1,6-Asymmetric induction during the conjugate addition of arylcopper reagents to a chiral sulfinyl-substituted pyrrolyl alpha,beta-unsaturated amide

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation induces muscle irradiation to the lower limbs - A cross-sectional study with healthy individuals

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) in promoting muscle irradiation to the lower limbs and to relate these findings with muscle activation during the sit-to-stand task.

METHODS

Twenty-four healthy women were recruited via convenience sampling and submitted to four PNF patterns: upper limb pattern with flexion-abduction-external rotation (UL), lower limb pattern with flexion-adduction-external rotation with knee flexion (lower limb pattern 1 [LL1]), lower limb pattern with flexion-abduction-internal rotation with knee flexion (lower limb pattern 2 [LL2]), and lifting to the right. Electromyography was recorded from the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and soleus during the PNF patterns and during the sit-to-stand task.

RESULTS

The most recruited muscles during the sit-to-stand task were the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and soleus (p < 0.05). Lifting to the right induced the greatest activation of the gluteus maximus (p < 0.001). Lifting to the right and LL2 were better than UL at recruiting the gluteus medius (p < 0.05). Lifting to the right and LL1 were better than UL at recruiting the vastus medialis and lateralis (p < 0.05; p < 0.05). and Lower limb pattern 1 and 2 were better than UL at recruiting the soleus muscle (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

PNF can be used to induce muscle irradiation to maintain or improve muscle activity to the muscles recruited during the sit-to-stand task. The best PNF pattern for inducing muscle irradiation to muscles recruited during the sit-to-stand task are lifting to the right, LL2, and LL1.

Diastereoselective and enantioselective conjugate addition reactions utilizing α,β-unsaturated amides and lactams

The conjugate addition reaction has been a useful tool in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The utility of this reaction has been demonstrated in the synthesis of many natural products, materials, and pharmacological agents. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in the development of asymmetric variants of this reaction. Unfortunately, conjugate addition reactions using α,β-unsaturated amides and lactams remain underdeveloped due to their inherently low reactivity. This review highlights the work that has been done on both diastereoselective and enantioselective conjugate addition reactions utilizing α,β-unsaturated amides and lactams.

Indium-Mediated Microwave-Assisted One-Pot Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Amides

A stereoselective synthesis of α,βunsaturated-N,N-diethyl amides was achieved by a one-pot reaction of triphenylphosphine, an aromatic aldehyde, and N,N-diethyl chloroacetamide in the presence of indium under microwave-assisted and solvent-free condition.

Synthesis of Chiral Sulfinyl-Substituted 1-Indolyl Enones and Asymmetric Conjugate Addition by an Arylcopper Reagent

The asymmetric conjugate addition of arylcopper reagents to chiral 1-[2-(p-tolylsulfinyl)]indolyl and 1-[3-(p-tolylsulfinyl)]indolyl enones was examined. With the 2-sulfinyl-indolyl derivatives, the reaction of the arylcopper reagent gave high diastereoselectivities (81-88% de's) to afford the adducts in excellent yields, although the similar addition reaction of the 3-sulfinyl derivatives afforded poor diastereoselectivities.