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Lepedda AJ, Nieddu G, Cannas C, Formato M. Molecular and pathobiological insights of bikunin/UTI in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1701-1711. [PMID: 36414878 PMCID: PMC9889512 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bikunin is a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (PG) with Ser-protease inhibitory activity that plays pleiotropic roles in health and disease. It is involved in several physiological processes including stabilization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues and key reproductive events. Bikunin is also implicated in both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions and represents a non-invasive circulating and/or urinary (as Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor or UTI) biomarker. It exerts inhibitory effects on urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) mediating tumor invasiveness by a down-regulation of uPA mRNA expression, thus representing an anti-metastatic agent. However, only limited data on its potential as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker of cancer have been reported so far. Recent technological advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have provided researchers with a huge amount of information allowing for large-scale surveys of the cancer proteome. To address such issues, we analyzed bikunin expression data across several types of tumors, by using UALCAN proteogenomic analysis portal. In this article we critically review the roles of bikunin in human pathobiology, with a special focus on its inhibitory effects and mechanisms in cancer aggressiveness as well as its significance as cancer circulating biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Nieddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Cannas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marilena Formato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Lepedda AJ, De Muro P, Capobianco G, Formato M. Significance of urinary glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans in the evaluation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes complications. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:149-155. [PMID: 27842978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of the high incidence of kidney disease in diabetic patients, the early diagnosis of renal impairment is a key point for intervention and management. Although urinary albumin excretion currently represents the accepted standard to assess both diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular risk, it has some limitations as structural changes in the glomerular basement membrane may occur before the onset of microalbuminuria. It is therefore important to identify urinary markers that may provide greater sensitivity, earlier detection, and greater predictive power for diabetes complications. In this respect, urinary glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans (GAGs/PGs) have been long associated with several kidney diseases as well as diabetic nephropathies as their levels increase more readily than albuminuria. In particular, heparan sulfate, a key component of the glomerular basement membrane responsible for its charge-dependent permeability, is excreted into urine at higher concentrations during the early kidney remodeling events caused by the altered glucose metabolism in diabetes. Over the past few years, also urinary trypsin inhibitor has been linked to a chronic inflammatory condition in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanisms of such increase are not completely known since either a systemic inflammatory condition or a more localized early renal impairment could play a role. Nevertheless, the association with other inflammatory markers and a detailed urinary trypsin inhibitor structural characterization in diabetes remain to be elucidated. This review will discuss a great deal of information on the association between urinary GAGs/PGs and type 1 and 2 diabetes, with particular emphasis on renal involvement, and their potential as markers useful in screening, diagnosis and follow up to be associated with the current standard tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Junior Lepedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Pierina De Muro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Capobianco
- Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 12, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Marilena Formato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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Kidney post-transplant monitoring of urinary glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans and monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG). Clin Exp Med 2012; 13:59-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Toyoda H, Muraki F, Imanari T, Kinoshita-Toyoda A. Microdetermination of hyaluronan in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with a graphitized carbon column and postcolumn fluorometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:950-4. [PMID: 21444252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A chemical method for the determination of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA) has been developed and applied to the human blood plasma. Human blood plasma HA was converted to the ΔDi-HA by digestion with hyaluronidase SD and determined by a sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC includes the separation and detection of ΔDi-HA using a graphitized carbon column and fluorometric reaction with 2-cyanoacetamide in an alkaline eluent. The calibration graph for ΔDi-HA was linear over the range 0.2 ng-1 μg. It was revealed that the concentration of HA in normal human blood plasma is very low levels (about 24 ng/ml) in comparison to low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate (about 13 μg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenao Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Capobianco G, de Muro P, Cherchi GM, Formato M, Lepedda AJ, Cigliano A, Zinellu E, Dessole F, Gordini L, Dessole S. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein, leptin and glycosaminoglycans during spontaneous menstrual cycle: differences between ovulatory and anovulatory cycles. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 282:207-13. [PMID: 20306065 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the plasma levels of the inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during the menstrual cycle. METHODS Eighteen healthy volunteers were divided into two groups according to the presence of ovulatory or anovulatory menstrual cycles. Blood samples were collected at different time points: at the menstrual phase (days 2-3), periovulatory phase (days 12-13), and luteal phase (days 23-24). CRP and leptin concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay. GAGs were isolated using ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and quantified as hexuronate. The structural characterization of chondroitin sulfate (CS) isomers was performed by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). RESULTS In the women with ovulatory cycles, plasma GAG levels differed significantly during menstrual cycle, with increased values at the periovulatory with respect to the menstrual phase. No significant differences in CRP and leptin concentrations were observed through the menstrual cycle in both the examined cycles, but inter-group analysis revealed significant differences of CRP and leptin levels between the ovulatory and anovulatory cycles with higher values at periovulatory phase in the ovulatory cycles. CONCLUSIONS There are no fluctuations of both total GAG concentration and CS isomer content during menstrual cycle in the anovulatory cycles. A significant correlation between CRP and gonadotrophins was found. There is no significant difference in CRP across the menstrual cycle among ovulatory cycles, but there is a trend toward higher CRP at the periovulatory than the other phases, consistent with the significant difference in CRP between ovulatory and anovulatory cycles at the periovulatory phase. Both the trend and the significant result suggest an elevation in CRP with ovulation. These observations provide additional evidences to the hypothesis that the ovulation is an inflammatory-like phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Capobianco
- Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 12, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Glycosaminoglycan and transforming growth factor β1 changes in human plasma and urine during the menstrual cycle, in vitro fertilization treatment, and pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:320-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kaneiwa T, Yamada S, Mizumoto S, Montaño AM, Mitani S, Sugahara K. Identification of a novel chondroitin hydrolase in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:14971-9. [PMID: 18390555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709236200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronidases have been postulated to be the enzyme acting at the initial step of chondroitin sulfate (CS) catabolism in vivo. Since chondroitin (Chn) but not hyaluronic acid (HA) has been detected in Caenorhabditis elegans, the nematode is a good model for elucidating the mechanism of the degradation of CS/Chn in vivo. Here we cloned the homolog of human hyaluronidase in C. elegans, T22C8.2. The Chn-degrading activity in vitro was first demonstrated when it was expressed in COS-7 cells. The enzyme cleaved preferentially Chn. CS-A and CS-C were also depolymerized but to lesser extents, and HA was hardly degraded. In order of preference, the substrates ranked Chn >> CS-A > CS-C >> HA. The products of the degradation of Chn by the enzyme were characterized by anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography and delayed extraction matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The structure of the major component in the digest was determined as GlcUAbeta1-3GalNAcbeta1-4GlcUAbeta1-3GalNAc, where GlcUA and GalNAc represent D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, respectively, indicating that this enzyme is a Chn hydrolase, an endo-beta-galactosaminidase specific for Chn. Investigation of the effects of pH on the activity revealed the optimum pH of Chn hydrolase to be 6.0. Since Chn in C. elegans has been demonstrated to play critical roles in cell division, Chn hydrolase possibly regulates the function of Chn in vivo. This is the first demonstration of a Chn hydrolase in an animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kaneiwa
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Nishi-11-choume, Kita 21-jo, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Zhuo L, Salustri A, Kimata K. A physiological function of serum proteoglycan bikunin: the chondroitin sulfate moiety plays a central role. Glycoconj J 2002; 19:241-7. [PMID: 12975601 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025331929373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bikunin is a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that occurs in blood as the light chain of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) family members. The relatively short chondroitin sulfate chain of bikunin shows a characteristic pattern of sulfation in both the linkage region and the chondroitin sulfate backbone. To the internal N-acetylgalactosamines in the lower sulfated portion near the non-reducing end, up to two "side" proteins could bind covalently via a unique ester bond to form "core protein-glycosaminoglycan-side protein" complexes, the ITI family. ITI molecules are synthesized in hepatocytes, and then secreted into circulation at high concentrations. In the presence of yet unidentified factors, the side proteins are transferred from chondroitin sulfate to hyaluronan by a transesterification reaction to form what has been described as the Serum-derived Hyaluronan-Associated Protein (SHAP)-hyaluronan complex. The formation of this complex is required for the stabilization of the extracellular matrix of fibroblasts, mesothelial cells, and cumuli oophori. When the gene for bikunin is inactivated, female mice exhibit severe infertility as a consequence of a defect of the side protein precursor in forming a complex with the hyaluronan in cumulus oophorus before ovulation. Therefore, the chondroitin sulfate moiety of bikunin is essential for presenting SHAP to hyaluronan, which is indispensable for ovulation and fertilization in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Zhuo
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Mizon C, Mairie C, Balduyck M, Hachulla E, Mizon J. The chondroitin sulfate chain of bikunin-containing proteins in the inter-alpha-inhibitor family increases in size in inflammatory diseases. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:2717-24. [PMID: 11322893 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI) and pre-alpha-inhibitor (PalphaI) are the main members of a set of multichain serine proteinase inhibitors. Present in human plasma, they may be involved in control of the inflammatory process. They are composed of homologous heavy chains (H1 and H2 for IalphaI; H3 for PalphaI) covalently linked by a protein-glycosaminoglycan-protein cross-link to bikunin, which is a chondroitin 4-sulfate proteoglycan. During the acute-phase response, biosynthesis of IalphaI and PalphaI is downregulated and upregulated, respectively. In this work, we provide evidence that, in inflammatory diseases, the chondroitin sulfate chain of bikunin increases in size proportionally to the severity of the inflammatory response. As a consequence, all IalphaI-related components that contain bikunin are structurally modified. Therefore, the changes in glycosylation of the acute-phase proteins are not restricted to N-linked glycans but also affect glycosaminoglycans. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to biosynthesis and biological role, especially the anti-inflammatory effects of IalphaI-related proteinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mizon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lille, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Hopital Cl. Huriez, Lille, France
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Imanari T, Toida T, Koshiishi I, Toyoda H. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides. J Chromatogr A 1996; 720:275-93. [PMID: 8601196 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-derived oligosaccharides has been employed for the structural analysis and measurement of hyaluronan, chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, keratan sulphate, heparan sulphate and heparin. Recent developments in the separation and detection of unsaturated disaccharides and oligosaccharides derived from GAGs by enzymatic or chemical degradation are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imanari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
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Huang Y, Toyoda H, Toida T, Imanari T. Determination of chondroitin sulphates in human whole blood, plasma and blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1995; 9:102-5. [PMID: 7795384 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130090210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple HPLC method for determination of chondroitin sulphates as their unsaturated disaccharides by chondroitinases has been applied to measure the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in human whole blood, plasma and blood cells. This method may be useful for the investigations on the role of blood GAGs and the metabolic fates of the exogenous GAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
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