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Liu W, Li Q, Han Q. Needle-in-needle electrochemical sensor for in-vivo monitoring of anticancer drug etoposide. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116348. [PMID: 38710143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) serves as a potent tool for adjusting drug concentration within a reasonable range. However, continuous monitoring of anticancer drugs in-vivo presents a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a needle-in-needle electrochemical sensor based on an acupuncture needle electrode, capable of monitoring the anticancer drug etoposide in the peritoneal cavity of living rats. The acupuncture needle was modified with Au nanoparticles and etoposide-templated molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), resulting in high sensitivity and selectivity in the electrochemical detection of etoposide. The modified acupuncture needle (0.16 mm diameter) was anchored inside a syringe needle (1.40 mm diameter), allowing the outer syringe needle to protect the modified materials of the inner acupuncture needle during skin piercing. Due to the unique needle-in-needle design, high stability was obtained during in-vivo etoposide monitoring. Connecting to a smartphone-controlled portable electrochemical workstation, the needle-in-needle sensor offers great convenience in point-of-care TDM. Moreover, the electrode materials on the acupuncture needle were carefully characterized and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, low detection limits and wide linear range were achieved. This work provides new insights into acupuncture needle electrochemical sensors and further expands the feasibility for real-time and in-vivo detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Qiuyun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Qiushuo Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
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Yu H, Hu M, Wang X, Wang X, Xun L, Liu H. Rapid Detection of the Anti-Tumor Drug Etoposide in Biological Samples by Using a Nanoporous-Gold-Based Electrochemical Sensor. Molecules 2024; 29:1060. [PMID: 38474572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring etoposide is important due to its wide usage in anti-tumor therapy; however, the commonly used HPLC method is expensive and often requires complicated extraction and detection procedures. Electrochemical analysis has great application prospects because of its rapid response and high specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency with low cost and high convenience. In this study, we constructed a nanoporous gold (NPG)-modified GCE for the detection of etoposide. The electrochemical oxidation of etoposide by NPG caused a sensitive current peak at +0.27 V with good reproductivity in 50 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The relationship between etoposide concentration and peak current was linear in the range between 0.1 and 20 μM and between 20 and 150 μM, with a detection sensitivity of 681.8 μA mM-1 cm-2 and 197.2 μA mM-1 cm-2, respectively, and a limit of detection (LOD) reaching 20 nM. The electrode had a good anti-interference ability to several common anions and cations. Spiked recovery tests in serum, urine, and fermentation broth verified the excellent performance of the sensor in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, and specificity. This may provide a promising tool for the detection of etoposide in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA
| | - Honglei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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Tariq A, Arif A, Akram M, Latif U, Nawaz MH, Andreescu S, Zhang H, Hayat A. Tailoring molecular recognition in predesigned multifunctional enzyme mimicking porphyrin imprinted interface for high affinity and differential selectivity; sensing etoposide in lung cancer patients. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 245:115833. [PMID: 37984317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes are cost-effective and robust but they lack specificity and selectivity, limiting their potential practical applications. Herein, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were grown in combination with multifunctional 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin (THPP) oxidase-like nanozyme to engineer THPP@MIP interface with high affinities and differential selectivity for structurally related target analytes. THPP nanozyme displayed a high level of predefined binding affinity for etoposide (ETO), and served as a predesigned functional monomer to rationally tailor the selectivity of THPP@MIP surface in the presence of different guest molecules. THPP nanozyme in combination with conventional monomers was imprinted on a portable and disposable cellulose paper matrix under UV light to create a UV-cured imprinted interface for optical detection of ETO. The THPP@MIP enzyme mimicking interface, having ETO specific and selective target recognition pockets, catalyzed the oxidation of colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate visible blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB) without exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The ETO binding on the THPP@MIP surface blocked the channels for TMB access to THPP cavities. The THPP@MIP sensor permitted to detect ETO in the linear range of 0.005-10 μg mL-1, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.002 μg mL-1, and showed a remarkable specificity and selectivity against other drug molecules. Furthermore, the THPP@MIP sensor successfully differentiated the serum samples of lung cancer patients and healthy volunteers. The obtained results were validated with standard High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) analysis of the serum samples. Additionally, ETO injection/infusion solutions and ETO-free serum samples were used to perform the matrix effect and recovery studies. This work demonstrates that molecular imprinting with predesigned, enzyme mimicking, high-affinity functional monomer can serve as a highly selective and specific universal interface for broad spectrum sensing applications in various analytical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, PO Box 250353, Jinan, Shandong, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amina Arif
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Usman Latif
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mian Hasnain Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5810, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, PO Box 250353, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, PO Box 250353, Jinan, Shandong, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
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Alhazzani K, Alanazi AZ, Mostafa AM, Barker J, El-Wekil MM, Ali AMBH. Selective fluorescence turn-on detection of combination cisplatin-etoposide chemotherapy based on N-CDs/GSH-CuNCs nanoprobe. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2380-2390. [PMID: 38213979 PMCID: PMC10783161 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07844b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CIS) and etoposide (ETP) combination therapy is highly effective for treating various cancers. However, the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between these drugs necessitates selective sensing methods to quantitate both CIS and ETP levels in patient's plasma. This work develops a dual fluorescence probe strategy using glutathione-capped copper nanoclusters (GSH-CuNCs) and nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) for the simultaneous analysis of CIS and ETP. The fluorescence signal of GSH-CuNCs at 615 nm increased linearly with CIS concentration while the N-CD emission at 480 nm remained unaffected. Conversely, the N-CD fluorescence was selectively enhanced by ETP with no interference with the CuNC fluorescence. Extensive materials characterization including UV-vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM confirmed the synthesis of the nanoprobes. The sensor showed high sensitivity with limits of detection of 6.95 ng mL-1 for CIS and 7.63 ng mL-1 for ETP along with excellent selectivity against potential interferences in rabbit plasma. Method feasibility was demonstrated with application to real rabbit plasma samples. The method was further applied to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of CIS before and after ETP coadministration. The dual nanoprobe sensing strategy enables rapid and selective quantitation of CIS and ETP levels to facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring and optimization of combination chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Z Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya M Mostafa
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University Kingston-upon-Thames London KT1 2EE UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University Kingston-upon-Thames London KT1 2EE UK
| | - Mohamed M El-Wekil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Al-Montaser Bellah H Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut Egypt
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Topkaya C, Aslan S, Hökelek T, Göktürk T, Kıncal S, Altuntaş DB, Güp R. Syntheses, crystal structures, hirshfeld surface analyses and electrochemical etoposide/camptotechin sensor applications of acetaldehyde oxime derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Vajedi FS, Dehghani H. A high-sensitive electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a novel ZnAl/layered double hydroxide modified cobalt ferrite-graphene oxide nanocomposite electrophoretically deposited onto FTO substrate for electroanalytical studies of etoposide. Talanta 2020; 208:120444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Özkan A, Atar N, Yola ML. Enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signals based on immobilization of core-shell nanoparticles incorporated boron nitride nanosheets: Development of molecularly imprinted SPR nanosensor for anticancer drug, etoposide. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:293-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Runeberg PA, Brusentsev Y, Rendon SMK, Eklund PC. Oxidative Transformations of Lignans. Molecules 2019; 24:E300. [PMID: 30650623 PMCID: PMC6359405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous oxidative transformations of lignan structures have been reported in the literature. In this paper we present an overview on the current findings in the field. The focus is put on transformations targeting a specific structure, a specific reaction, or an interconversion of the lignan skeleton. Oxidative transformations related to biosynthesis, antioxidant measurements, and total syntheses are mostly excluded. Non-metal mediated as well as metal mediated oxidations are reported, and mechanisms based on hydrogen abstractions, epoxidations, hydroxylations, and radical reactions are discussed for the transformation and interconversion of lignan structures. Enzymatic oxidations, photooxidation, and electrochemical oxidations are also briefly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik A Runeberg
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Yury Brusentsev
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Sabine M K Rendon
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Patrik C Eklund
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Center, Åbo Akademi University, Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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Selective Electrochemical Determination of Etoposide Using a Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5394235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient new electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer has been developed for selective detection of an anticancer agent Etoposide (ETP). The sensor was prepared by electropolymerization via cyclic voltammetry (CV) of pyrrole onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in the presence of ETP molecules. The extraction of ETP molecules embedded in the polymeric matrix was carried out by overoxidation in sodium hydroxide medium using CV. Various important parameters affecting the performance of the imprinted film (MIP) coated sensor were studied and optimized using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimal conditions, the sensor response exhibited a linear dependence on ETP concentration (R2= 0.999) over the range 5.0×10−7M – 1.0×10−5M with a LOD (3σ/m) of 2.8×10−9M. The precision (% RSD, n=6) of the proposed sensor for intra- and interdays was found to be 0.84 and 2.46%, respectively. The selectivity of MIP/GCE sensor toward ETP was investigated in the presence of different interfering molecules including excipients and ETP metabolites. The developed sensor showed great recognition ability toward ETP and was successfully applied for its determination in injectable dosage forms and biological human fluids.
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Kamal A, Singh M, Ahmad F, Saleem K, Ahmad S. A validated HPTLC method for the quantification of podophyllotoxin in Podophyllum hexandrum and etoposide in marketed formulation. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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11
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Nguyen HV, Richtera L, Moulick A, Xhaxhiu K, Kudr J, Cernei N, Polanska H, Heger Z, Masarik M, Kopel P, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Adam V, Kizek R. Electrochemical sensing of etoposide using carbon quantum dot modified glassy carbon electrode. Analyst 2016; 141:2665-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02476e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, carbon quantum dots were used for enhancement of the electrochemical signals of etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai Viet Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Amitava Moulick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Kledi Xhaxhiu
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- University of Tirana
- Tirana
- Albania
| | - Jiri Kudr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Natalia Cernei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Hana Polanska
- Central European Institute of Technology
- Brno University of Technology
- CZ-616 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Department of Pathological Physiology
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Michal Masarik
- Central European Institute of Technology
- Brno University of Technology
- CZ-616 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Department of Pathological Physiology
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- CZ-128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine
- Charles University
- and University Hospital Motol
- CZ-150 06 Prague 5
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic, European Union
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis
- Wroclaw Medical University
- Poland
- European Union
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Bozal-Palabiyik B, Dogan-Topal B, Uslu B, Can A, Ozkan SA. Sensitive voltammetric assay of etoposide using modified glassy carbon electrode with a dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotube. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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References. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b11478-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Akhtar N, Talegaonkar S, Khar RK, Jaggi M. A validated stability-indicating LC method for estimation of etoposide in bulk and optimized self-nano emulsifying formulation: Kinetics and stability effects. Saudi Pharm J 2012; 21:103-11. [PMID: 23960824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed to establish a validated stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of etoposide (ETP) in bulk drug and self-nano emulsifying formulation. ETP was successfully separated from the degradation products formed under stress conditions on LiChrospher 100 C18 reverse-phase column (a 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5-μm particle size) using 55:45 (v/v) acetonitrile-phosphate buffer saline (pH 4.5) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) and detection at 283 nm. The response was a linear function of analyte concentration (R(2) > 0.9997) over the concentration range of 0.05-50 μg mL(-1). The method was validated for precision, accuracy, robustness, sensitivity and specificity. The % recovery of ETP at three different levels (50%, 100% and 150%) ranged between 93.84% and 100.06% in optimized self-nano emulsifying formulation, Etosid® soft-gelatin capsule and Fytosid® injection. First-order degradation kinetics of ETP were observed under acidic and alkaline conditions. The method was also applied for the stability assessment of self-nano emulsifying formulation under accelerated conditions, the formulation was found to be stable at all storage conditions with the shelf-life of 2.37 years at 25 °C. The method holds promise for routine quality control of ETP in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations as well as in stability-indicating studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Akhtar
- Formulation Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India
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Uslu B, Ozkan SA. Electroanalytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals: A Review of Recent Trends and Developments. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.553010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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16
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Voltammetric techniques for the assay of pharmaceuticals—A review. Anal Biochem 2011; 408:179-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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