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Delma KL, Penoy N, Sakira AK, Egrek S, Sacheli R, Grignard B, Hayette MP, Issa Somé T, Evrard B, Semdé R, Piel G. Use of supercritical CO 2 for the sterilization of liposomes: Study of the influence of sterilization conditions on the chemical and physical stability of phospholipids and liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 183:112-118. [PMID: 36638849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of four potential supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) sterilization conditions on the chemical stability of 9 phospholipids and on the physicochemical characteristics of liposomes consisting of stable phospholipids, as well as their sterilization efficiency were evaluated. These conditions were : C1 (ScCO2/70 °C/150 bar/240 min), C2 (ScCO2/0.25 % water/ 0.15% H2O2/ 0.5% acetic anhydride/38° C/85 bar/45 min), C3 (ScCO2/0.08 % peracetic acid/35° C/104 bar/180 min) and C4 (ScCO2/200 ppm H2O2/40 °C/270 bar/90 min). The results showed for phospholipids, a significant increase in hydrolysis products of 3.77 to 14.50 % and an increase in oxidation index of 6.10 to 430.50 % with unsaturated phospholipids for all tested conditions while with saturated phospholipids, no significant degradation was observed. Concerning the liposome formulation, no change in dispersion color and no phospholipid degradation were observed. However, a decrease in liposome size from 126.90 nm to 111.80 nm, 96.27 nm, 99.60 nm and 109.13 nm and an increase in the PdI from 0.208 to 0.271, 0.233, 0.285, and 0.298 were found with conditions C1, C2, C3 and C4 respectively. For the sterilization efficiency, conditions C1, C2 and C3 achieved the required sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10-6 for liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouka Luc Delma
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Nanomedicine Development, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Drug Development, Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Noémie Penoy
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Nanomedicine Development, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Abdoul Karim Sakira
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Santé (ED2S), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sabrina Egrek
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Rosalie Sacheli
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Grignard
- FRITCO(2)T Platform, CESAM Research Unit, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman B6a, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Hayette
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Touridomon Issa Somé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Santé (ED2S), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Nanomedicine Development, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Rasmané Semdé
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Géraldine Piel
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Nanomedicine Development, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Hemetsberger A, Preis E, Engelhardt K, Gutberlet B, Runkel F, Bakowsky U. Highly Stable Liposomes Based on Tetraether Lipids as a Promising and Versatile Drug Delivery System. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6995. [PMID: 36234336 PMCID: PMC9571198 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional liposomes often lack stability, limiting their applicability and usage apart from intravenous routes. Nevertheless, their advantages in drug encapsulation and physicochemical properties might be helpful in oral and pulmonary drug delivery. This study investigated the feasibility and stability of liposomes containing tetraether lipids (TEL) from Thermoplasma acidophilum. Liposomes composed of different molar ratios of TEL:Phospholipon 100H (Ph) were produced and exposed to various temperature and pH conditions. The effects on size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were examined by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering. Autoclaving, which was considered an additional process step after fabrication, could minimize contamination and prolong shelf life, and the stability after autoclaving was tested. Moreover, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein leakage was measured after incubation in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) and lung surfactant (Alveofact). The incorporation of TEL into the liposomes significantly impacted the stability against low pH, higher temperatures, and even sterilization by autoclaving. The stability of liposomes containing TEL was confirmed by atomic force microscopy as images revealed similar sizes and morphology before and after incubation with FCS. It could be concluded that increasing the molar ratio in the TEL:Ph liposome formulations improved the structural stability against high temperature, low pH, sterilization via autoclaving, and the presence of FCS and lung surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybike Hemetsberger
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eduard Preis
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Engelhardt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Gutberlet
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Runkel
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Sainaga Jyothi VGS, Bulusu R, Venkata Krishna Rao B, Pranothi M, Banda S, Kumar Bolla P, Kommineni N. Stability characterization for pharmaceutical liposome product development with focus on regulatory considerations: An update. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122022. [PMID: 35843364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes have several advantages, such as the ability to be employed as a carrier/vehicle for a variety of drug molecules and at the same time they are safe and biodegradable. In the recent times, compared to other delivery systems, liposomes have been one of the most well-established and commercializing drug products of new drug delivery methods for majority of therapeutic applications. On the other hand, it has several limitations, particularly in terms of stability, which impedes product development and performance. In this review, we reviewed all the potential instabilities (physical, chemical, and biological) that a formulation development scientist confronts throughout the development of liposomal formulations as along with the ways to overcome these challenges. We have also discussed the effect of microbiological contamination on liposomal formulations with a focus on the use of sterilization methods used to improve the stability. Finally, we have reviewed quality control techniques and regulatory considerations recommended by the agencies (USFDA and MHLW) for liposome drug product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaskuri G S Sainaga Jyothi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Raviteja Bulusu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Mulinti Pranothi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, ND, USA
| | - Srikanth Banda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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Delma KL, Penoy N, Grignard B, Semdé R, Evrard B, Piel G. Effects of supercritical carbon dioxide under conditions potentially conducive to sterilization on physicochemical characteristics of a liposome formulation containing apigenin. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Niosomes-based gene delivery systems for effective transfection of human mesenchymal stem cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112307. [PMID: 34474858 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has arisen as a powerful approach to increase the therapeutic potential of this effective cell population. Over recent years, niosomes have emerged as self-assembled carriers with promising performance for gene delivery. The aim of our work was to develop effective niosomes-based DNA delivery platforms for targeting MSCs. Niosomes based on 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTMA; 0, 7 or 15%) as cationic lipid, cholesterol as helper lipid, and polysorbate 60 as non-ionic surfactant, were prepared using a reverse phase evaporation technique. Niosomes dispersions (filtered or not) and their corresponding nioplexes with a lacZ plasmid were characterized in terms of size, charge, protection, and complexation abilities. DOTMA concentration had a large influence on the physicochemical properties of resulting nioplexes. Transfection efficiency and cytotoxic profiles were assessed in two immortalized cell lines of MSCs. Niosomes formulated with 15% DOTMA provided the highest values of β-galactosidase activity, being similar to those achieved with Lipofectamine®, but showed less cytotoxicity. Filtration of niosomes dispersions before adding to the cells resulted in a loss of their biological activities. Storage of niosomes formulations (for 30 days at room temperature) caused minor modification of their physicochemical properties but also attenuated the transfection capability of the nioplexes. Differently, addition of the lysosomotropic agent sucrose into the culture medium during transfection or to the formulation itself improved the transfection performance of non-filtered niosomes. Indeed, steam heat-sterilized niosomes prepared in sucrose medium demonstrated transfection capability.
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Kattar A, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Diabetic eye: associated diseases, drugs in clinic, and role of self-assembled carriers in topical treatment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1589-1607. [PMID: 34253138 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1953466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes is a pandemic disease that causes relevant ocular pathologies. Diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, cataracts, glaucoma, or keratopathy strongly impact the quality of life of the patients. In addition to glycemic control, intense research is devoted to finding more efficient ocular drugs and improved delivery systems that can overcome eye barriers. Areas covered: The aim of this review is to revisit first the role of diabetes in the development of chronic eye diseases. Then, commercially available drugs and new candidates in clinical trials are tackled together with the pros and cons of their administration routes. Subsequent sections deal with self-assembled drug carriers suitable for eye instillation combining patient-friendly administration with high ocular bioavailability. Performance of topically administered polymeric micelles, liposomes, and niosomes for the management of diabetic eye diseases is analyzed in the light of ex vivo and in vivo results and outcomes of clinical trials. Expert opinion: Self-assembled carriers are being shown useful for efficient delivery of not only a variety of small drugs but also macromolecules (e.g. antibodies) and genes. Successful design of drug carriers may offer alternatives to intraocular injections and improve the treatment of both anterior and posterior segments diabetic eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kattar
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Ortega V, Radaic A, de Jesus MB, de Paula E, Giorgio S. Improved efficacy of meglumine antimoniate incorporated in anionic liposomes against Leishmania infantum infecting canine macrophages. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:896-904. [PMID: 34289045 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease and several drugs have been used in the treatment, including meglumine antimoniate (AME). The chemotherapy reaches clinical cure but does not eliminate parasites, contributing to drug resistance. To improve AME efficacy we incorporated it in anionic liposomes. The antiparasitic activity and intracellular localization were investigated in canine macrophages infected with Leishmania infantum. METHODS Liposomes (L-AME) is composed of egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidyl serine and α-tocopherol (4 : 3 : 0.4 : 0.07 mol%) plus AME. L-AME size, polydispersity, zeta potential and morphology were analysed as well as antileishmanial activity and intracellular localization in DH82 macrophages. KEY FINDINGS Liposomes (360 nm) zeta potential range from -40 to -65 mV, had 23% encapsulation efficiency and were stable for 180 days at 4°C. Free AME was cytotoxic towards L. infantum infected macrophages (ID50 = 0.012 M) while L-AME did not reduce cell viability. L-AME colocalized with parasites inside macrophages in a time-dependent manner, and reduced the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites, decreasing the infection index (75-80%) twice as compared with AME treatment. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal AME is a promising delivery system for treating visceral leishmaniasis, improving meglumine efficacy against L. infantum and minimizing its cytotoxicity towards canine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan Radaic
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Delma KL, Lechanteur A, Evrard B, Semdé R, Piel G. Sterilization methods of liposomes: Drawbacks of conventional methods and perspectives. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120271. [PMID: 33548365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are targeted drug delivery systems that are of great pharmaceutical and therapeutic interest. Parenteral route is the main way used for liposome administration. In this case, their sterility is a requirement. However, due to the particular sensitivity of liposomes and their tendency to physicochemical alterations, their sterilization remains a real challenge. Conventional sterilization methods such as heat, ethylene oxide, ultraviolet and gamma irradiations are considered as unsuitable for liposome sterilization and the recommended methods for obtaining sterility of liposomes are filtration and aseptic manufacturing. Unfortunately, these recommended methods are not without limitations. This review outlines the difficulties associated with the use of these different classical methods for obtaining liposome sterility. The effects on liposome physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics as well as efficacy, toxicity and practical problems of these sterilization techniques have been discussed. The search for an alternative method being therefore necessary, the applicability of supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) technology, which is nowadays a promising strategy for the sterilization of sensitive products such as liposomes, is also examined. It appears from this analysis that ScCO2 could effectively be an interesting alternative to achieve sterility of liposomes, but for this, sterilization assays including challenge tests and optimization studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouka Luc Delma
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Nanomedicine Developments, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Drug Development, Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Nanomedicine Developments, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Nanomedicine Developments, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Rasmané Semdé
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Géraldine Piel
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Nanomedicine Developments, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Liu G, Hou S, Tong P, Li J. Liposomes: Preparation, Characteristics, and Application Strategies in Analytical Chemistry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:392-412. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1805293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Shili Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Peihong Tong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Jianping Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
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Seneviratne R, Jeuken LJC, Rappolt M, Beales PA. Hybrid Vesicle Stability under Sterilisation and Preservation Processes Used in the Manufacture of Medicinal Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040914. [PMID: 32326448 PMCID: PMC7240416 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterilisation and preservation of vesicle formulations are important considerations for their viable manufacture for industry applications, particular those intended for medicinal use. Here, we undertake an initial investigation of the stability of hybrid lipid-block copolymer vesicles to common sterilisation and preservation processes, with particular interest in how the block copolymer component might tune vesicle stability. We investigate two sizes of polybutadiene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) polymers (PBd12-PEO11 and PBd22-PEO14) mixed with the phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) considering the encapsulation stability of a fluorescent cargo and the colloidal stability of vesicle size distributions. We find that autoclaving and lyophilisation cause complete loss of encapsulation stability under the conditions studied here. Filtering through 200 nm pores appears to be viable for sterilisation for all vesicle compositions with comparatively low release of encapsulated cargo, even for vesicle size distributions which extend beyond the 200 nm filter pore size. Freeze-thaw of vesicles also shows promise for the preservation of hybrid vesicles with high block copolymer content. We discuss the process stability of hybrid vesicles in terms of the complex mechanical interplay between bending resistance, stretching elasticity and lysis strain of these membranes and propose strategies for future work to further enhance the process stability of these vesicle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Seneviratne
- School of Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Michael Rappolt
- School of Food Science and Nutrition and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Paul A. Beales
- School of Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Caimi AT, Parra F, de Farias MA, Portugal RV, Perez AP, Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Topical vaccination with super-stable ready to use nanovesicles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 152:114-123. [PMID: 28103528 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultradeformable archaeosomes (UDA) are nanovesicles made of total polar archaeolipids (TPA) from the archaea Halorubrum tebenquichense, soybean phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate (3:3:1w/w). Fresh dispersions of UDA including different type of antigens are acknowledged as efficient topical vaccination agents. UDA dispersions however, if manufactured for pharmaceutical use, have to maintain colloidal stability upon liposomicidal processes such as sterilization and lyophilization (SLRUDA), needed to extend shelf life during storage. The remaining capacity of SLRUDA to act as adjuvants was therefore tested here for the first time. Another unexplored issue addressed here, is the outcome of replacing classical antigen inclusion into nanovesicles by their physical mixture. Our results showed that UDA behaved as super-stable nanovesicles because of its high endurance during heat sterilization and storage for 5 months at 40°C. The archaeolipid content of UDA however, was insufficient to protect it against lyophilization, which demanded the addition of 2.5% v/v glycerol plus 0.07% w/v glucose. No significant differences were found between serum anti-ovalbumin (OVA) IgG titers induced by fresh or SLRUDA upon topical application of 4 weekly doses at 600μg lipids/75μg OVA to Balb/c mice. Finally, SLRUDA mixed with OVA elicited the same Th2 biased plus a non-specific cell mediated response than OVA encapsulated within UDA. Concluding, we showed that TPA is key component of super-stable nanovesicles that confers resistance to heat sterilization and to storage under cold-free conditions. The finding of SLRUDA as ready-to-use topical adjuvant would lead to simpler manufacture processing and cheaper products. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen Tatiana Caimi
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Federico Parra
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Alexandre de Farias
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Villares Portugal
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Perez
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina
| | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Argentina.
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Taskar P, Tatke A, Majumdar S. Advances in the use of prodrugs for drug delivery to the eye. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:49-63. [PMID: 27441817 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1208649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular drug delivery is presented with many challenges, taking into account the distinctive structure of the eye. The prodrug approach has been, and is being, employed to overcome such barriers for some drug molecules, utilizing a chemical modification approach rather than a formulation-based approach. A prodrug strategy involves modification of the active moiety into various derivatives in a fashion that imparts some advantage, such as membrane permeability, site specificity, transporter targeting and improved aqueous solubility, over the parent compound. Areas covered: The following review is a comprehensive summary of various novel methodologies and strategies reported over the past few years in the area of ocular drug delivery. Some of the strategies discussed involve polymer and lipid conjugation with the drug moiety to impart hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, or to target nutrient transporters by conjugation with transporter-specific moieties and retrometabolic drug design. Expert opinion: The application of prodrug strategies provides an option for enhancing drug penetration into the ocular tissues, and overall ocular bioavailability, with minimum disruption of the ocular diffusion barriers. Although success of the prodrug strategy is contingent on various factors, such as the chemical structure of the parent molecule, aqueous solubility and solution stability, capacity of targeted transporters and bioreversion characteristics, this approach has been successfully utilized, commercially and therapeutically, in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Taskar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Akshaya Tatke
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
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Kaur G, Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. Archaeosomes: an excellent carrier for drug and cell delivery. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2497-2512. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1019653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gurmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Tarun Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Amit K. Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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14
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Yao X, Bunt C, Cornish J, Quek SY, Wen J. Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin Using Pectin- and Chitosan-Modified Liposomes and Solid Lipid Particles: Improvement of Stability of Lactoferrin. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:466-75. [PMID: 25581616 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A critical problem associated with delivery of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) by the oral route is low bioavailability, which is derived from the enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and poor permeation across the intestinal epitheliums. Particulate carrier systems have been identified to protect bLf against proteolysis via encapsulation. This study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical stability of bLf-loaded liposomes and solid lipid particles (SLPs) modified by pectin and chitosan when exposed to various stress conditions. Transmission electron microscopy results showed liposomes and SLPs had a classic shell-core structure with polymer layers surrounded on surface, but the structure appeared to be partially broken after digestion in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Although HPLC and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods qualitatively and quantitatively described either liposomes or SLPs could retain intact bLf against proteolysis in SIF to some extent, all liposome formulations showed rapid rate of lipolysis mediated by pancreatic enzymes. On the other hand, all SLP formulations showed higher heat resistance and greater electrolyte tolerance compared to liposome formulations. After 180 days storage time, liposome-loaded bLf was completely degraded, whereas almost 30% of intact bLf still remained in SLP formulations. Overall, SLPs are considered as primary choice for oral bLf delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Craig Bunt
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Siew-Young Quek
- School of Chemical Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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15
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Dubey R, Martini LG, Christie M. Duel-acting subcutaneous microemulsion formulation for improved migraine treatment with zolmitriptan and diclofenac: formulation and in vitro-in vivo characterization. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 16:214-20. [PMID: 24363199 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous triptan provides immediate analgesia in migraine and cluster headache but is limited by high pain recurrence due to rapid drug elimination. A dual-acting subcutaneous formulation providing immediate release of a triptan and slow but sustained release of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug may provide a longer duration of relief. A microemulsion-based technology has various advantages over other technically complex dosage forms. Oil-in-water microemulsions of zolmitriptan and diclofenac acid using Labrafac Lipophile, Tween 80, Capryol 90 and water were prepared. One formulation was characterised in vitro and found to have uniformly dispersed nanosized globules. The formulation provided differential release of zolmitriptan and diclofenac acid both in vitro as well as in vivo that may be potentially beneficial to migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dubey
- King's College London, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK,
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16
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Dubey R. Controlled-release injectable microemulsions: recent advances and potential opportunities. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 11:159-73. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.870151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Marsanasco M, Márquez AL, Wagner JR, del V. Alonso S, Chiaramoni NS. Liposomes as vehicles for vitamins E and C: An alternative to fortify orange juice and offer vitamin C protection after heat treatment. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Bipolar tetraether archaeosomes exhibit unusual stability against autoclaving as studied by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 159:95-103. [PMID: 19477316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The stability of liposomes made of the polar lipid fraction E (PLFE) isolated from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius against autoclaving has been studied by using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. PLFE lipids have structures distinctly different from those derived from eukaryotes and prokaryotes. PLFE lipids are bipolar tetraether molecules and may contain up to four cyclopentane rings in each of the two dibiphytanyl chains. In the pH range 4-10, PLFE-based archaeosomes, with and without polyethyleneglycol- and maleimide-lipids, are able to retain vesicle size, size distribution, and morphology through at least six autoclaving cycles. The cell growth temperature (65 degrees C vs. 78 degrees C), hence the number of cyclopentane rings in the hydrocarbon chains, does not affect this general conclusion. By contrast, at the same pH range, most conventional liposomes made of monopolar diester lipids and cholesterol or pegylated lipids cannot withhold vesicle size and size distribution against just one cycle of autoclaving. At pH<4, the particle size and polydispersity of PLFE-based archaeosomes increase with autoclaving cycles, suggesting that aggregation or membrane disruption may have occurred at extreme acidic conditions during heat sterilization. Under high salt conditions, dye leakage from PLFE archaeosomes due to autoclaving is significantly less than that from pegylated liposomes composed of conventional lipids. The ability to maintain vesicle integrity after multiple autoclaving cycles indicates the potential usefulness of utilizing PLFE-based archaeosomes as autoclavable and durable drug (including genes, peptides, vaccines, siRNA) delivery vehicles.
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Mozafari MR, Khosravi-Darani K, Borazan GG, Cui J, Pardakhty A, Yurdugul S. Encapsulation of Food Ingredients Using Nanoliposome Technology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910701648115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Reza Mozafari
- a Riddet Centre, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- b Department of Food Technology Research , National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University , Tehran, Iran
| | - G. Gokce Borazan
- c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology , Bolu, Turkey
| | - Jian Cui
- a Riddet Centre, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- d Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Center, Kerman Medical University , Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyhun Yurdugul
- c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology , Bolu, Turkey
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20
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Chan YH, Chen BH, Chiu CP, Lu YF. The influence of phytosterols on the encapsulation efficiency of cholesterol liposomes. Int J Food Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Shinohara K, Tanaka M, Sakuma T, Kobayashi Y. Efficacy of Daunorubicin Encapsulated in Liposome for the Treatment of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2003. [DOI: 10.3928/1542-8877-20030701-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Lee JC, Bermudez H, Discher BM, Sheehan MA, Won YY, Bates FS, Discher DE. Preparation, stability, and in vitro performance of vesicles made with diblock copolymers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73:135-45. [PMID: 11255161 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vesicles made completely from diblock copolymers-polymersomes-can be stably prepared by a wide range of techniques common to liposomes. Processes such as film rehydration, sonication, and extrusion can generate many-micron giants as well as monodisperse, approximately 100 nm vesicles of PEO-PEE (polyethyleneoxide-polyethylethylene) or PEO-PBD (polyethyleneoxide-polybutadiene). These thick-walled vesicles of polymer can encapsulate macromolecules just as liposomes can but, unlike many pure liposome systems, these polymersomes exhibit no in-surface thermal transitions and a subpopulation even survive autoclaving. Suspension in blood plasma has no immediate ill-effect on vesicle stability, and neither adhesion nor stimulation of phagocytes are apparent when giant polymersomes are held in direct, protracted contact. Proliferating cells, in addition, are unaffected when cultured for an extended time with an excess of polymersomes. The effects are consistent with the steric stabilization that PEG-lipid can impart to liposomes, but the present single-component polymersomes are far more stable mechanically and are not limited by PEG-driven micellization. The results potentiate a broad new class of technologically useful, polymer-based vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lee
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Abstract
Vesicular phospholipid gels (VPGs), highly concentrated phospholipid dispersions of semisolid consistency and vesicular morphology are under investigation as potential implantable depots for sustained release of drugs and as intermediates for subsequent dilution into 'conventional' liposome dispersions. It was investigated here if VPGs can be steam sterilised. VPGs prepared from 400 mg/g egg-phosphatidylcholine by high-pressure homogenisation retained their vesicular structure but showed a slight increase in vesicle size (freeze-fracture electron microscopy). However, autoclaving slowed down both, the in vitro release of the hydrophilic marker carboxyfluorescein and vesicles from VPGs. This was assumed to be due to bigger vesicle sizes and corresponding increase in packing density of the vesicular matrix. Upon dilution into a liposome dispersion both negative staining electron microscopy and dynamic laser light scattering analysis confirmed a distinct increase in liposome size, mainly due to fusion of small (20 nm) vesicles with unfavourable curvature. This was consistent with the observed increase in encapsulation efficiency of carboxyfluorescein. Phospholipid hydrolysis during autoclaving was negligible with lysophosphatidylcholine formation of less than 2% (thin layer chromatography). Despite significant change of their morphological and functional properties during autoclaving VPGs retained their main characteristics, such as vesicular structure, sustained release and dilutability to liposome dispersions, and are, therefore, considered as autoclavable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tardi
- Institutt for Farmasi, Avd. Galenisk Farmasi, Universitetet i Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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24
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Patel GB, Sprott GD. Archaeobacterial ether lipid liposomes (archaeosomes) as novel vaccine and drug delivery systems. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2000; 19:317-57. [PMID: 10723627 DOI: 10.1080/0738-859991229170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are artificial, spherical, closed vesicles consisting of one or more lipid bilayer(s). Liposomes made from ester phospholipids have been studied extensively over the last 3 decades as artificial membrane models. Considerable interest has been generated for applications of liposomes in medicine, including their use as diagnostic reagents, as carrier vehicles in vaccine formulations, or as delivery systems for drugs, genes, or cancer imaging agents. The objective of this article is to review the properties and potential applications of novel liposomes made from the membrane lipids of Archaeobacteria (Archaea). These lipids are unique and distinct from those encountered in Eukarya and Bacteria. Polar glycerolipids make up the bulk of the membrane lipids, with the remaining neutral lipids being primarily squalenes and other hydrocarbons. The polar lipids consist of regularly branched, and usually fully saturated, phytanyl chains of 20, 25, or 40 carbon length, with the 20 and 40 being most common. The phytanyl chains are attached via ether bonds to the sn-2,3 carbons of the glycerol backbone(s). It has been shown only recently that total polar lipids of archaeobacteria, and purified lipid fractions therefrom, can form liposomes. We refer to liposomes made with any lipid composition that includes ether lipids characteristic of Archaeobacteria as archaeosomes to distinguish them from vesicles made from the conventional lipids obtained from eukaryotic or eubacterial sources or their synthetic analogs. In general, archaeosomes demonstrate relatively higher stabilities to oxidative stress, high temperature, alkaline pH, action of phospholipases, bile salts, and serum proteins. Some archaeosome formulations can be sterilized by autoclaving, without problems such as fusion or aggregation of the vesicles. The uptake of archaeosomes by phagocytic cells can be up to 50-fold greater than that of conventional liposome formulations. Studies in mice have indicated that systemic administration of several test antigens entrapped within certain archaeosome compositions give humoral immune responses that are comparable to those obtained with the potent but toxic Freund's adjuvant. Archaeosome compositions can be selected to give a prolonged, sustained immune response, and the generation of a memory response. Tissue distribution studies of archaeosomes administered via various systemic and peroral routes indicate potential for targeting to specific organs. All in vitro and in vivo studies performed to date indicate that archaeosomes are safe and do not invoke any noticeable toxicity in mice. The stability, tissue distribution profiles, and adjuvant activity of archaeosome formulations indicate that they may offer a superior alternative to the use of conventional liposomes, at least for some biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Patel
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Some aspects of the technology for liposomal medicinal preparations. Pharm Chem J 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02508376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Thermal stabilities were compared between liposomes prepared from the ether lipids extracted from various archaeobacteria and liposomes composed of ester lipids. Leakage of entrapped carboxyfluorescein from the liposomes exposed to 121 °C indicated a marked stability of certain ether liposomes, comparable or superior to cholesterol-stabilized liposomes prepared from the saturated synthetic lipids dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol. The heat stability of diether liposomes could be increased by the inclusion of tetraether lipids.Key words: archaeal liposomes, ether liposomes, heat sterilization, thermal stability, archaeobacteria ("Archaea").
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29
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Yachi K, Kikuchi H, Suzuki N, Atsumi R, Aonuma M, Kawato Y. Pharmaceutical and biological properties of doxorubicin encapsulated in liposomes (L-ADM): the effect of repeated administration on the systemic phagocytic activity and pharmacokinetics. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1995; 16:653-67. [PMID: 8573685 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510160805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the biodistribution and antitumour activity of doxorubicin (ADM) encapsulated in liposomes (L-ADM) after two administrations in tumour bearing mice. The effect of the first administration on phagocytic activity was also examined. The biodistribution of L-ADM after the second dosing at an interval of 4d was remarkably different from that after the first. The concentration of ADM in plasma and tumour after the second injection was higher, but that in the liver was lower than after the first administration. This decrease in distribution to the liver is thought to have contributed to the difference in the biodistribution characteristics of L-ADM. With regard to antitumour effect, the activity was similar between L-ADM and a solution of ADM (F-ADM). To investigate the effect of the first administration of L-ADM on biodistribution, systemic phagocytic activity was measured after the injection of F-ADM, L-ADM, or 'empty' liposomes not containing ADM. F-ADM and L-ADM (7.5 mg ADM/kg body weight) reduced phagocytic activity to approximately 50% and 30% of control, respectively. This finding suggests that entrapment of ADM in liposomes enhances both the distribution of the drug to the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and its suppressive effect on RES activity. These results indicate that the decrease in RES activity by L-ADM must be considered in estimation of the pharmacokinetics, antitumour activity, and toxicity of L-ADM in clinical use when given by repeat administration or used in combination with other antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yachi
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Compartmentalization of biochemical reactions within a spherically closed bilayer is an important step in the molecular evolution of cells. Liposomes are the most suitable structures to model this kind of chemistry. We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to demonstrate that complex biochemical reactions such as DNA replication can be carried out inside these compartments. RESULTS We describe the first example of DNA amplification by the PCR occurring inside liposomes composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), or of a mixture of POPC and phosphatidylserine. We show that these liposomes are stable even under the high temperature conditions used for PCR. Although only a very small fraction of liposomes contains all eight different reagents together, a significant amount of DNA is produced which can be observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that it is possible to carry out complex biochemical reactions within liposomes, which may be germane to the question of the origin of living cells. We have established the parameters and conditions that are critical for carrying out this complex reaction within the liposome compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oberholzer
- Institut für Polymere, ETH Zentrum, Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Yachi K, Kikuchi H, Yamauchi H, Hirota S, Tomikawa M. Distribution of liposomes containing mannobiose esters of fatty acid in rats. J Microencapsul 1995; 12:377-88. [PMID: 8583312 DOI: 10.3109/02652049509087250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The biodistribution of liposomes modified by mannobiose residues was studied in rat. The purpose of the modification was to target the liposomes to macrophages. Mannobiose mono arachidic acid esters (MAEs) were synthesized and used to modify the surface of liposomes. It was shown by gel permeation chromatography that the MAE was preferentially incorporated into the membrane of the liposomes. After intravenous administration, mannobiose-modified liposomes were eliminated from the systemic circulation more rapidly than control liposomes without the modification. Whilst the modification did not affect the distribution of liposomes to kidney, lung, or thymus, it increased the distribution to liver and spleen. The uptake in the hepatic parenchymal cell fraction was not influenced by MAE incorporation. Taking into account the fact that endothelial cells do not take up particles whose size is > 100 nm, the increase in the distribution to liver were ascribed to an increase in uptake by Kupffer cells. These results suggest that mannobiose mono fatty acid esters are useful in the targeting of liposomes to Kupffer cells and other macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yachi
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The attempt was made to study liposome stability and oxidation under the autoclaving conditions. It was shown that after the preliminary air removal from a liposome sample there was no lipid oxidation (malonaldehyde bis(dimethyl acetate) was used as a control) and liposome content leakage during autoclaving. Liposomes with entrapped Intal remain completely intact after autoclaving for 15 min at 120 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Lukyanov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Autoclaving of liposomes composed of egg phospholipids or saturated phospholipids, the latter sometimes combined with cholesterol, was performed in an isotonic acetate buffer (pH 4.0) or Hepes buffer (pH 7.4). After a standard autoclaving cycle (15 min, 121 degrees C), no change could be observed in pH, size, and extent of oxidation. Dependent on the experimental conditions, a minor or substantial increase in the fraction of hydrolyzed phospholipids was found. After a sterilization cycle, pronounced leakage was found for a water-soluble, encapsulated compound (calcein) and for an amphiphilic compound (doxorubicin). Lipophilic, liposome bilayer-associated compounds [N-trifluoroacetyldoxorubicin-14-valerate (AD-32) and alpha-tocopherol] remained in the liposomes after autoclaving. However, substantial degradation of AD-32 was observed. Under proper conditions liposomes without or with thermostable, lipophilic drugs can be sterilized by autoclaving. However, the hydrolysis of phospholipids can pose a problem, as hydrolysis kinetics depend on the pH used. In the chosen circumstances the autoclaving cycle caused massive loss of hydrophilic, nonbilayer interacting compounds; under those conditions "free" drug removal or drug encapsulation should be performed after the autoclaving step.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Zuidam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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35
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Harashima H, Ohshima S, Midori Y, Yachi K, Kikuchi H, Kiwada H. Kinetic analysis of tissue distribution of doxorubicin incorporated in liposomes in rats: I. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1992; 13:155-70. [PMID: 1576324 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510130302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform a kinetic analysis of the tissue distribution of doxorubicin (DXR) and liposomes separately after intravenous administration of DXR entrapped in liposomes in rats. Liposomes were double labeled with 14C-DXR (L-DXR) and 3H-inulin (L-INU). Blood and tissues were sampled at specified times until 120 min. Blood clearance of L-DXR was similar to that of L-INU. Distribution of both L-DXR and L-INU into the liver was parallel and extensive, while in the heart, the pattern of distribution differed between L-DXR and L-INU after peak concentration. Time courses of tissue concentration were explained well by dividing tissue into a shallow compartment with efflux and a deep compartment without efflux. In the liver, pharmacokinetic parameters of L-DXR and L-INU were similar, and the two kinetically different compartments may correspond to different uptake processes in hepatic endocytosis. In the heart, the shallow compartment was considered to correspond to the cardiac vascular space, and the intercompartmental rate constant (k3) for L-DXR was much larger than that for L-INU. The estimated half-life for this process was 20 min. The half-life for the degradation of liposomes in blood circulation was also estimated at 20 min from data on the urinary excretion of released 3H-inulin. These results suggest that the release of DXR from liposomes may be the rate-limiting process in the tissue distribution of DXR to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harashima
- University of Tokushima, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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36
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 1991. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049109021242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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