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NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Yokokita T, Yano S, Komori Y, Haba H. Anion- and cation-exchange studies of Zr, Hf, and Th using ion-exchange resin and fiber in H2SO4 media for chemical characterization of sulfate complex of Rf. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Watanabe E, Kasamatsu Y, Yokokita T, Hayami S, Tonai K, Ninomiya H, Kondo N, Shigekawa Y, Haba H, Kitagawa Y, Nakano M, Shinohara A. Anion-exchange Experiment of Zr, Hf, and Th in HNO3 and Quantum Chemical Study on the Nitrate Complexes toward Chemical Research on Element 104, Rf. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2021.2020956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Yokokita
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sho Hayami
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuma Tonai
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Narumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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Kasamatsu Y, Toyomura K, Haba H, Yokokita T, Shigekawa Y, Kino A, Yasuda Y, Komori Y, Kanaya J, Huang M, Murakami M, Kikunaga H, Watanabe E, Yoshimura T, Morita K, Mitsugashira T, Takamiya K, Ohtsuki T, Shinohara A. Co-precipitation behaviour of single atoms of rutherfordium in basic solutions. Nat Chem 2021; 13:226-230. [PMID: 33589784 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All superheavy elements (SHEs), with atomic numbers (Z) ≥104, have been artificially synthesized one atom at a time and their chemical properties are largely unknown. Because these heavy nuclei have short lifetimes as well as extremely low production rates, chemical experiments need to be carried out on single atoms and have mostly been limited to adsorption and extraction. We have now investigated the precipitation properties of the SHE Rf (Z = 104). A co-precipitation method with samarium hydroxide had previously established that the co-precipitation behaviour of a range of elements reflected these elements' tendency to form hydroxide precipitates and/or ammine complex ions. Here we investigated co-precipitation of Rf in basic solutions containing NH3 or NaOH. Comparisons between the behaviour of Rf with that of Zr and Hf (lighter homologues of Rf) and actinide Th (a pseudo-homologue of Rf) showed that Rf does not coordinate strongly with NH3, but forms a hydroxide (co)precipitate that is expected to be Rf(OH)4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Aiko Kino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kanaya
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Minghui Huang
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kikunaga
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Morita
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Takamiya
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ohtsuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Japan
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Kasamatsu Y, Kondo N, Nakamura K, Kuboki Y, Ninomiya H, Shigekawa Y, Watanabe E, Yasuda Y, Toyomura K, Nagase M, Yokokita T, Komori Y, Haba H, Yoshimura T, Itabashi H, Shinohara A. Solvent Extraction of Zr and Hf from HCl by Aliquat 336 using a Flow-Type Extraction Apparatus Toward Online Chemical Studies of Element 104, Rutherfordium. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1726075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Narumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kouhei Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuboki
- National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, Hitachinaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
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Schädel M, Nagame Y. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of automated rapid chemistry techniques and their application for batch-wise, chromatographic separations of heavy elements in the liquid-phase are outlined. Starting in the mid-1970s with manually performed separations using pressurized liquid-chromatography techniques, this development led to the first version of the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, in the early 1980s. After a breakthrough to a much higher level of automation and miniaturization, the new apparatus ARCA II was built in the late 1980s. Based on it, the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy, AIDA, became operational in the late 1990s. In the context of technical and technological advancements, this article discusses the successful application of these instruments for (i) the search for superheavy elements, (ii) cross section measurements of actinide elements produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions with actinide targets, (iii) chemical separation and characterization of the heavy actinides mendelevium, Md, and lawrencium, Lr, and (iv) studies of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf, dubnium, Db, and seaborgium, Sg. Details of the separations are outlined together with the big advancements made over time and the limitations reached. For the transactinide elements, examples are given for their observed chemical behavior; often affected by an interplay between hydrolysis and complex formation. Influenced by relativistic effects, chemical properties of these elements sometimes deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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Extraction behavior of Mo and W from H2SO4 and HF/HCl solutions into toluene with Aliquat336: sulfate and fluoride complex formation of Mo and W towards chemical studies of seaborgium (Sg). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nagame Y, Kratz JV, Schädel M. Chemical properties of rutherfordium (Rf) and dubnium (Db) in the aqueous phase. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yokokita T, Kasamatsu Y, Yoshimura T, Takahashi N, Shinohara A. Distribution Behavior of Nb, Ta, and Pa as Homologues of Db in Cation Exchange and Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Extractions by Aliquat 336 from Hydrochloric Acid. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2015.1046297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schädel M. Chemistry of the superheavy elements. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0191. [PMID: 25666065 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The quest for superheavy elements (SHEs) is driven by the desire to find and explore one of the extreme limits of existence of matter. These elements exist solely due to their nuclear shell stabilization. All 15 presently 'known' SHEs (11 are officially 'discovered' and named) up to element 118 are short-lived and are man-made atom-at-a-time in heavy ion induced nuclear reactions. They are identical to the transactinide elements located in the seventh period of the periodic table beginning with rutherfordium (element 104), dubnium (element 105) and seaborgium (element 106) in groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Their chemical properties are often surprising and unexpected from simple extrapolations. After hassium (element 108), chemistry has now reached copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114). For the later ones, the focus is on questions of their metallic or possibly noble gas-like character originating from interplay of most pronounced relativistic effects and electron-shell effects. SHEs provide unique opportunities to get insights into the influence of strong relativistic effects on the atomic electrons and to probe 'relativistically' influenced chemical properties and the architecture of the periodic table at its farthest reach. In addition, they establish a test bench to challenge the validity and predictive power of modern fully relativistic quantum chemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt, Germany
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Kasamatsu Y, Kikutani Y, Kino A, Komori Y, Yokokita T, Yoshimura T, Takahashi N, Shinohara A. Solvent extraction of Zr and Hf from hydrochloric acid using tributylphosphate for the extraction of element 104, rutherfordium. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2013.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SummaryFor the solvent extraction experiment on element 104 (Rf), solvent extraction of Zr and Hf as its homologues was performed in tributylphosphate (TBP)/hydrochloric acid (HCl) system using the carrier-free radiotracers88Zr and175Hf. Time dependences of the distribution ratios of Zr and Hf were investigated using 6.1 and 10.0M HCl and 0.5 and 2.0M TBP benzene solutions. The distribution ratios in equilibrium were determined for these elements as a function of HCl concentrations in the range of 4.1-10.2M. We found that the neutral chloride complexes of Zr and Hf were formed and extracted into the organic phase within 20 min in HCl with a concentration higher than 6 M. From the results, we propose that solvent extraction of Rf from 4-8M HCl into 2.0M TBP benzene is suitable for investigating the chloride complexation properties of Rf. In addition, for the development of the rapid liquid-liquid extraction apparatus, three types of microchannel devices, namely, a micro reactor, capillary tube and micro-chemical chip, were tested as a mixing-solution part in the apparatus. The chemical reactions of Zr and Hf in the extraction were found to be fast only when using the microchemical chip, which is important for investigations with the 68-s261Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y. Kikutani
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - A. Kino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y. Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T. Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T. Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - N. Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - A. Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Türler A, Pershina V. Advances in the Production and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1237-312. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Türler
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse
1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Adsorption behavior of 181W and 93mMo as lighter homologues of seaborgium (Sg) in HF/HNO3 on anion-exchange resin. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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