from 15·0 to 10·3 per cent; P &lt; 0·001) and death as first event (from 7·5 to 5·5 per cent; P = 0·012).

Conclusion

When ALND is indicated, at least ten axillary lymph nodes should be retrieved. The role of ALND as primary treatment has decreased significantly during the past decade. The findings leave the concept of the sentinel node biopsy intact, as a highly specific procedure compared to ALND.

Role of lymphadenectomy in surgical treatment of solid tumors: an update on the clinical data

BACKGROUND

The role of lymphadenectomy as an adjunct of standard excision for treatment of cancer is highly debated and controversial. Standard practice for treatment of solid tumors is resection with regional lymphadenectomy. This surgical concept assumes that cancers grow and spread in an orderly manner, from primary cancer to regional lymph nodes and finally to vital organs. We reviewed randomized trials, published a description of lymphatic anatomy and physiology, and presented data that disputed the role of lymphadenectomy as standard practice. The present review updates the literature and reiterates the concept that lymphadenectomy does not increase survival in the surgical treatment of solid tumors.

METHODS

We reviewed the English-language literature (Medline) for prospective randomized trials and nonrandomized reports, as well as retrospective studies addressing the role of lymphadenectomy in cancers of the esophagus, lung, stomach, pancreas, breast, and skin (melanoma) reported between 2000 and 2006.

RESULTS

This extensive review demonstrates that there are few prospective randomized trials assessing patient survival with solid tumors that contrast resection with or without lymphadenectomy. However, there was at least one, and for some cancers more than one, prospective randomized trial for each organ site studied, and the data demonstrate no statistically significant difference in overall survival of patients treated with or without lymphadenectomy. Most nonrandomized and retrospective studies, with a few exceptions, support the conclusions of randomized trials; lymphadenectomy does not improve overall survival in solid tumors. Overall survival is primarily a function of the biological nature of the primary tumor, as evidenced by lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement, and other prognostic features.

CONCLUSIONS

This extensive literature review of recent reports indicates that lymphadenectomy does not improve overall survival. Lymph node resection should be conceived in terms of staging, prognosis, and regional control only.

Strategies in treating male breast cancer

Male breast cancer is rare. Median age at diagnosis is approximately 65 years, and > 35% of male breast cancers occur in elderly men. Retroareolar lump is the most frequent symptom, and 25-30% of tumours are T(4) lesions. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma represents almost 90% of the cases, and 10% are ductal carcinoma in situ. Axillary nodal involvement is present in 50-60% of the cases. Estrogen and progesterone receptors are positive in 75-92% and 54-77% of the cases. Mastectomy with axillary dissection remains the standard treatment. Sentinel lymph node biopsy could be proposed in small tumours (< or = 2 cm). Locoregional radiotherapy is very often indicated. Tamoxifen is the standard adjuvant treatment, but chemotherapy is proposed in young men with axillary nodal involvement and/or negative hormone receptors. Tumour size and, more particularly, histopathological axillary involvement are the strongest predictive factors for both locoregional recurrence and metastasis. Globally, the prognosis is similar to that in women (at identical stage), but the intercurrent death rate is higher due to the important impact of comorbidities and second neoplasm.