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Saha R, Gupta K, Gómez García CJ. Strategies to Improve Electrical Conductivity in Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Comparative Study. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:2235-2265. [PMID: 38463618 PMCID: PMC10921413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), formed by the combination of both inorganic and organic components, have attracted special attention for their tunable porous structures, chemical and functional diversities, and enormous applications in gas storage, catalysis, sensing, etc. Recently, electronic applications of MOFs like electrocatalysis, supercapacitors, batteries, electrochemical sensing, etc., have become a major research topic in MOF chemistry. However, the low electrical conductivity of most MOFs represents a major handicap in the development of these emerging applications. To overcome these limitations, different strategies have been developed to enhance electrical conductivity of MOFs for their implementation in electronic devices. In this review, we outline all these strategies employed to increase the electronic conduction in both intrinsically (framework-modulated) and extrinsically (guests-modulated) conducting MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Saha
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner
50, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Nistarini College, Purulia, 723101, WB India
| | - Carlos J. Gómez García
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner
50, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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Uemura K, Yasuda E, Sugiyama Y. Improving the Solubility of Hexanuclear Heterometallic Extended Metal Atom Chain Compounds in Nonpolar Solvents by Introducing Alkyl Amine Moieties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18487-18503. [PMID: 34308079 PMCID: PMC8296546 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) interaction at the d z 2 orbital between two kinds of metal complex is useful for obtaining heterometallic one-dimensional (1D) chains as well as heterometallic metal string compounds (HMSCs). Platinum dinuclear complexes, [Pt2(piam)2(NH2R)4]X2 (piam = pivalamidate, R = CH3, C2H5, C3H7, or C4H9, X = anion), comprising σ* as HOMO were mixed with [Rh2(O2CCH3)4] comprising σ* as LUMO in solvents to afford single crystals of [{Rh2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt2(piam)2(NH2R)4}2]X4 (2-5). Single-crystal X-ray analyses revealed that 2-5 are hexanuclear complexes that are one-dimensionally aligned as Pt-Pt-Rh-Rh-Pt-Pt with metal-metal bonds, where the alkyl moieties at end Pt atoms obstruct further 1D extension. Complexes 2-5 appear as if they are cut off from an infinite chain [{Rh2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt2(piam)2(NH3)4}2] n (PF6)4n ·6nH2O (1) aligned as -{Pt-Pt-Rh-Rh-Pt-Pt} n -. The diffuse reflectance spectrum of 1 depicts broad shoulder bands, which are not present in the spectra of 2-5, proving that the infinite chain 1 forms a band structure. Compounds 4 and 5 with propyl or butyl moieties at amine ligands, respectively, are soluble in nonpolar solvents, such as CH2Cl2, without the dissociation of their hexanuclear structures. Taking advantage of their solubility, measurement of cyclic voltammetry in CH2Cl2 become possible, which shows the quasi-reversible oxidation and reduction waves at 4: E ox = 0.86 V and E red = 0.69 V and 5: E ox = 0.87 V and E red = 0.53 V.
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Uemura K. One-dimensional complexes extended by unbridged metal-metal bonds based on a HOMO-LUMO interaction at the d z2 orbital between platinum and heterometal atoms. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:5474-5492. [PMID: 28112315 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04515d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the crystal structures of seventeen heterometallic one-dimensional compounds 1-17 are shown, and their electronic structures are discussed based on the diffuse reflectance spectra and other physical measurements. Compounds 1-17 comprise two kinds of complexes with HOMO-LUMO interactions at σ-type (dz2) orbitals between platinum and heterometal atoms, where two or three kinds of metal are regularly aligned through metal-metal bonds. In [{PtRh(piam)2(NH3)2Cl2.5}2{Pt2(piam)2(NH3)4}2]n(PF6)6n·2nMeOH·2nH2O (3, piam = pivalamidate), the platinum and rhodium atoms are aligned as -Pt-Rh-Pt-Pt-Pt-Pt-Rh-Pt-Cl- with a mixed valence, where an unpaired electron hops from one Rh atom to another. [{Rh2(O2CCF3)4}{Pt2(piam)2(NH3)4}2]n(CF3CO2)4n·2nEtOH·2nH2O (6) with -Pt-Pt-Rh-Rh-Pt-Pt- alignment has a conduction band (CB) and a valence band (VB) attributed to σ-type orbitals, exhibiting narrower gaps between CB and VB than other analogues. [{Ru2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt2(piam)2(NH3)4}2]n(PF6)4n·4nH2O (14) with -Pt-Pt-Ru-Ru-Pt-Pt- and [{Rh2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt2Cu(piam)4(NH3)4}]n(PF6)2n (15) with -Rh-Rh-Pt-Cu-Pt- are paramagnetic chains, where one or two unpaired electrons reside at each metal per repeating unit. Thus, this system is diverse in modulating the electronic structures, band structures and the expected physical properties based on the unique oxidation states and redox properties attributed to the metal-metal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Uemura
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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Uemura K, Kanbara T, Ebihara M. Two types of heterometallic one-dimensional alignment composed of acetamidate-bridged dirhodium and pivalamidate-bridged diplatinum complexes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4621-8. [PMID: 24762231 DOI: 10.1021/ic500305n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two types of heterometallic one-dimensional chains, [{Rh2(acam)4}{Pt2(piam)2(NH3)4}2]n(CF3SO3)4n·2nMeOH (2, where acam = acetamidate, piam = pivalamidate) and [{Rh2(acam)4}{Pt2(piam)2(NH3)4}]n(CF3CO2)2n·2nEtOH (3), have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analyses. The chain structures in 2 and 3 are composed of two kinds of dinuclear complexes, [Rh2(acam)4] (i.e., [Rh2]) and [Pt2(piam)2(NH3)4] (i.e., [Pt2]), where Rh and Pt atoms are axially linked by metal-metal bonds. In 2 and 3, each complex is one-dimensionally aligned as -{[Rh2]-[Pt2]-[Pt2]}n- or -{[Rh2]-[Pt2]}n-, respectively, in which different alignments are caused by different isomers of [Pt2] that are HH (head-head) and HT (head-tail) orientation of piam ligands and their hydrogen bonding modes. Considering the crystal structures and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) measurements in 2 and 3, the oxidation states of the metal atoms are -{[Rh2(II,II)]-[Pt2(II,II)]-[Pt2(II,II)]}n- and -{[Rh2(II,II)]-[Pt2(II,II)]}n-, which are unchanged from those in the starting compounds. The diffuse reflectance spectra show that LUMOs are M-M σ-type orbitals. The gap between filled and vacant σ-type orbitals in 3 is narrower than that in 2, and is attributed to the relative higher destabilized filled σ-type orbitals caused by lower numbers of linking platinum atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Uemura
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University , Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Uemura K, Ebihara M. Paramagnetic one-dimensional chains comprised of trinuclear Pt-Cu-Pt and paddlewheel dirhodium complexes with metal-metal bonds. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:5535-50. [PMID: 23617357 DOI: 10.1021/ic400470g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1-D) chain complexes constructed by metal-metal bonds containing three types of metal species-platinum, rhodium, and copper-have been rationally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analyses and physical measurements. The paddlewheel or lantern type complex, [Rh2(O2CCH3)4] (i.e., [Rh2]), has a vacant σ* orbital which accepts the electrons from the filled dz(2) orbital of cis-[Pt(piam)2(NH3)2]·2H2O (1, i.e. [Pt], where piam = pivalamidate) to afford a tetranuclear complex, [{Rh2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt(piam)2(NH3)2}2]·2H2O (2). Compound 2 forms a linear alignment as [Pt]-[Rh2]-[Pt] with unbridged Rh-Pt bonds, where the oxygen atoms of the piam ligands in the [Pt] are noncoordinated, showing the capability of binding another metal ion. Simply mixing [Rh2] and the heterometallic trinuclear complex [Pt2Cu(piam)4(NH3)4](PF6)2 (3, i.e. [Pt-Cu-Pt]) in a ratio of 1:1 in MeOH, EtOH, or Me2CO affords [{Rh2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt2Cu(piam)4(NH3)4}]n(PF6)2n (4), [{Rh2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt2Cu(piam)4(NH3)4}]n(PF6)2n (5), or [{Rh2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt2Cu(piam)4(NH3)4}]n(PF6)2n·6nMe2CO (6), respectively. Compounds 4-6 form infinite chains with the repetition of -{[Rh2]-[Pt-Cu-Pt]}n-, which to our knowledge, are the first examples of heterometallic 1-D chains comprised of three types of metal species with direct metal-metal bonds. The CF3CO2(-), ClO4(-), and water molecules influence the crystal packing to form an octanuclear complex of [{Rh2(O2CCH3)4}{Pt2Cu(piam)4(NH3)4}2](CF3CO2)2(ClO4)2·2H2O (7) with [Pt-Cu-Pt]-[Rh2]-[Pt-Cu-Pt] alignment. Considering the crystal structures and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) measurements in 4-7, the oxidation states of the metal atoms are -{[Rh2(II,II)]-[Pt(II)-Cu(II)-Pt(II)]}n- or [Pt(II)-Cu(II)-Pt(II)]-[Rh2(II,II)]-[Pt(II)-Cu(II)-Pt(II)], which are unchanged from those in the starting compounds. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of 4-7 show axially symmetric spectra with g∥ > g⊥, indicating that the HOMO (SOMO) is a Cu d(x(2)-y(2)) orbital. In 7, the hyperfine coupling in the spectrum indicates that the unpaired spin on Cu is perturbed by the Pt atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Uemura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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Uemura K, Fukui K, Yamasaki K, Matsumoto K, Ebihara M. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of a Heterometallic One-Dimensional Complex with Metal−Metal Bonds. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:7323-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1004775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Uemura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kôichi Fukui
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kana Yamasaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuko Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Company, Ltd., 4-10-2 Nihonbashi-honcho, Chuo, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Xie J, Wu H, Kawakami D, Iguchi H, Takaishi S, Yamashita M, Matsuzaki H, Okamoto H, Tanaka H, Kuroda SI. Electronic Structure of CoIII Doped Bromo-Bridged Ni Complexes, [Ni1−xCox(chxn)2Br]Br2. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:1949-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7012232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hashen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawakami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinya Takaishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuzaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University & CREST(JST), Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan, and Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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