Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Nonsteroidal Progesterone Receptor Antagonists Based on Phenylamino-1,3,5-triazine Scaffold

Enzyme-Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of 4-Hetero-Functionalized 1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles

Enzyme-catalyzed novel protocols for the regioselective construction of fully substituted 1,2,3-triazoles by employing 2-azido-1,3,5-triazine (ADT) as a 1,3-dipole for the cycloaddition reaction with the activated alkene in an aqueous medium have been developed. Various 4-heterosubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles were readily assembled in good to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. This reaction also features wide substrate scope, strong functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, and an environmentally friendly process.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel pleuromutilin derivatives targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit for antibacterial ability

Multidrug-resistant bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, have become a major global public health concern. Therefore, developing new antibiotics that do not possess cross-resistance for the currently available antibiotics is critical. Herein, we synthesized a novel class of pleuromutilin derivatives containing substituted triazine with improved antibacterial activity. Among these derivatives, 6d, which contains 4-dimethylamino-1,3,5-triazine in the side chain of pleuromutilin, exhibited highly promising antimicrobial activity and mitigated antibiotic resistance. The high antibacterial potency of 6d was further supported by docking model analysis and green fluorescent protein inhibition assay. Additionally, cytotoxicity and acute oral toxicity evaluation and in vivo mouse systemic infection experiments revealed that 6d possessed tolerable toxicity and promising therapeutic efficacy.

Structural Biology Inspired Development of a Series of Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) Ligands: From Agonist to Antagonist

Recent progress in the structural and molecular pharmacological understanding of the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (hPPARγ)-a transcription factor with pleiotropic effects on biological responses-has enabled the investigation of various graded hPPARγ ligands (full agonist, partial agonist, and antagonist). Such ligands are useful tools to investigate the functions of hPPARγ in detail and are also candidate drugs for the treatment of hPPARγ-mediated diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and cancer. This review summarizes our medicinal chemistry research on the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a covalent-binding and non-covalent-binding hPPARγ antagonist, both of which have been created based on our working hypothesis of the helix 12 (H12) holding induction/inhibition concept. X-ray crystallographic analyses of our representative antagonists complexed with an hPPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD) indicated the unique binding modes of hPPARγ LBD, which are quite different from the binding modes observed for hPPARγ agonists and partial agonists.

Synthesis of Norgestomet and its 17β-isomer and evaluation of their agonistic activities against progesterone receptor

Norgestomet is a synthetic progesterone derivative applied in veterinary medicine to control estrus and ovulation in cattle. Norgestomet has been widely used in the livestock industry to promote the synchronization of estrus in cattle and increase pregnancy rates. However, highly reproducible synthetic methods for Norgestomet have been rarely reported. Here, we described a method for the synthesis of Norgestomet and performed quantitative NMR analysis to determine the purity of the products. Moreover, the agonistic activity of the synthesized compounds against progesterone receptors (PRs) was evaluated using an alkaline phosphatase assay. We synthesized Norgestomet with 97.9% purity that exhibited agonistic activity against PR with EC₅₀ values of 4.5 nM. We also synthesized the 17β-isomer of Norgestomet with 92.7% purity that did not exhibit any PR agonistic activity. The proposed synthetic route of Norgestomet can facilitate the assessment of residual Norgestomet in foods.

Ruthenium-catalyzed N-alkylation of amino-1,3,5-triazines using alcohols

An efficient ruthenium-catalyzed N-alkylation of amino-1,3,5-triazines with alcohols was achieved via BH/HA strategy.