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Kamiya T, Masuko T, Borroto-Escuela DO, Okado H, Nakata H. In Silico Analyses of Vertebrate G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Fusions United With or Without an Additional Transmembrane Sequence Indicate Classification into Three Groups of Linkers. Protein J 2024; 43:225-242. [PMID: 38616227 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Natural G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) rarely have an additional transmembrane (TM) helix, such as an artificial TM-linker that can unite two class A GPCRs in tandem as a single-polypeptide chain (sc). Here, we report that three groups of TM-linkers exist in the intervening regions of natural GPCR fusions from vertebrates: (1) the original consensus (i.e., consensus 1) and consensus 2~4 (related to GPCR itself or its receptor-interacting proteins); (2) the consensus but GPCR-unrelated ones, 1~7; and (3) the inability to apply 1/2 that show no similarity to any other proteins. In silico analyses indicated that all natural GPCR fusions from Amphibia lack a TM-linker, and reptiles have no GPCR fusions; moreover, in either the GPCR-GPCR fusion or fusion protein of (GPCR monomer) and non-GPCR proteins from vertebrates, excluding tetrapods, i.e., so-called fishes, TM-linkers differ from previously reported mammalian and are avian sequences and are classified as Groups 2 and 3. Thus, previously reported TM-linkers were arranged: Consensus 1 is [T(I/A/P)(A/S)-(L/N)(I/W/L)(I/A/V)GL(L/G)(A/T)(S/L/G)(I/L)] first identified in invertebrate sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (LOC110241027) and (330-SPSFLCI-L-SLL-340) identified in a tropical bird Opisthocomus hoazin protein LOC104327099 (XP_009930279.1); GPCR-related consensus 2~4 are, respectively, (371-prlilyavfc fgtatg-386) in the desert woodrat Neotoma lepida A6R68_19462 (OBS78147.1), (363-lsipfcll yiaallgnfi llfvi-385) in Gavia stellate (red-throated loon) LOC104264164 (XP_009819412.1), and (479-ti vvvymivcvi glvgnflvmy viir-504) in a snailfish GPCR (TNN80062.1); In Mammals Neotoma lepida, Aves Erythrura gouldiae, and fishes protein (respectively, OBS83645.1, RLW13346.1 and KPP79779.1), the TM-linkers are Group 2. Here, we categorized, for the first time, natural TM-linkers as rare evolutionary events among all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Cell Signaling, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8526, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8526, Japan.
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-Machi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Neural Development Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Takashi Masuko
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | | | - Haruo Okado
- Neural Development Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakata
- Department of Molecular Cell Signaling, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8526, Japan
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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Allosteric Interactions between Adenosine A 2A and Dopamine D 2 Receptors in Heteromeric Complexes: Biochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics, and Opportunities for PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041719. [PMID: 33572077 PMCID: PMC7915359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits and blockade of A2AR enhances D2R-mediated locomotor activation and goal-directed behavior in rodents. In striatal membrane preparations, adenosine decreases both the affinity and the signal transduction of D2R via its interaction with A2AR. Reciprocal A2AR/D2R interactions occur mainly in striatopallidal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway that are involved in motor control, and in striatal astrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens, they also take place in MSNs involved in reward-related behavior. A2AR and D2R co-aggregate, co-internalize, and co-desensitize. They are at very close distance in biomembranes and form heteromers. Antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine are (at least partially) caused by allosteric receptor–receptor interactions within A2AR/D2R heteromeric complexes. Such interactions may be exploited in novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and perhaps also attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Little is known about shifting A2AR/D2R heteromer/homodimer equilibria in the brain. Positron emission tomography with suitable ligands may provide in vivo information about receptor crosstalk in the living organism. Some experimental approaches, and strategies for the design of novel imaging agents (e.g., heterobivalent ligands) are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C.Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
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Kamiya T, Yoshioka K, Nakata H. Analysis of various types of single-polypeptide-chain (sc) heterodimeric A₂AR/D₂R complexes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:573-9. [PMID: 25478641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) heteromerizes with dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). However, these class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) dimers are not fully formed, but depend on the equilibrium between monomer and dimer. In order to stimulate the heteromerization, we have previously shown a successful design for a fusion receptor, single-polypeptide-chain (sc) heterodimeric A2AR/D2R complex. Here, using whole cell binding assay, six more different scA2AR/D2R constructs were examined. Not only in scA2AR/D2R 'liberated' with longer spacers between the two receptors, which confer the same configuration as the prototype, the A2AR-odr4TM-D2LR, but differ in size (Forms 1-3), but also in scA2AR/D2LR (Form 6) fused with a transmembrane (TM) of another type II TM protein, instead of odr4TM, neither of their fixed stoichiometry (the apparent ratios of A2AR to D2R binding sites) was 1, suggesting their compact folding. This suggests that type II TM, either odr4 or another, facilitates the equilibrial process of the dimer formation between A2AR and D2LR, resulting in the higher-order oligomer formation from monomer of scA2AR/D2LR itself. Also, in the reverse type scA2AR/D2LR, i.e., the D2LR-odr4TM-A2AR, counter agonist-independent binding cooperativity (cooperative folding) was found to occur (Forms 4 and 5). In this way, the scA2AR/D2LR system has unveiled the cellular phenomenon as a snapshot of the molecular behavior in A2AR/D2LR dimer. Thus, these results indicate that the various designed types of functional A2AR/D2R exist even in living cells and that this fusion expression system would be useful to analyze as a model of the interaction between class A GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Cell Signaling, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan; Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Signaling, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakata
- Department of Molecular Cell Signaling, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
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Nakata H, Suzuki T, Namba K, Oyanagi K. Dimerization of G protein-coupled purinergic receptors: increasing the diversity of purinergic receptor signal responses and receptor functions. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 30:337-46. [PMID: 20843271 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.509729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well accepted that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) arrange into dimers or higher-order oligomers that may modify various functions of GPCRs. GPCR-type purinergic receptors (i.e. adenosine and P2Y receptors) tend to form heterodimers with GPCRs not only of the different families but also of the same purinergic receptor families, leading to alterations in functional properties. In the present review, we focus on current knowledge of the formation of heterodimers between metabotropic purinergic receptors that activate novel functions in response to extracellular nucleosides/nucleotides, revealing that the dimerization seems to be employed for 'fine-tuning' of purinergic signaling. Thus, the relationship between adenosine and adenosine triphosphate is likely to be more and more intimate than simply being a metabolite of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Nakata
- Department of Molecular Cell Signaling, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Japan.
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Milligan G. G protein-coupled receptor dimerisation: molecular basis and relevance to function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1768:825-35. [PMID: 17069751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The belief that G protein-coupled receptors exist and function as monomeric, non-interacting species has been largely supplanted in recent years by evidence, derived from a range of approaches, that indicate they can form dimers and/or higher-order oligomeric complexes. Key roles for receptor homo-dimerisation include effective quality control of protein folding prior to plasma membrane delivery and interactions with hetero-trimeric G proteins. Growing evidence has also indicated the potential for many co-expressed G protein-coupled receptors to form hetero-dimers/oligomers. The relevance of this to physiology and function is only beginning to be unravelled but may offer great potential for more selective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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