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Blacksell SD, Dhawan S, Kusumoto M, Le KK, Summermatter K, O'Keefe J, Kozlovac J, Almuhairi SS, Sendow I, Scheel CM, Ahumibe A, Masuku ZM, Bennett AM, Kojima K, Harper DR, Hamilton K. The Biosafety Research Road Map: The Search for Evidence to Support Practices in the Laboratory- Bacillus anthracis and Brucella melitensis. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2023; 28:72-86. [PMID: 37342513 PMCID: PMC10278026 DOI: 10.1089/apb.2022.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Brucella melitensis and Bacillus anthracis are zoonoses transmitted from animals and animal products. Scientific information is provided in this article to support biosafety precautions necessary to protect laboratory workers and individuals who are potentially exposed to these pathogens in the workplace or other settings, and gaps in information are also reported. There is a lack of information on the appropriate effective concentration for many chemical disinfectants for this agent. Controversies related to B. anthracis include infectious dose for skin and gastrointestinal infections, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the slaughter of infected animals, and handling of contaminated materials. B. melitensis is reported to have the highest number of laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) to date in laboratory workers. Methods A literature search was conducted to identify potential gaps in biosafety and focused on five main sections including the route of inoculation/modes of transmission, infectious dose, LAIs, containment releases, and disinfection and decontamination strategies. Results Scientific literature currently lacks information on the effective concentration of many chemical disinfectants for this agent and in the variety of matrices where it may be found. Controversies related to B. anthracis include infectious dose for skin and gastrointestinal infections, proper use of PPE during the slaughter of infected animals, and handling contaminated materials. Discussion Clarified vulnerabilities based on specific scientific evidence will contribute to the prevention of unwanted and unpredictable infections, improving the biosafety processes and procedures for laboratory staff and other professionals such as veterinarians, individuals associated with the agricultural industry, and those working with susceptible wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhya Dhawan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marina Kusumoto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kim Khanh Le
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Joseph O'Keefe
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Kozlovac
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Indrawati Sendow
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
| | - Christina M. Scheel
- WHO Collaborating Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, Office of the Associate Director for Laboratory Science, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony Ahumibe
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Zibusiso M. Masuku
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Allan M. Bennett
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kazunobu Kojima
- Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David R. Harper
- The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Hamilton
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
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Al-Nasrawi SJH, Ayad Jaber Z, Talib Al-Quraine N, Imhemed Aljdaimi A, Jabbar Abdul-Zahra Al-Hmedat S, Zidan S, Haider J. Impact of Peracetic Acid on the Dynamic Cyclic Fatigue of Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instrument. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6676005. [PMID: 33531902 PMCID: PMC7837779 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6676005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) is widely used as a sterilizing/disinfecting agent, and, in endodontics, it has been introduced as a promising irrigant in root canal treatment. It has been used at different concentrations to achieve various functions. However, endodontic instruments in contact with PAA of a certain concentration may affect their fatigue resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of PAA on the cyclic fatigue resistance of three commercial heat-treated nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files. Three types of heat-treated NiTi rotary files were selected: One Curve (OC), ProTaper Gold (PTG), and Wave One Gold (WOG). Each type was divided into three subgroups (n = 6 for each file type): (1) untreated instruments; (2) files immersed in 0.002% PAA; and (3) files immersed in 0.35% PAA. The performance of each file type was tested in a simulated canal. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was determined to assess cyclic fatigue resistance of the files. Independent sample t-test was applied to compare each treated file within a subgroup with its respective control group, and one-way ANOVA was used for comparison among the main groups. All types of tested files revealed a significant decline in the cyclic fatigue resistance after exposure to 0.002% PAA except the PTG (P=0.209). After exposure of the files to a higher concentration (0.35% PAA), a dramatic reduction was demonstrated by all the groups. Before and after exposure of the files to PAA, PTG displayed the highest cyclic fatigue resistance, followed by the WOG, while the OC showed the lowest resistance. Exposure of heated-treated NiTi files to PAA in a relatively high or low concentration adversely affects the cyclic fatigue resistance. The PTG files demonstrated the best performance among the tested types and can be disinfected with 0.002% PAA for clinical purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuha Ayad Jaber
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Abtesam Imhemed Aljdaimi
- College of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Alasmarya of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha, Libya
| | | | - Saleh Zidan
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha, Libya
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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Hobbs RJ, Thomas CA, Halliwell J, Gwenin CD. Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E418. [PMID: 31319550 PMCID: PMC6669533 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms. One of the most potent groups of toxins currently known are the Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs). These are so deadly that as little as 62 ng could kill an average human; to put this into context that is approximately 200,000 × less than the weight of a grain of sand. The extreme toxicity of BoNTs leads to the need for methods of determining their concentration at very low levels of sensitivity. Currently the mouse bioassay is the most widely used detection method monitoring the activity of the toxin; however, this assay is not only lengthy, it also has both cost and ethical issues due to the use of live animals. This review focuses on detection methods both existing and emerging that remove the need for the use of animals and will look at three areas; speed of detection, sensitivity of detection and finally cost. The assays will have wide reaching interest, ranging from the pharmaceutical/clinical industry for production quality management or as a point of care sensor in suspected cases of botulism, the food industry as a quality control measure, to the military, detecting BoNT that has been potentially used as a bio warfare agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hobbs
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Carol A Thomas
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jennifer Halliwell
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Christopher D Gwenin
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK.
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In vitro virucidal activity of sodium hypochlorite against canine parvovirus type 2. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:2010-2013. [PMID: 30178730 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirosis is a very contagious, severe and often lethal infectious disease of dogs caused by canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). Parvoviruses are very resistant to several disinfectants while are sensitive to halogens such as sodium hypochlorite which is often used for decontamination of veterinary clinics and animal housing facilities due to its broad spectrum of activity. If compliance with vaccination programmes and with proper disinfection plans is ensured, there should be no continuous, nor frequent, CPV-2 outbreaks in kennels and veterinary clinics. However, a continuous spread of CPV-2 infections is observed, even in kennels where an appropriate vaccination programme is applied, and this imposes a re-evaluation of disinfection protocols using sodium hypochlorite. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of concentration, contact time and presence of organic matter on the virucidal activity of sodium hypochlorite against several CPV-2 strains. A sensitive in vitro assay capable of measuring the infectivity of CPV-2 was employed to determine the efficacy of three different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. The data indicate that using a 0.75% sodium hypochlorite solution for a short contact time (1 min) can reduce significantly the CPV-2 titres and that even lower concentrations, i.e. 0.37%, can efficiently inactivate the viruses provided that the contact time is extended to 15 min. Results also confirm the importance of cleaning before disinfection since the presence of organic matter totally abrogated the virucidal activity of sodium hypochlorite solutions against the three CPV-2 strains.
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Pillet F, Marjanovič I, Reberšek M, Miklavčič D, Rols MP, Kotnik T. Inactivation of spores by electric arcs. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 27405351 PMCID: PMC4942915 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the context of spore contamination involved in bio-terrorism and food preservation, the development of new techniques for spore inactivation is an important challenge. Results Here, a successful application of electric arc discharges resulting in spore death was reported. Two types of electric arcs were compared, different with respect to their durations. The discharges with 0.5 μs duration induced a small inactivation area of 0.6 % of surface treated around their point of entry into the sample, while those with 20 μs duration induced a much larger inactivation area from 7 to 55 % of surface treated roughly proportional to the number of discharges delivered. In particular, 50 discharges of 20 μs duration induced inactivation in more than 55% of surface treated at an inactivation rate above 3.6 log10. Conclusions These results are promising and warrant developing electric arcing as a novel method for spore inactivation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0764-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Pillet
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 Route de Narbonne BP64182, F-31077, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077, Toulouse, France.
| | - Igor Marjanovič
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), 205 Route de Narbonne BP64182, F-31077, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Tadej Kotnik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Meyer KM, Tufts JA, Calfee MW, Oudejans L. Efficacy of sporicidal wipes for inactivation of a Bacillus anthracis surrogate. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1634-44. [PMID: 25220421 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate five commercially available sporicidal wipes and two disinfecting wipes for their ability to inactivate Bacillus atrophaeus spores deposited onto various material surfaces. METHODS AND RESULTS Decontamination efficacy of the wipes was initially tested on glass Petri dishes (150 mm diameter). Following exposure for a specified time of contact, survival of the spores was assessed by quantification of the remaining viable spores, both on the coupon surface and on the towelette itself, with efficacy quantified in terms of mean log reduction. Based on these data, five wipes were down-selected for evaluation on a larger scale, using 36 × 36 cm coupons of five different material types. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that sodium hypochlorite-based sporicidal wipes were most effective, having completely inactivated the Bacillus spores on the glass Petri dish and several materials. Additionally, results demonstrate that the manufacturer-prescribed contact times for Clostridium difficile achieved a 6 log10 reduction of B. atrophaeus spores. Moreover, commercially available disinfecting wipes were not able to kill Bacillus spores as evaluated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These data show the potential of sporicidal wipes for decontamination of small, contained areas of biological contamination and may help on-scene coordinators develop remediation plans following a biological terrorism event.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Meyer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Sella SRBR, Vandenberghe LPS, Soccol CR. Bacillus atrophaeus:main characteristics and biotechnological applications – a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 35:533-45. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.922915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sung MG, Shin WS, Kim W, Kwon JH, Yang JW. Effect of shear stress on the growth of continuous culture of Synechocystis PCC 6803 in a flat-panel photobioreactor. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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High-density, homogeneous endospore monolayer deposition on test surfaces. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 94:245-8. [PMID: 23719028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores were deposited in high-density single layers on metal, glass, and polymer substrates using vacuum filtration followed by a wetted filter transfer step. Quantitative analysis of spore transfer was performed using culture-based and germinability assays, and spore distributions were observed with electron microscopy.
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Kwon JH, Rögner M, Rexroth S. Direct approach for bioprocess optimization in a continuous flat-bed photobioreactor system. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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