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Santos SAO, Félix R, Pais ACS, Rocha SM, Silvestre AJD. The Quest for Phenolic Compounds from Macroalgae: A Review of Extraction and Identification Methodologies. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E847. [PMID: 31835386 PMCID: PMC6995553 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current interest of the scientific community for the exploitation of high-value compounds from macroalgae is related to the increasing knowledge of their biological activities and health benefits. Macroalgae phenolic compounds, particularly phlorotannins, have gained particular attention due to their specific bioactivities, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, or antidiabetic. Notwithstanding, the characterization of macroalgae phenolic compounds is a multi-step task, with high challenges associated with their isolation and characterization, due to the highly complex and polysaccharide-rich matrix of macroalgae. Therefore, this fraction is far from being fully explored. In fact, a critical revision of the extraction and characterization methodologies already used in the analysis of phenolic compounds from macroalgae is lacking in the literature, and it is of uttermost importance to compile validated methodologies and discourage misleading practices. The aim of this review is to discuss the state-of-the-art of phenolic compounds already identified in green, red, and brown macroalgae, reviewing their structural classification, as well as critically discussing extraction methodologies, chromatographic separation techniques, and the analytical strategies for their characterization, including information about structural identification techniques and key spectroscopic profiles. For the first time, mass spectrometry data of phlorotannins, a chemical family quite exclusive of macroalgae, is compiled and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia A. O. Santos
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.S.P.); (A.J.D.S.)
| | - Rafael Félix
- On Leave MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal;
| | - Adriana C. S. Pais
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.S.P.); (A.J.D.S.)
| | - Sílvia M. Rocha
- QOPNA/LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.S.P.); (A.J.D.S.)
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da Nóbrega FR, Ozdemir O, Nascimento Sousa SCS, Barboza JN, Turkez H, de Sousa DP. Piplartine Analogues and Cytotoxic Evaluation against Glioblastoma. Molecules 2018; 23:E1382. [PMID: 29890617 PMCID: PMC6099735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piplartine (1) is an alkamide extracted from plants of the genus Piper which shows several pharmacological properties, including antitumor activity. To improve this activity, a series of analogues based on 1 have been synthesized by esterification and amidation using the 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid-like starting material. During the study, the moieties 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylate and 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylamide were maintained on esters and amides respectively. Meanwhile, functional changes were exploited, and it was revealed that the presence of two aromatic rings in the side-chain was important to improve the cytotoxic activity against the U87MG cell line, such as the compound (E)-benzhydryl 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (10), an ester that exhibited strong cytotoxicity and a similar level of potency to that of paclitaxel, a positive control. Compound 10 had a marked concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the viability of the U87MG cell line with apoptotic and oxidative processes, showing good potential for altering main molecular pathways to prevent tumor development. Moreover, it has strong bioavailability with non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic properties on human blood cells. In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that compound 10 is a promising agent that may find applications combatting diseases associated with oxidative stress and as a prototype for the development of novel drugs used in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Rogério da Nóbrega
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-085, Brazil.
| | - Ozlem Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey.
| | | | - Joice Nascimento Barboza
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-085, Brazil.
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey.
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti Scalo, CH, Italy.
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Dobretsov S, Tamimi Y, Al-Kindi MA, Burney I. Screening for Anti-Cancer Compounds in Marine Organisms in Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2016; 16:e168-74. [PMID: 27226907 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.16.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Marine organisms are a rich source of bioactive molecules with potential applications in medicine, biotechnology and industry; however, few bioactive compounds have been isolated from organisms inhabiting the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. This study aimed to isolate and screen the anti-cancer activity of compounds and extracts from 40 natural products of marine organisms collected from the Gulf of Oman. METHODS This study was carried out between January 2012 and December 2014 at the Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. Fungi, bacteria, sponges, algae, soft corals, tunicates, bryozoans, mangrove tree samples and sea cucumbers were collected from seawater at Marina Bandar Al-Rowdha and Bandar Al-Khayran in Oman. Bacteria and fungi were isolated using a marine broth and organisms were extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate. Compounds were identified from spectroscopic data. The anti-cancer activity of the compounds and extracts was tested in a Michigan Cancer Foundation (MCF)-7 cell line breast adenocarcinoma model. RESULTS Eight pure compounds and 32 extracts were investigated. Of these, 22.5% showed strong or medium anti-cancer activity, with malformin A, kuanoniamine D, hymenialdisine and gallic acid showing the greatest activity, as well as the soft coral Sarcophyton sp. extract. Treatment of MCF-7 cells at different concentrations of Sarcophyton sp. extracts indicated the induction of concentration-dependent cell death. Ultrastructural analysis highlighted the presence of nuclear fragmentation, membrane protrusion, blebbing and chromatic segregation at the nuclear membrane, which are typical characteristics of cell death by apoptosis induction. CONCLUSION Some Omani marine organisms showed high anti-cancer potential. The efficacy, specificity and molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer compounds from Omani marine organisms on various cancer models should be investigated in future in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Dobretsov
- Department of Marine Science & Fisheries, College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University;; Centre of Excellence in Marine Biotechnology, Sultan Qaboos University
| | - Yahya Tamimi
- Departments of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University
| | - Mohamed A Al-Kindi
- Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University
| | - Ikram Burney
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Mikami D, Kurihara H, Ono M, Kim SM, Takahashi K. Inhibition of algal bromophenols and their related phenols against glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Fitoterapia 2015; 108:20-5. [PMID: 26586619 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel bromophenol, n-butyl 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl ether, and known bromophenols were isolated from Rhodomelaceae algae as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) inhibitors. Among them, bromophenol dimers showed stronger inhibitory activity against Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae G6PDs than the corresponding monomers. The dibenzyl ether-type dimers had lower IC50 values than the diarylmethane-type dimers against L. mesenteroides G6PD among the bromophenols examined. In contrast, the inhibitory activities of diarylmethane-type dimers against S. cerevisiae G6PD were stronger than those of dibenzyl ether-type dimers. Especially, 3-bromo-2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether selectively inhibited S. cerevisiae G6PD compared to L. mesenteroides G6PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mikami
- Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kurihara
- Faculty and Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Momoka Ono
- Faculty and Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Sang Moo Kim
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Koretaro Takahashi
- Faculty and Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
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Makhmoor T, Naheed S, Shujaat S, Jalil S, Hayat S, Choudhary MI, Khan KM, Alam JM, Nazir S. Hepatoprotection by chemical constituents of the marine brown alga Spatoglossum variabile: a relation to free radical scavenging potential. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:383-90. [PMID: 23406359 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.732582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In the course of searching hepatoprotective agents from natural sources, the protective effect of chemical constituents of the marine brown alga Spatoglossum variabile Figaro et DE Notar (Dictyoaceae) against CCl₄-induced liver damage in Wistar rats was investigated. The compounds were first investigated for in vitro radical scavenging potential and were also tested for β-glucuronidase inhibition to further explore the relationship between hepatoprotection and antiradical potential. METHODS The compounds cinnamic acid esters 1 and 2 and aurone derivatives 3 and 4 were first investigated for in vitro radical scavenging potential against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH), and superoxide anion radicals. In vivo hepatoprotective studies were performed in seven groups (n = 6) of Wistar rats. The test groups were pretreated with compounds (10 mg/kg body weight, po) orally for 30 min before the intraperitoneal administration of a dose of 20% CCl₄ diluted with dietary cooking oil. Moreover, compounds were also tested for β-glucuronidase inhibition to explore the relationship between hepatoprotection and radical scavenging potential. RESULTS The test compounds 1-4 were found to exhibit antiradical activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals with IC₅₀ values ranging between 54 and 138 µM, whereas aurone derivatives 3 and 4 additionally exhibited superoxide anion scavenging effects with IC₅₀ values of 95 and 87 µM, respectively. In addition, these compounds were found to be weak inhibitors of xanthine oxidase (IC₅₀ ≥1000 µM). In animal model, pretreatment with compounds 2-4 significantly blocked the CCl₄-induced increase in the levels of the serum biochemical markers. CONCLUSION It appears that the hepatoprotection afforded by these compounds was mainly due to their radical scavenging activity that protected the cells from the free radicals generated by CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Makhmoor
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Ravikumar S, Raja M, Gnanadesigan M. Antibacterial potential of benzoate and phenylethanoid derivatives isolated fromAcanthus ilicifoliusL. leaf extracts. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:2270-3. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.652962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Onofrejová L, Vašíčková J, Klejdus B, Stratil P, Mišurcová L, Kráčmar S, Kopecký J, Vacek J. Bioactive phenols in algae: The application of pressurized-liquid and solid-phase extraction techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:464-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Teixeira VL, Rocha FD, Houghton PJ, Kaplan MAC, Pereira RC. α-Amylase inhibitors from Brazilian seaweeds and their hypoglycemic potential. Fitoterapia 2007; 78:35-6. [PMID: 17067759 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The acetone crude extract of Lobophora variegata did not show any alpha-amylase inhibition activity. On the contrary, acetone crude extract of both Spatoglossum schroederi and Caulerpa racemosa inhibited the enzyme activity, with an ED(50) of 0.58 and 0.09 mg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria L Teixeira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, PO Box 100.644, Niterói, RJ, 24001-970, Brazil.
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Morikawa T, Nakamura S, Kato Y, Muraoka O, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. Bioactive Saponins and Glycosides. XXVIII. New Triterpene Saponins, Foliatheasaponins I, II, III, IV, and V, from Tencha (the Leaves of Camellia sinensis). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:293-8. [PMID: 17268104 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New triterpene saponins, foliatheasaponins I-V, were isolated from the methanolic extract of Tencha [the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE (Theaceae)]. The chemical structures of these new saponins were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the new saponins, foliatheasaponins II and III, were found to inhibit release of beta-hexosaminidase, as a marker of antigen-induced degranulation, in RBL-2H3 cells.
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Konishi T, Yamazoe K, Kanzato M, Konoshima T, Fujiwara Y. Three Diterpenoids (Excoecarins V1-V3) and a Flavanone Glycoside from the Fresh Stem of Excoecaria agallocha. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2003; 51:1142-6. [PMID: 14519918 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.51.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three new diterpenoids, excoecarins V1-V3 (1-3) and a new flavanone glycoside (7) were isolated from the fresh stem of Excoecaria agallocha L. Their structures were elucidated as: 2alpha,3alpha,18-trihydroxy-3beta,20-epoxybeyer-15-ene (1), ent-2,3-secokaur-16-en-2,3-dioic acid (2), ent-3,4-seco-16alpha-hydroxyatis-4(19)-en-3-oic acid (3), and 3,5,7,3',5'-pentahydroxy-2R,3R-flavanonol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (7) on the basis of spectroscopic data, chemical evidence, and/or X-ray analysis.
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